CS F-07 Objects in 2D 1

Transcription

1 CS F-07 Objects in 2D : Representing Polgons We want to represent a simple polgon Triangle, rectangle, square, etc Assume for the moment our game onl uses these simple shapes No curves for the moment... How could we represent one of those polgons? 07-1: Representing Polgons We want to represent a simple polgon Triangle, rectangle, square, etc Assume for the moment our game onl uses these simple shapes No curves for the moment... How could we represent one of those polgons? List of points, starting with some arbitrar point, moving clockwise around the polgon 07-2: Representing Polgons (1,1), (1,-1), (-1,-1), (-1,1) 07-3: Representing Polgons How could we represent a simple circle? 07-4: Representing Polgons How could we represent a simple circle? Center position (Vector) Radius (scalar)

2 CS F-07 Objects in 2D : Modifing Polgons What if we wanted to modif a polgon Translation, rotation, scaling, etc Start with an eas one how can we translate (move) a polgon? 07-6: Translating Polgon To translate a polgon, all we need to do is translate each one of its points Move a polgon over 1 unit, up 0.5 units Add (1, 0.5) to each point Points are just translations from origin 07-7: Translating Polgon (1,1), (1,-1), (-1,-1), (-1,1) 07-8: Rotation -2 Translate over 1, up 0.5 Add (1,0.5) to each point in polgon (2,1.5), (2,-0.5), (0,-.5), (-0,1.5) Rotations are a bit trick Start with a simnplier case Rotate a point around the origin 07-9: Rotation Θ

3 CS F-07 Objects in 2D 3 Rotate the point (0,) counterclockwise around the origin b Θ degrees What is the new point? 07-10: Rotation l Θ sin Θ = l = l sin Θ cos Θ = l = l cos Θ Rotate the point (0,) counterclockwise around the origin b Θ degrees What is the new point? 07-11: Rotation Original point is at (, 1) distance from the origin l = New position = cosθ New postion = sin Θ Was eas beacuse the disance from the origin l was eas to calculate. What if original point was not on an ais? 07-12: Rotation Rotating a point not on an ais Use polar coordinates! r Θ 07-13: Rotation Using polar coordinates for rotation sounds kind of like cheating Of course it is eas to rotate in polar coordinates!

4 CS F-07 Objects in 2D 4 Translation is harder though... (Probabl) don t want to write all our game logic using polar coordinates Depends on the game... Transform into polar coordinates, do rotation, transform back. Hope everthing simplifies nicel! 07-14: Rotation Θ r Θ1 Rotate point at (r,θ1) Θ degrees counterclockwise New point (r, Q2) = (r, Θ1 + Θ) Θ : Rotation Conversion from Polar coordinates to Cartesian coordinates Given a point (r, Θ) in Polar coordinates, how can we create a point (, ) in Cartesian coordinates? 07-16: Polar Cartesian r Θ = r sin Θ = r cos Θ 07-17: Rotation Point p 1 at (r, Θ 1 ), rotate p 1 b Θ New point p 2 at (r, Θ 1 + Θ) In Cartesian coordinates: 07-18: Rotation Point p 1 at (r, Θ 1 ), rotate p 1 b Θ New point p 2 at (r, Θ 1 + Θ) In Cartesian coordinates:

5 CS F-07 Objects in 2D 5 = r cos(θ 1 + Θ) = r sin(θ 1 + Θ) How do we compute sin(θ 1 + Θ)? 07-19: sin(+) A sin(+) = O B C 07-20: sin(+) D E A sin(+) = (AB + BC) / OA O B C 07-21: cos(+) D E A sin(+) = (AB + BC) / OA = (AB + DE) / OA = AB / OA + DE / OA O B C 07-22: sin(+) D E O B A C 07-23: sin(+) D E sin(+) = (AB + BC) / OA = (AB + DE) / OA = AB / OA + DE / OA = (AB / OA) (AD / AD) + (DE / OA)(OD / OD)

6 CS F-07 Objects in 2D 6 O B A C 07-24: sin(+) D E sin(+) = (AB + BC) / OA = (AB + DE) / OA = AB / OA + DE / OA = (AB / OA) (AD / AD) + (DE / OA)(OD / OD) = (AB / AD) (AD / OA) + (DE / OD)(OD / OA) O B A C 07-25: cos(+) D E sin(+) = (AB + BC) / OA = (AB + DE) / OA = AB / OA + DE / OA = (AB / OA) (AD / AD) + (DE / OA)(OD / OD) = (AB / AD) (AD / OA) + (DE / OD)(OD / OA) = (cos )(sin ) + (sin )(cos ) A cos(+) = O B C 07-26: cos(+) D E A cos(+) = OC / OA O B C 07-27: cos(+) D E A cos(+) = OC / OA = (OE - CE) / OA O B C D E

7 CS F-07 Objects in 2D : cos(+) A cos(+) = OC / OA = (OE - CE) / OA = (OE - BD) / OA O B C 07-29: cos(+) D E O B A C 07-30: cos(+) D E cos(+) = OC / OA = (OE - CE) / OA = (OE - BD) / OA = OE / OA - BD / OA O B A C 07-31: cos(+) D E cos(+) = OC / OA = (OE - CE) / OA = (OE - BD) / OA = OE / OA - BD / OA = (OE/OA)(OD/OD) - (BD/OA)(AD/AD) = (OE/OD)(OD/OA) - (BD/AD)(AD/OA) O B A C D E 07-32: Back to Rotation! new = r cos(θ 1 + Θ) cos(+) = OC / OA = (OE - CE) / OA = (OE - BD) / OA = OE / OA - BD / OA = (OE/OA)(OD/OD) - (BD/OA)(AD/AD) = (OE/OD)(OD/OA) - (BD/AD)(AD/OA) = (cos )(cos ) - (sin )(sin ) new = r((cos Θ 1 )(cos Θ) (sin Θ 1 )(sin Θ)) 07-33: Back to Rotation! new = r cos(θ 1 + Θ) new = r((cos Θ 1 )(cos Θ) (sin Θ 1 )(sin Θ))

8 CS F-07 Objects in 2D 8 new = (r(cos Θ 1 ))cos Θ (r(sin Θ 1 ))sin Θ 07-34: Back to Rotation! new = r cos(θ 1 + Θ) new = r((cos Θ 1 )(cos Θ) (sin Θ 1 )(sin Θ)) new = (r(cos Θ 1 ))cos Θ (r(sin Θ 1 ))sin Θ new = cosθ sin Θ 07-35: Back to Rotation! new = r sin(θ 1 + Θ) new = r((cos Θ 1 )(sin Θ) + (sin Θ 1 )(cosθ)) 07-36: Back to Rotation! new = r sin(θ 1 + Θ) new = r((cos Θ 1 )(sin Θ) + (sin Θ 1 )(cosθ)) new = (r(cos Θ 1 ))sin Θ + (r(sin Θ 1 ))cosθ 07-37: Back to Rotation! new = r sin(θ 1 + Θ) new = r((cos Θ 1 )(sin Θ) + (sin Θ 1 )(cosθ)) new = (r(cos Θ 1 ))sin Θ + (r(sin Θ 1 ))cosθ new = sin Θ + cosθ 07-38: Back to Rotation! Given a point (, ), we can rotate it around the origin as follows: new = cosθ sin Θ new = sin Θ + cosθ We can do this with a matri multiplication 07-39: Back to Rotation! [, [ cosθ sin Θ sinθ cosθ = [cosθ sinθ, sin Θ + cosθ 07-40: Rotating Objects Polgon, consisting of a list of points Rotate the polgon b angle Θ around origin

9 CS F-07 Objects in 2D 9 Θ Θ 07-41: Rotating Objects Polgon, consisting of a list of points Rotate the polgon b angle Θ around origin Rotate each point individuall around the origin Done with a matri multiplication 07-42: Rotating Objects Original Polgon: p 0, p 1... p n New Polgon: p 0 M, p 1 M,...p n M [ cosθ sin Θ where M = sin Θ cosθ 07-43: Rotating Objects cos 45 sin 45 -sin 45 cos : Rotating Objects Θ cos 45 sin 45 -sin 45 cos : Rotating Objects

10 CS F-07 Objects in 2D 10 Θ cos 45 sin 45 -sin 45 cos 45 Θ 07-46: Rotating Objects How can we rotate an object around some point other than the origin? Θ Θ 07-47: Rotating Objects How can we rotate an object around some point other than the origin? Translate to the origin Rotate Translate back 07-48: Rotating Objects

11 CS F-07 Objects in 2D 11 Rotate π/4 around (1,0) Translate to origin, Rotate π/4 around (0,0), Translate back 07-49: Multiple Cooridinate Sstems World Space Camera (Screen) Space Inertial Space Object Space 07-50: World Space Define an origin for our world Could be in the middle of our world, in one corner, etc Define each object s position in the world as an offset from thhis point 07-51: Camera (screen) Space Position that object appears on the screen Not alwas the same as world space! Could have a much larger world, that screen scrolls across zoom in 07-52: Camera (screen) Space

12 CS F-07 Objects in 2D 12 World space Screen Space 07-53: Camera (screen) Space World Space Screen Space Position (20,50) in Screen Space Position (30, 75) in World Space 07-54: Camera (screen) Space You could calculate everthing in Camera space... Moving camera becomes difficult need to move all objects in the world along with the camrea Objects are moving on their own, need to combine movements Zooming in becomes problematic 07-55: Object Space New Coordinate sstem based on the object Origin is at the base (or center) of the objet Aes are nicel aligned 07-56: Intertial Space

13 CS F-07 Objects in 2D 13 Halfwa betwen object space and world space Aes parallel to world space Origin same as object space Object : Inertial Space + Object Space 07-58: Inertial Space World Space Object Space Inertial Space + + World Space 07-59: Inertial Space 07-60: Changing Coordinate Spaces Our character is wearing a red hat The hat is at position (0,100) in object space What is the position of the hat in world space? To make life easier, we will think about rotating the aes, instead of moving the objects

14 CS F-07 Objects in 2D Object Space : Changing Coordinate Spaces + World Space Rotate ais clockwise 45 degrees + + Object Space : Changing Coordinate Spaces World Space 07-63: Changing Coordinate

15 CS F-07 Objects in 2D Translate aes to the left & down Object Space (now Inertial Space) Spaces World Space 07-65: Changing Coordinate Spaces Rotate aes to the left 45 degrees : Changing Coordinate Spaces Object Space (now World Space) + World Space Hat rotates the the right 45 degrees, from (0,100) to (-70, 70) Translate aes to the left 150, and down 50 Hat rotates to the right 150 and up 50, to (80, 120) + (80,120) world space + (0,100) Object space + Object Space : Changing Coordinate Spaces Objects World Space 07-67: Composite More complicated object made of multiple elements Several polgons, circles Define in Object Space origin the center of the object

16 CS F-07 Objects in 2D 16 Pol1: (-30,30), (30,30), (30,20), (-30,20) Pol2: (-5,20), (5,20), (5,-20), (-5,-20) Pol3: (-30,-20), (30,-20), (30,-30), (-30,-30) 07-68: Composite Objects Rotated -45 degrees Translated b [150, : Composite Objects World Space 07-70: Composite Objects We store the rotation and translation of entire object When we want to know the points of an sub-object in world space Doing collision, for instance Rotate and then translate the points of the subobject 07-71: Composite Objects Want to know the position of the 4 points of the blue rectangle in world space Local space positions are p 1, p 2, p 3, p 4 World space postions are: 07-72: Composite Objects Want to know the position of the 4 points of the blue rectangle in world space Local space positions are p 1, p 2, p 3, p 4

17 CS F-07 Objects in 2D 17 World space postions are: [ cos( 45) sin( 45) new p 1 = p 1 sin( 45) cos( 45) [ cos( 45) sin( 45) new p 2 = p 2 sin( 45) cos( 45) [ cos( 45) sin( 45) new p 3 = p 3 sin( 45) cos( 45)... etc + [150, [150, [150, : Other Transformations Transform with: : Other Transformations Transform with: : Other Transformations Transform with: : Other Transformations Transform with:

18 CS F-07 Objects in 2D : Uniform Scaling A matri of the form: [ k 0 0 k will uniforml scale an object. What happens if k = 1? k > 1? 0 < k < 1? 07-78: Nonuniform Scaling A matri can also be used to scale in different amounts on different aes. Object will be stretched / distorted 07-79: Nonuniform Scaling Transform with: : Nonuniform Scaling Transform with: : Nonuniform Scaling Transform with: : Nonuniform Scaling

19 CS F-07 Objects in 2D 19 Transform with: : Combining Transforms What would happen to a point that was transformed twice? 07-84: Combining Transforms [ [ cosθ1 sinθ [, 1 cosθ2 sin Θ 2 sinθ 1 cosθ 1 sinθ 2 cosθ 2 What would happen to a point that was transformed twice? 07-85: Combining Transforms ( [ ) [ cosθ1 sin Θ [, 1 cosθ2 sinθ 1 cosθ 1 sinθ 2 sin Θ 2 = cosθ 2 ([ [ cosθ1 sinθ [, 1 cosθ2 sinθ 1 cosθ 1 sinθ 2 ) sin Θ 2 cosθ 2 [ [ cos Θ1 sin Θ 1 cos Θ2 sin Θ 2 sin Θ 1 cos Θ 1 sin Θ 2 cos Θ 2 [ cos Θ1 cos Θ 2 sin Θ 1 sin Θ 2 cos Θ 1 sin Θ2 + sin Θ 1 cos Θ 2 sin Θ 1 cosθ 2 cosθ 1 sin Θ 2 sin Θ 1 sin Θ2 + cosθ 1 cos Θ 2 = = 07-86: Combining Transforms [ [ cos Θ1 sin Θ 1 cos Θ2 sin Θ 2 sin Θ 1 cos Θ 1 sin Θ 2 cos Θ 2 [ cos Θ1 cos Θ 2 sin Θ 1 sin Θ 2 cos Θ 1 sin Θ2 + sin Θ 1 cos Θ 2 sin Θ 1 cosθ 2 cosθ 1 sin Θ 2 sin Θ 1 sin Θ2 + cosθ 1 cos Θ 2 [ cos(θ1 + Θ 2) sin(θ 1 + Θ 2) sin(θ 1 + Θ 2) cos(θ 1 + Θ 2) = = 07-87: Combining Transforms We can also combine scaling and rotating [, [ cosθ sin Θ sinθ cosθ [ k 0 0 k With uniform scaling, we get the same result if we scale, then rotate as if we rotated, and then scaled.

20 CS F-07 Objects in 2D : Combining Transforms [ cosθ sin Θ sinθ cosθ [ k 0 0 k = = [ [ cosθ sin Θ k 0 sinθ cosθ 0 k [ k cosθ k sinθ k sin Θ k cosθ 07-89: Combining Transforms Transform with: cos 45 sin 45 -sin 45 cos 45 Transform with: cos 45 sin 45 -sin 45 cos : Non-Uniform Scale, Rotate cos 45 sin 45 -sin 45 cos : Non-Uniform Scale, Rotate cos 45 sin 45 -sin 45 cos : Non-Uniform Scale, Rotate

21 CS F-07 Objects in 2D 21 cos 45 sin 45 -sin 45 cos : Non-Uniform Scale, Rotate cos 45 sin 45 -sin 45 cos : Other Transformations How would the following matri transform an object? 07-95: Reflection [ : Reflection : Reflection Reflecting an object twice around the same ais brings and object back to its original state Reflecting around the -ais and then reflecting around the -ais is the same as...

22 CS F-07 Objects in 2D : Reflection 07-99: Reflection How could we reflect an object around its own center line, instead of around the - or - ais? : Reflection How could we reflect an object around its own center line, instead of around the - or - ais? Translate and rotate the object so that its own center line is the same as the - or - ais Reflect Translate, rotate back If the centerline of an object is either the - or - ais in object space, this is easier : Shearing How would the following matri transform an object? : Shearing [ : Shearing

23 CS F-07 Objects in 2D : Shearing Shearing an object is the same as: Rotating the object Non-uniform scale Rotating back (not b the same angle) Rotate clockwise 45 Non-uniform scale (strech, shrink ) Rotate counterclockwise (~32) : Shearing : Linear Transforms Matri operations represent linear transformation of objects Number of points in in a line before the transformation, still be in a line after the transformation Line ma be stretched and rotated, still be a line : Linear Transforms This gives us a hand wa of seeing how a matri will transform an object See how the matri will transform the aes [1,0, [0,1 Object will be transformed in the same wa

24 CS F-07 Objects in 2D 24 How will this transform an object : Linear Transforms How will this transform an object ais ais : Linear Transforms How will this transform an object ais ais : Linear Transforms

25 CS F-07 Objects in 2D 25 How will this transform an object : Linear Transforms How will this transform an object 2 2 -ais ais : Linear Transforms How will this transform an object : Linear Transforms 0.1 1

26 CS F-07 Objects in 2D 26 How will this transform an object ais ais : Linear Transforms : Determinant Determinant of 22 matri: a b c d = ad cb p1 p2 p1 p2 = Area of Parallelogram p 2 p + p p : Determinant p 1 p 1

27 CS F-07 Objects in 2D 27 p1 p2 p1 p2 = - (Area of Parallelogram) p 1 p + p p : Determinant : Determinant Signed area of parallelogram p 2 p 2 If transformation includes a reflection, then : Determinant Signed area of parallelogram If transformation includes a reflection, then : Determinant Determinant is negative Signed area of parallelogram If is a pure rotation (no scale, no shear, no rotation) : Determinant Signed area of parallelogram If is a pure rotation (no scale, no shear, no rotation) : Translation Determinant = 1 (Other direction is not alwas true..) We can implement rotation / scale / reflection / shearing using matri operations What about translation? : Translation Can t translate an object using a 22 matri

28 CS F-07 Objects in 2D 28 Consider a point at the origin How will a point a the origin be modified b a matri? : Translation Can t translate an object using a 22 matri Consider a point at the origin How will a point a the origin be modified b a matri? Not changed b an matri! : Translation Matrices can onl do linear transformations Translation is not a linear transformation Can t use matrices to do translation... Unless we cheat a little! : Translation We can use matrices to do translation as long as we use something different than 22 matrices Add a dumm value to the end of all points (alwas 1) Add a new row / column to matri : Translation : Translation : Translation Adding rotation [,, 1 [,, 1 [,, δ δ δ δ 1 = [,, 1 = = [ + δ, + δ, : Translation [,, 1 [,, 1 [ a b [, c d a b 0 c d a b 0 c d 0 δ δ 1 = [a + c, b + d = [a + c, b + d, 1 = [a + c + δ, b + d + δ, 1

29 CS F-07 Objects in 2D 29 So, we can use a matri to do both rotation and translation : Translation cosθ sin Θ 0 sinθ cosθ 0 δ δ 1 First, rotate counter-clockwise b Θ Then translate b [δ, δ : Combining Transforms Let s look at an eample First rotate b π/2 (90 degrees) counterclockwise Then translate b +1 Rotate π/2 Translate : Combining Transforms [ cos Θ sin Θ 0 sin Θ cos Θ : Combining Transforms Another eample First translate b +1 [ Then rotate b π/2 (90 degrees) counterclockwise = [ cos Θ sin Θ 0 sin Θ cos Θ = [ Translate +1 Rotate π/ : Combining Transforms [ [ cos Θ sinθ 0 sin Θ cos Θ = [ cos Θ sin Θ 0 sin Θ cos Θ 0 cos Θ sin Θ 1 = [ Same as rotating, and then moving up +

30 CS F-07 Objects in 2D : Combining Transforms Rotate π/4 Translate +1 Translate +1 Rotate π/ : Combining Transforms Rotating b π/4, then translating 1 unit + [ cos Θ sin Θ 0 sin Θ cos Θ : Combining Transforms [ Translating 1 unit +, then rotating b π/4 [ [ cos Θ sin Θ 0 sin Θ cos Θ = = [ cos Θ sin Θ 0 sin Θ cos Θ [ cos Θ sin Θ 0 sin Θ cos Θ 0 cos Θ sin Θ 1 = = [ 1/ 2 1/ 2 0 1/ 2 1/ [ 1/ 2 1/ 2 0 1/ 2 1/ 2 0 1/ 2 1/ 2 1 Same as rotating π/4 counterclockwise, and then translating over (+) 1/ 2 and up (+) 1/ : Non-Standard Aes We want to rotate around an ais that does not go through the origin Rotate around point at 1,0 Create the approprate 33 vector : Non-Standard Aes

31 CS F-07 Objects in 2D 31 Rotate π/4 around (1,0) : Non-Standard Aes First, translate to the origin Then, do the rotation Finall, translate back : Non-Standard Aes First, translate to the origin Then, do the rotation Finall, translate back : Non-Standard Aes First, translate to the origin Then, do the rotation cosθ sin Θ 0 sinθ cosθ = 1/ 2 1/ 2 0 1/ 2 1/ Finall, translate back : Non-Standard Aes First, translate to the origin Then, do the rotation

32 CS F-07 Objects in 2D 32 Finall, translate back : Non-Standard Aes Final matri: : Non-Standard Aes / 2 1/ 2 0 1/ 2 1/ / 2 1/ 2 0 1/ 2 1/ 2 0 1/ 2 1/ 2 1 1/ 2 1/ 2 0 1/ 2 1/ / 2 1/ 2 1 Rotate π/4 around (1,0) Translate to origin, Rotate π/4 around (0,0), Translate back : Non-Standard Aes

33 CS F-07 Objects in 2D 33 Rotate π/4 around (1,0) Rotate p/4 around (0,0), then translate over 1-1 / 2 and down 1/ : Non-Standard Aes Note that the rotation component (upper left 22 matri) is the same as if we were rotating around the origin Onl the position component is altered. In general, whenever we do a rotation and a number of translations, the rotation component will be unchanged : Linear Transforms? Matricies can onl do linear transformations Translation is not a linear transform... but we are using matrices to do translation What s up? : Homogeneous Space We are no longer working in 2D, we are now working in 3D Etra 3rd parameter, that is alwas == 1 We can etend our definition to allow the 3rd parameter to be some value other than 1 Need to be able to convert back to 2D space : 3D Homogeneous Space To convert a point (,, w) in 3D Homogeneous space into 2D (, ) space: Place a plane at w = 1 (,, w) maps to the (, ) position on the plane where the ra (,, w) intersects the plane

34 CS F-07 Objects in 2D 34 w (,,w) w= : 3D Homogeneous Space w (,,w) (/w,/w) w= : 3D Homogeneous Space : 3D Homogeneous Space Converting from a point in 3D homogeneous space to 2D space is eas Divide the and coordinates b w What happens when w = 0? : 3D Homogeneous Space Converting from a point in 3D homogeneous space to 2D space is eas Divide the and coordinates b w What happens when w = 0? Point at infinit

35 CS F-07 Objects in 2D 35 Direction, but not a magnitude : 3D Homogeneous Space For a given (,, w) point in 3D Homogeneous space, there is a single corresponding point in standard 2D space Though when w = 0, we are in a bit of a special case For a single point in standard 2D space, there are an infinite number of corresponding points in 3D Homogeneous space : Translation We are still doing a linear trasformation of the 3D vector We are shearing the 3D space The resulting projection back to 2D is seen as a translation : Translation 2D Shape Transform to 3D Homogenous Space w Shear operation in 3D space w Back to 2D : Inverse Finding inverse of 22 matri : Inverse [ a b A = c d A 1 = 1 [ d b deta c a A matri is signular if it does not have an inverse determinant = 0

36 CS F-07 Objects in 2D 36 Wh does this make sense, geometricall? : Orthogonal Matrices A matri M is orthogonal if: MM T = I M T = M 1 Orthogonal matrices are hand, because the are eas to invert Is there a geometric interpretation of orthogonalit? : Orthogonal Matrices Do all the multiplications : Orthogonal Matrices MM T = I [ [ m11 m 12 m11 m 21 m 21 m 22 m 12 m 22 = [ m 11 m 11 + m 12 m 12 = 1 m 11 m 21 + m 12 m 22 = 0 m 21 m 11 + m 22 m 12 = 0 m 21 m 21 + m 22 m 22 = 1 Hmmm... that doesn t seem to help much : Orthogonal Matrices Recall that rows of matri are basis after rotation v = [m 11, m 12 v = [m 21, m 22 Let s rewrite the previous equations in terms of v and v : Orthogonal Matrices m 11 m 11 + m 12 m 12 = 1 v v = 1 m 11 m 21 + m 12 m 22 = 0 v v = 0 m 21 m 11 + m 22 m 12 = 0 v v = 0 m 21 m 21 + m 22 m 22 = 1 v v = : Orthogonal Matrices What does it mean if u v = 0?

37 CS F-07 Objects in 2D 37 (assuming both u and v are non-zero) What does it mean if v v = 1? : Orthogonal Matrices What does it mean if u v = 0? (assuming both u and v are non-zero) u and v are perpendicular to each other (orthogonal) What does it mean if v v = 1? v = 1 So, transformed basis vectors must be mutuall perpendicular unit vectors : Orthogonal Matrices If a transformation matri is orthogonal, Transformed basis vectors are mutuall perpendicular unit vectors What kind of transformations are done b orthogonal matrices? : Orthogonal Matrices If a transformation matri is orthogonal, Transformed basis vectors are mutuall perpendicular unit vectors What kind of transformations are done b orthogonal matrices? Rotations & Reflections : Orthogonal Matrices Sanit check: Rotational matrices are orthoginal: [ a b A = c d, A 1 = 1 det A [ d b c a [ cosθ sinθ A = sinθ cosθ, A 1 = = [ cosθ sinθ sinθ cosθ [ cos( Θ) sin( Θ) sin( Θ) cos( Θ) : Eamples An object s position has a rotational matri M and a position p. A point o 1 = [o 1, o 1 is in object space for the object, What is the position of the point in world space?

38 CS F-07 Objects in 2D : Eamples An object s position has a rotational matri M and a position p. A point o 1 = [o 1, o 1 is in object space for the object, What is the position of the point in world space? Position in world space: o 1 M + p : Eamples An object s position has a rotational matri M and a position p. A point w 1 = [w 1, w 1 is in world space. What is the position of the point in objet space : Eamples An object s position has a rotational matri M and a position p. A point w 1 = [w 1, w 1 is in world space. What is the position of the point in objet space

39 CS F-07 Objects in 2D 39 Position in object space: (w 1 p)m T : Eamples Origin of screen is at position [c, c in world space Object is a point [p, p in world space World has + to right, + up Screen has + to right, + down What is the position of p in screen space? : Eamples [c, c +Y + [p, p : Eamples

40 CS F-07 Objects in 2D 40 [c, c +Y + [p, p + [ 1 0 [p, p [c, c : Eamples [c, c + +Y + [p, p + + [p c, c p : Eamples Coversion from + up to + down Points and rectangles eas to convert Sprites would require a reflection Can use SpriteEffects to reflect sprites Best to sta in reflected space : Objects with Sprites

41 CS F-07 Objects in 2D : Objects with Sprites +X : Objects with Sprites

42 CS F-07 Objects in 2D 42 Sprite SpriteHalfHeight Center of the sprite is at [SpriteHalfWidth,SpriteHalfHeight from top left corner of sprite : Objects with Sprites Boundar bo locations are stored as edge points of each rectangle (4 points per) +X : Objects with Sprites Θ Object is located at position [, and has rotation Θ clockwise (since + is right, + is down) +

43 CS F-07 Objects in 2D : Objects with Sprites When dealing with the object in game logic (collistions, etc), we need to know the positions of each of the points of each rectangle in world space. If a verte has position p in local (object) space, what is its position in world space? : Objects with Sprites When dealing with the object in game logic (collistions, etc), we need to know the positions of each of the points of each rectangle in world space. If a verte has position p in local (object) space, what is its position in world space? [ cosθ sinθ p + [, sinθ cosθ : Objects with Sprites To draw the sprite on the screen: SpriteBatch sb Vector2 pos = new Vector2(,); Vector2 center = new Vector2(SpriteHalfWidh, SpriteHalfHeihgt); sb.draw(teture, pos, null, Color.White, theta, center, 1.0f, SpriteEffects.None, 0.0f); : Eamples Object1 has rotational matri M 1 and position p 1 Object2 has rotational matri M 2 and position p 2 Point q 1 is at postion [q 1, q 1 in the object space of Object1 Point q 2 is at positio [q 2, q 2 in the object space of Object 2 What is the vector from q 1 to q 2 in the object space of q 1? +Y q1 q1 q2 q2 [p1, p1 [p2, p : Eamples +

44 CS F-07 Objects in 2D 44 +Y q1 q1 q2 q2 [p1, p1 [p2, p : Eamples : Eamples + First, find the position of point q 2 in the local space of Object1. What s the best wa to do this? : Eamples First, find the position of point q 2 in the local space of Object1. What s the best wa to do this? Go through the world space Find the position of q 2 in world space, translate to object space : Eamples Position of q 2 in world space: q 2 M 2 + p 2 Position of q 2 in Object1 s local space (q 2 (global) p 1 )M1 T = (q 2M 2 + p 2 p 1 )M1 T Vector from q 1 to q 2 in local space of Object 1: : Eamples Position of q 2 in world space: q 2 M 2 + p 2 Position of q 2 in Object1 s local space (q 2 (global) p 1 )M1 T = (q 2M 2 + p 2 p 1 )M1 T Vector from q 1 to q 2 in local space of Object 1: (q 2 M 2 + p 2 p 1 )M1 T q 1

45 CS F-07 Objects in 2D : Eamples Given a transformation matri [ a b c d How can we determine if this is a pure rotation no scale, shear, reflection : Eamples Matri is pure rotation if: [ a b c d a = d -c = b sin(arccos(a)) = b What if we don t have access to arccos, sin? : Eamples Matri is pure rotation if: [ a b c d ac + bd = 0 [a,b and [c,d are perpendicular a*a + b*b = 1 [a,b is unit vector c*c + d*d = 1 [c,d is unit vector a*d - c*b = 1 No reflection : Eamples Spaceship, in local space looks down ais Position [p, p [ a b Orientation: c d Place an enem 10 units directl in front of spaceship, pointing straight back at it What is position and orientation of the new spaceship? : Eamples Spaceship, in local space looks down ais Position [p, p

46 CS F-07 Objects in 2D 46 [ a b Orientation: c d Place an enem 10 units directl in front of spaceship, pointing straight back at it What is position and orientation of the new spaceship? Position = [p, p + 10 [a, b [ a b Orientation: c d : Eamples