Phys 1020, Day 18: Questions? Cameras, Blmfld Reminders: Next Up: digital cameras finish Optics Note Final Project proposals next week!
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1 Lights. Action. Phys 1020, Day 18: Questions? Cameras, Blmfld 15.1 Reminders: Next Up: digital cameras finish Optics Note Final Project proposals next week! 1
2 What have we learned in this section: 1) Lasers (pump up to population inversion, put mirrors around it, stimulated emission will take care of the rest) 2) For operation, lasers need at least 3 energy levels (ground state and 2 excited states). It helps if the middle level has a long lifetime ( metastable) 3) ow glow in the dark toys work 4) Lots of cool demonstrations. Looked at emission spectra. 2
3 Many applications of lasers igh energy small area: Cutting: surgery, laser welding communication (and weapons) Focus light into extremely small spot: (diffraction limit, because in phase!) CDs, DVDs, Collimated beam Tracking, leveling, Pure color LIDAR. 3
4 Is a laser really an amplifier or is it an oscillator? ow do you make an oscillator? Notice the transistor amplification required
5 Why do we care about photons? Interaction of Electromagnetic Radiation and Matter: Photon Energy is what counts! Energy = h x f = Planck s Constant x Frequency Application: Interaction of EM radiation with molecules in our skin cells. Many energy levels in molecules. Radio waves (0) really long wavelength, really low energy photon, no levels that close in energy, no effect. E 2 Microwave, infrared waves (1) low energy photon, electron hops up small level, turns into atom motion as goes back down, heat. 0 1 Visible light (2) Medium energy photon, electron jumps to medium level, energy sometimes turns into heat or chemistry or sometimes back out as light. (Example: sunlight on plant, red and blue into chemical changes and heat, light absorbed, green spit back out as light in all directions scattered.) 5
6 What happens if energy is greater than visible light UV light? Electrons in molecules in skin cells. Many energy levels. Send in EM radiation of different wavelengths. UV light (3) igher energy- jumps up to such high level, electron has enough energy to fly out of molecule, break it up. Result is damage to these molecules!! These molecules are DNA. Cause of SUNBURN 6
7 typical biomolecule in skin cell c c UV! c c before UV hits it 7
8 typical biomolecule in skin cell after exposure to UV c c e c c c c before UV hits it red and heat of sunburn is body working on cleaning out and replacing dead cells. 8
9 UV light-- lots of energy, break apart molecules in skin and damage it. Skin cancer. Same thing but damage DNA molecule without enough damage to kill cell. Maimed DNA- turns cancerous- skin cancer. Which would give the worst sunburn? a photons of green light (Total E =3.2 x 10^-24 J) b. 2 photons of UV light (Total E = 8 x 10^-27 J) c. 100,000 photons of radio waves 9
10 UV light-- lots of energy, break apart molecules in skin and damage it. Which would give the worst sunburn? a photons of green light (E =3.2 x 10^-24 J) b. 2 photons of UV light (E = 8 x 10^-27 J) c. 100,000 photons of radio waves b. - radio waves not even absorbed by skin, green light lots more energy, but goes into light and heat. UV has enough energy to go to much higher levels, break up molecules! Green much more energy so makes skin warmer, but not break up molecules as sunburn. Think about getting hit by 1000 nerf balls compared to 2 bullets! 10
11 Light A photon particle or a EM wave? When do you need to consider light as POTONS: Electronic transition in atom or molecule matches the energy of a photon of the light you are interested in: Interaction of light with dye molecules, Causes for sunburn, Color of light emitted by LEDs Absorption of photon Also need to consider photons if you have so few atom light interactions that you cannot consider average result Isolated atoms or small clusters of atoms, materials thinner than the wavelength of the light. Emission of photon Moving along 11
12 When can you consider light as a LIGT RAY (EM wave) good for raindrop, lenses, particles in paint: 3 Criteria: 1. Atoms in material have no electronic transitions near photon energy of the light. Same as saying material is transparent at that wavelength. Glass transparent in visible, not transparent in UV Water is transparent in visible, not in IR s Atoms Per l e.g. GLASS Physical dimensions of material much bigger wavelength of light, so many, many oscillations between entrance and exit. Spacing of atoms much, much smaller than wavelength of light, so can just look at average response of atom light interaction 12
13 The Basic Idea Object Dark Box Lens Shutter/Iris Film With focal length f Object Distance Image Distance Learning goals: understand basic mechanisms of a camera / imaging system - how lens works (converging diverging), image formation, depth of field - lens equation, f/# -- how to use / when to apply 13
14 REFRACTION REVIEW: A car changes directions at a concrete/sand interface because the sand slows it down. Same with light. Light bends when it changes speed. Concrete Sand v v 14
15 Light travels more slowly in glass than in air. Where does the light exit the glass? A B AIR, N=1 Small Reflection GLASS, N=1.5 C Light Beam 15
16 Light travels more slowly in glass than in air. Where does the light exit the glass? AIR, N=1 Small Reflection GLASS, N=1.5 C Light Beam 16
17 Light travels more slowly in glass than in air. Amount of Bend depends on: 1. Change of speed of light at interface. The bigger the change, the more the bend! Index of Refraction (n). For Glass, n=1.5 (light travels 50% slower in glass than air) AND 2. Angle at which light hits surface. The bigger the angle, the more the bend! AIR, N=1 GLASS, N=1.5 AIR, N=1 Small Reflection Light Beam In a rectangular slab, light ray straightens out again when it comes back out! 17
18 Camera (or our eye) creates image of object on film (or our retina). What does it mean to make an image? 1) Collecting light coming from object 2) Refocusing the light onto the film (or retina) 18
19 Looking at distant scenery : Light rays from a point far away are very nearly parallel by the time they reach your eye 19
20 Question: Create image of two light sources with lens and cover right half of lens. What will happen on screen? a. Image on left will disappear. b. Image on right will disappear. c. Something else. 20
21 Create image of two light sources with lens and cover right half of lens. Answer: c. something else 21
22 Light rays travel straight out in all directions from a point source of light. Glass A B C Which ray of light will have changed direction the most upon exiting the glass? Draw of what you think might happen to each ray. Use car/sand model 22
23 For an optic to change a light ray s direction, the sides can t be parallel. A lens changes the direction of a light ray like a prism, but rays hitting the lens at different points hit the glass at different angles. Rays emerging from a single point focus to a single point. 23
24 Focal length power to bend light Power to bend light (focal length). Figure out where image will be formed. Parallel rays from distance light spot Focal length (f) Focal length (f) More curved lens is Less more of angle of light at surface More bending power Rays converge (come together) shorter distance from the lens. Shorter focal length 24
25 Diverging Lens Bends light rays apart. 25
26 Camera records real image of object formed by lens: f f Object Distance (o) Image Distance (i) Put Film ere Three Special Rays (FOR EAC SPOT OF OBJECT!!!) a) ray through focus becomes parallel b) ray through center stays on track c) parallel ray goes through far focal point 26
27 Camera records real image of object formed by lens: f f Object Distance (o) Image Distance (i) Put Film ere What happens to the image if we move the object closer to the lens? a. Image is same size, same place b. Image is same size and further from lens c. Image is bigger and further from lens d. Image is smaller and closer to lens 27
28 c. Image is bigger and further from lens Lens equation: 1 1 = + Focal length Distance to object 1 = 1 + f o 1 Distance to image 1 i f (o) f (i) Object moves closer Rays from source diverging rapidly Lens bends rays toward each other but Lens has set amount of bending power so exit rays converging slowly Takes more distance to converge to point Object moves further away Just converse of above f (o) f f (i) f (o) (i) 28
29 A useful simulation 29
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