Physics 1230: Light and Color. Lecture 16: Refraction in more complex cases!

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1 Physics 1230: Light and Color Chuck Rogers, Ryan Henley, Valyria McFarland, Peter Siegfried physicscourses.colorado.edu/phys1230 Lecture 16: Refraction in more complex cases! Online and Written HW9 due THURSDAY 1

2 Last Time: Refraction is the bending of light rays due to the slowing of light in a medium. PhET bending light

3 Last Time: Wavefronts bend at faster/slower medium faster medium slower medium Wavefronts illustrate peaks and troughs in wave Right part of the wavefront hits the medium first and is slowed down first. Causes the wave to bend. Also makes wavelength shorter (since v = f )

4 Last time: Parts of wave-front hitting an interface turn, like a car turns when it hits sand. Wheels on right hit sand first, slowing down, and turning. Concrete Sand v (like air) faster speed v (like glass) slower speed

5 Last Time: What does my eye see when an object is within or behind medium?

6 Try sketching this: Draw refracted rays from bottom of pencil, towards the observer

7 Try sketching this: Draw refracted rays from bottom of pencil, towards the observer

8 Try sketching this: Draw refracted rays from bottom of pencil, towards the observer

9 Try sketching this: Draw refracted rays from bottom of pencil, towards the observer Where does this ray appear to have come from?

10 Try sketching this: Draw refracted rays from bottom of pencil, towards the observer

11 Try sketching this: Draw refracted rays from bottom of pencil, towards the observer

12 The observer will see the underwater part of body being a) Shorter than it really is; b)taller than it really is; c) Of natural size;

13 The observer will see the underwater part of body being a) Shorter than it really is; b)taller than it really is; c) Of natural size; Feet look like they re here

14 Good place for Questions!

15 Last Time: Light coming out of water: 2 possibilities Refraction out OR Total internal reflection! Refracted out to Air Air Reflected internally There is a critical angle at which this happens Case 2, far from normal incidence (internal reflection) Case 1 near normal incidence (light Water 15 comes out)

16 I II

17 I II

18 I θ 1 =90 II θ critical

19 I Total Internal Reflection! II θ>θ critical Law that allows quantitative understanding of all these angles: Snell s Law we won t cover, involves ratios of Sine of angles

20 The observer will see the underwater part of body being a) Shorter than it really is; b)taller than it really is; c) Of natural size; Feet look like they re here

21 If the critical angle condition is satisfied, will the snorkler see the upper part of the swimmer s body? a) Yes; b) No. Feet look like they re here

22 If the critical angle condition is satisfied, will the snorkler see the upper part of the swimmer s body? a) Yes; b) No. Feet look like they re here Legs up and down!

23 Total internal reflection makes fiber optic communication possible In a high n material, light bounces around inside and doesn t exit until the end of the fiber. 23 Demo: lucite light pipe water pipe

24 Good place for a demo!

25 Prisms demonstrate refraction and dispersion Reflection at a transparent surface occurs because the n values are different. Only a few percent of the light is reflected this way. 25

26 Prisms demonstrate refraction and dispersion Dispersion = different colors refracted at different angles. 26

27 Different colors bend at different angles. Why could this be? A. Different colors travel at different speeds through the material B. Different colors have different values of n in the material C. Both A and B D. None of the above Index of refraction, n: n c v OR v c n

28 Both n and speed varies with color Called dispersion color (blue) Ordinary glass n (index of refraction) (bent more) (yellow) (deep red) (bent less) 28

29 Rainbow: Dispersion via water droplets 180 degree rainbow is possible. Double rainbow (woah!) is possible. Both together is very rare. 29

30 Good place for a demo!

31 Rainbow: Dispersion via water droplets 180 degree rainbow is possible. Double rainbow (woah!) is possible. Both together is very rare. 31

32 Notice: Things get more complex and interesting as you increase the number of surfaces Water drops, prisms, and more.

33 Refraction all the way through block

34 Refraction all the way through block

35 What was happening in Activity 8? U2L05 35

36 PHET simulation U2L05 36

37 Ray tracing First draw the normal to each surface Then start with how the light leaves the source and hits the first surface, then the second surface, then leaves the block Where does the eye think it came from? 37

38 Ray tracing U2L05 38

39 Ray tracing U2L05 39

40 Ray tracing U2L05 40

41 Ray tracing U2L05 41

42 Ray tracing Sight line Apparent Position is (below actual position) U2L05 42

43 Ray tracing Sight line Apparent Position is (below actual position) The observer perceives an image of the source below the actual source position. The image is: A) Real B) Virtual U2L05 43

44 Where are we at? Unit 1: What is light? Unit 2: Light as a wave Unit 3: Color in nature and technology (light sources and the spectrum) Unit 4: Reflection Unit 5: Refraction Unit 6: Lenses Unit 7: Eye and camera Unit 8: Color perception Unit 9: Visual perception, illusion, art

45 Lenses Mirrors reflect light and do not transmit light glass coated with silver at back. Lenses are made of materials that transmit light, e.g., glass. Examples of lenses: eyeglass, amplifying glass, reading glass, camera,... 45

46 Concave and convex lenses Convex and concave lenses Each of the two surfaces has a spherical shape. Light can penetrate through the lenses and bend at the air-lens interface. 46

47 Light (the red ray) enters (and exits!) a thin window pane (with parallel edges) Which ray continues the red ray? A B C D

48 Light (the red ray) enters (and exits!) a thin window pane (with parallel edges) Which ray continues the red ray? A B C D

49 But what if the sides are NOT parallel? The ray bends which way: A C B

50 But what if the sides are NOT parallel? The ray bends which way: A C B

51 We build lenses out of glass with non-parallel sides Glass

52 If slabs aren t parallel - lens Glass A B C Which ray of light will have changed direction the most upon exiting the glass?

53 We build lenses out of glass with non-parallel sides Put film, Retina here! 53

54 We build lenses out of glass with non-parallel sides Put film, Retina here! Light rays bent towards each other CONVERGING LENS. The less parallel the two sides, the more the light ray changes direction. Rays from a single point, converge to a single point on the other side of the lens (and then start diverging again). 54

55 Definition: Focal point When light rays approach a lens, parallel to the axis of a lens, they come to a focus at the focal point.

56 Converging (convex) lens Parallel light rays coming in from an object PHET ml/optics-lab/1.0.0-dev.9/optics-lab_en.html

57 Converging (convex) lens Focus optical axis f Light rays coming in parallel focus to a point, called the focal point

58 Light focusing properties of converging lens A good light collector or solar oven; can also fry your hand very nicely (but please don t do that) and please do not look at the Sun (YIKES!) 58

59 Light focusing properties of converging lens The backwards light collector: Create a collimated light beam like in a flashlight or headlight on a car. 59

60 Good place for a break!

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