STATUS OF AIRBORNE OBLIQUE IMAGING EUROSDR COMMISSION I PROJECT OBLIQUE IMAGERY. Markus Gerke May 15, 2014

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1 STATUS OF AIRBORNE OBLIQUE IMAGING EUROSDR COMMISSION I PROJECT OBLIQUE IMAGERY Markus Gerke May 15, 2014

2 THE FIRST AIRBORNE PHOTOS WERE OBLIQUE First recorded aerial photograph in the US (Boston), by James Wallace Black, 1860, source Wikipedia

3 THE FIRST AIRBORNE PHOTOS WERE OBLIQUE Intuitively the operator shot from a slanted angle Recognition of buildings In the 1930 s: USGS and military systematically captured oblique images First recorded aerial photograph in the US (Boston), by James Wallace Black, 1860, source Wikipedia Fairchild T3-A camera, source Petrie (2009)

4 CONTENT 1. Brief overview 2. EuroSDR questionnaire on the current status of oblique airborne imagery 3. Conclusions and Outlook

5 CONTENT 1. Brief overview 2. EuroSDR questionnaire on the current status of oblique airborne imagery 3. Conclusions and Outlook

6 PROPERTIES SCENE OBSERVATION Vertical/nadir images: good observation of ground features and roof structures, assume constant scale Oblique images: observation of vertical structures, but occlusion more dominant, varying scale

7 PROPERTIES SCALE (symbols from Höhle (2008)) According to Shufelt (1999): Vertical images: t < 5 Low oblique: 5 < t <30 High oblique: t > 30 If (t+α) > 90 : horizon visible For mapping purpose: concentration on high oblique images which do not include the horizon

8 PROPERTIES OCCLUSION visible invisible Self- occlusion

9 PROPERTIES OCCLUSION visible invisible Self- occlusion Occlusion by other objects

10 PROPERTIES OCCLUSION Mitigation through multiple view and overlap visible invisible

11 PROPERTIES OCCLUSION - EXAMPLE All images Slagboom en Peeters All images Slagboom en Peeters

12 PROPERTIES OCCLUSION - EXAMPLE All images Slagboom en Peeters All images Slagboom en Peeters

13 PROPERTIES OCCLUSION - EXAMPLE All images Slagboom en Peeters

14 PROPERTIES OCCLUSION - EXAMPLE All images Slagboom en Peeters

15 PROPERTIES OCCLUSION - EXAMPLE All images Slagboom en Peeters

16 PROPERTIES MALTESE CROSS CONFIGURATION Maltese Cross configuration: one vertically pointing camera and 4 highly obliques pointing to the four cardinal directions. Used mainly for visualisation and (urban) data interpretation. Source: Petrie, 2009 IGI Penta DigiCAM, Source: Homepage IGI

17 PROPERTIES MALTESE CROSS CONFIGURATION Maltese Cross configuration: one vertically pointing camera and 4 highly obliques pointing to the four cardinal directions. Used mainly for visualisation and (urban) data interpretation. Companies offering such systems, eg: Track Air MIDAS Modular mid format systems IGI Penta DigiCam (RGB or CIR) Hexagon/Leica 5 camera head, mid format camera RCD30. RGB (plus optional NIR in all cameras) Microsoft Osprey 5 camera head, NIR only in nadir See also January to May 2014 issues of the GIM international magazine for an overview Leica Oblique 5-camera head, source homepage Leica

18 CONTENT 1. Brief overview 2. EuroSDR questionnaire on the current status of oblique airborne imagery 3. Conclusions and Outlook

19 CURRENT STATUS OF OBLIQUE AIRBORNE IMAGERY EUROSDR QUSTIONNAIRE Motivation of users/producers/sellers etc to buy or produce oblique airborne images not fully analyzed yet 1 st step of the EuroSDR project on obliques: create an online survey Put online end March 2014 Today: presentation of (preliminary) analysis, selection

20 CURRENT STATUS OF OBLIQUE AIRBORNE IMAGERY EUROSDR QUSTIONNAIRE Motivation of users/producers/sellers etc to buy or produce oblique airborne images not fully analyzed yet 1 st step of the EuroSDR project on obliques: create an online survey Put online end March 2014 Today: presentation of (preliminary) analysis, selection Key figures of the survey: Separation user of images /software or hardware vendor About 10questions As of 9 May 2014: 127 participants

21 CURRENT STATUS OF OBLIQUE AIRBORNE IMAGERY EUROSDR QUSTIONNAIRE, AS OF 9 MAY % 45% 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% 127 participants, 59 from academia, 24 NMA, 15 companies

22 CURRENT STATUS OF OBLIQUE AIRBORNE IMAGERY EUROSDR QUSTIONNAIRE, AS OF 9 MAY % 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% Usage of oblique airborne images 10% 0% USERS VENDORS

23 CURRENT STATUS OF OBLIQUE AIRBORNE IMAGERY EUROSDR QUSTIONNAIRE, AS OF 9 MAY 2014 Usage of oblique airborne images (end users, vs. producer) 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%

24 CURRENT STATUS OF OBLIQUE AIRBORNE IMAGERY EUROSDR QUSTIONNAIRE, AS OF 9 MAY % 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Usage of oblique airborne images (end users, vs. producer) Good agreement Users see texturing less important than vendors identification / mapping tasks in focus of users other usages listed by participants Geological hazard assessment (rockfall, landslide...) wetland mapping, habitat mapping, forest mapping USERS VENDORS

25 CURRENT STATUS OF OBLIQUE AIRBORNE IMAGERY EUROSDR QUSTIONNAIRE, AS OF 9 MAY 2014 What can obliques do better? (only asked to users) 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% easier identification of objects increase degree of automation increase reliability do what is not possible today

26 CURRENT STATUS OF OBLIQUE AIRBORNE IMAGERY EUROSDR QUSTIONNAIRE, AS OF 9 MAY 2014 What can obliques do better? (only asked to users) Interesting comments (apart from what we know already) 80% Identifying the heights of the features like trees, buildings 70% and etc. while editing automatically generated DSM for producing 60% DTM. Collect 50% multiview datasets, eg for BDRF measurements Complement SAR for urban imaging 40% Rock surface analysis 30% Model/measure roof overhang 20% 10% 0% easier identification of objects increase degree of automation increase reliability do what is not possible today

27 CURRENT STATUS OF OBLIQUE AIRBORNE IMAGERY EUROSDR QUSTIONNAIRE, AS OF 9 MAY 2014 Vendors we asked: In which sense would the tasks mentioned benefit if oblique images were used? Answers (selection): different view on the subject which is valuable for interpretation. exact measurements as for mapping updates do not gain from obliques, ad-hoc measurements however do. proper textures for city modelling Geomarketing, 3D-modeling, urban-planning better geometrical 3D modelling of all imaged objects intuitive visualization, 3D effect without 3D real geometry information about the number of floors

28 CURRENT STATUS OF OBLIQUE AIRBORNE IMAGERY EUROSDR QUSTIONNAIRE, AS OF 9 MAY 2014 Most of the things to be done with oblique are nowadays done using (only asked to users) 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% nadir airborne images satellite images ground images ground survey (GPS/tachymetric survey) new application

29 CURRENT STATUS OF OBLIQUE AIRBORNE IMAGERY EUROSDR QUSTIONNAIRE, AS OF 9 MAY 2014 Most of the things to be done with oblique are nowadays done using (only asked to users) 80% so are these typical airborne image applications nowadays done using nadir? other usages listed by participants 5% already use oblique 5% UAV (also oblique) Terrestrial laser scanning 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% nadir airborne images satellite images ground images ground survey (GPS/tachymetric survey) new application

30 CURRENT STATUS OF OBLIQUE AIRBORNE IMAGERY EUROSDR QUSTIONNAIRE, AS OF 9 MAY 2014 Automation, user view: In your workflow today, most tasks are done how important is automation for you? 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% essential important neutral not important at all

31 CURRENT STATUS OF OBLIQUE AIRBORNE IMAGERY EUROSDR QUSTIONNAIRE, AS OF 9 MAY % 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Automation, user view: In your workflow today, most tasks are done how important is automation for you? From comments we see: initial data processing (orientation, dense matching) seems to work fully automatically (depending on 60% software, size of block, some say 50% it does not work) interpretation still the bottleneck. 40% Differentiation between simple (identification of buildings 30% etc) (realistic to do automatically) 20% much more complex, detailed 10% modeling of complex buildings (should still be done manually, unrealistic 0% do let this be done automatically) essential important neutral not important at all

32 CURRENT STATUS OF OBLIQUE AIRBORNE IMAGERY EUROSDR QUSTIONNAIRE, AS OF 9 MAY 2014 Importance of compatibility to in-house software? Experience with oblique processing software: how do you rate it? 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 40% 35% 30% Still some homework to do by vendors 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% essential important neutral not important at all 0%

33 CURRENT STATUS OF OBLIQUE AIRBORNE IMAGERY EUROSDR QUSTIONNAIRE, AS OF 9 MAY 2014 GSD and stereo overlap maximum allowed GSD at image centre (cm) % 45% 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% at least 60% overlap (i.e. stereo) at least 70% at least 80% Mean 19cm, but majority in the 10cm range or less But not answered by 45 participants (35%) so do they not need stereo?

34 CURRENT STATUS OF OBLIQUE AIRBORNE IMAGERY EUROSDR QUSTIONNAIRE, AS OF 9 MAY 2014 GSD and stereo overlap maximum allowed GSD at image centre (cm) % 45% 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% at least 60% overlap (i.e. stereo) at least 70% at least 80% Mean 19cm, but majority in the 10cm range or less But not answered by 45 participants (35%) so do they not need stereo?

35 CURRENT STATUS OF OBLIQUE AIRBORNE IMAGERY EUROSDR QUSTIONNAIRE, AS OF 9 MAY 2014 Near Infrared: would you need NIR for your application? 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Yes, in all viewing directions Yes, but in nadir view is sufficient No, not at all

36 CURRENT STATUS OF OBLIQUE AIRBORNE IMAGERY EUROSDR QUSTIONNAIRE, AS OF 9 MAY 2014 If the nadir camera is a midformat, NIR camera: would a combination of this nadir camera and the oblique views replace large format camera nadir flights in the future? 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Yes, I think so No, it is unlikely

37 CURRENT STATUS OF OBLIQUE AIRBORNE IMAGERY EUROSDR QUSTIONNAIRE, AS OF 9 MAY 2014 If the nadir camera is a midformat, NIR camera: would a combination of this nadir camera and the oblique views replace large format camera nadir flights in the future? Some comments Yes, first 60% of all in urban areas (3D photo realistic instead of 2.5D mapping) 50% it is possible, in non-urban still only nadir preferred Yes, because 40% obliques will increase reliability and accuracy of products 30% No, because 20% too much data for normal projects No, because oblique will not replace high-res orthoimages 10% 0% Yes, I think so No, it is unlikely It depends on the products requested on the market (comment from company )

38 CURRENT STATUS OF OBLIQUE AIRBORNE IMAGERY EUROSDR QUSTIONNAIRE, AS OF 9 MAY 2014 One last issue UAV pops up again and again link oblique and nadir on small areas, very high resolution

39 CURRENT STATUS OF OBLIQUE AIRBORNE IMAGERY EUROSDR QUSTIONNAIRE, AS OF 9 MAY 2014 Example: BlomOblique Mirabello 2012 (earthquake) Point cloud (SURE) Large area overview, details on facades (opposed to nadir) restricted details at façade/building level

40 CURRENT STATUS OF OBLIQUE AIRBORNE IMAGERY EUROSDR QUSTIONNAIRE, AS OF 9 MAY 2014 Example: UAV Mirabello 2012 (earthquake) Point cloud (PMVS2) Small area only, but details at façade/building level, access unsafe areas

41 CONTENT 1. Brief overview 2. EuroSDR questionnaire on the current status of oblique airborne imagery 3. Conclusions and Outlook

42 CONCLUSIONS Systematically captured airborne oblique images have reached the market Big players jump on and offer systems Some findings from the questionnaire (so far?) Views from users and vendors coincide quite nicely, users have more ideas of what to do with the images At least in urban areas a replacement of large format images by advanced 5-camera systems, including NIR seems possible Users see relation manned/unmanned oblique image acquisition Homework for software vendors (researchers!): Orientation of big blocks Automation of interpretation

43 OUTLOOK Next step within the EuroSDR commission I project Cooperation within the ISPRS Scientific Initiative A new benchmark dataset for multi-platform very high resolution photogrammetry (Nex, Gerke, Remondino) Objectives/Challenges for researcher/vendors/everyone interested To be benchmarked: (joint) orientation of multi-platform imagery dense image matching of (fused) datasets Other things you can do Building detection/update, City modeling, eg CityGML, texturing, interpretation, vegetation,., BRDF (restricted)

44 OUTLOOK Next step within the EuroSDR commission I project Cooperation within the ISPRS Scientific Initiative A new benchmark dataset for multi-platform very high resolution photogrammetry (Nex, Gerke, Remondino) (To be) captured in Dortmund: IGI PentaCam-flight by AeroWest (80/80%), GSD 10cm UAV flights in selected areas (oblique/nadir) Terrestrial images in selected areas Reference data: static GNSS, TLS, Totalstation City centre: 1300, open museum 900 airborne images

45 OUTLOOK Next step within the EuroSDR commission I project Cooperation within the ISPRS Scientific Initiative A new benchmark dataset for multi-platform very high resolution photogrammetry (Nex, Gerke, Remondino) (To be) captured in Dortmund: IGI PentaCam-flight (80/80%), GSD 10cm UAV flights in selected areas (oblique/nadir) Terrestrial images in selected areas Reference data: static GNSS, TLS, Totalstation City centre: 1300, open museum 900 airborne images

46 OUTLOOK Next step within the EuroSDR commission I project EuroSDR-specific questions could easily be linked to that ISPRS project. We appreciate any ideas and suggestions!

47 Thank you for your attention. Questions?

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