Culvert Studio User's Guide

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1 Culvert Studio User's Guide

2 2 Culvert Studio Table of Contents Foreword 0 Part I Introduction 5 1 Installing... and Activating 6 2 Getting... Updates 7 3 About... This Guide 7 Part II Overview 9 1 The Basics Printing... Reports 12 3 Saving... and Retrieving Project Files 13 Part III Basic Working Procedures 16 1 What... To Do First 17 2 Setting... Up Rainfall 18 IDF Curves Using... Rainfall Map Data 20 Enter... Points from Existing Curves 22 Import... from NOAA Atlas Known... Equation Coefficients 24 IDF Correction... Factors 26 3 Working... With Culverts 27 Input Requirements Output Results... Grid 34 4 Working... With Channels 36 Input Requirements User-Defined... Channel Shapes 40 Part IV Computational Methods 43 1 Culverts Outlet Control Inlet Control Roadway... Overtopping 48 Supercritical... Profiles 49 2 Channels The Rational... Method 51 Part V Useful Tables 54 1 Runoff... Coefficients 54 2 Manning's... n-values 55

3 Contents Part VI End User License Agreement (EULA) Index

4 Part I

5 Introduction 1 5 Introduction Welcome and congratulations for choosing the industry's most easy-to-use culvert modeling software. This state-of-the-art desktop application features comprehensive culvert modeling utilizing the most popular agency-accepted computational methods. All while wrapped around a rich user interface built from the ground up with Windows Presentation Foundation. Say goodbye to those outdated forms based programs! If you have landed on this page from an internet search and would like to visit our website, please visit Culvert Studio was developed primarily for practicing civil engineers and related professionals involved with urban and rural storm drain modeling and design. What you can do with Culvert Studio Model and design culverts with circular, rectangular, elliptical and arch shapes. Model a variety of open channel sections for use in culvert analysis. Produce professional looking, agency-ready reports Technical Highlights Culverts Computes hydraulic grade line (HGL) with flow regimes including supercritical flow, hydraulic jumps & pressure flow Models inlet and outlet control flow regimes Computes roadway/embankment overtopping flows Uses FHWA - HDS-5 methodology Handles partial, full and surcharged flow regimes automatically Use widely accepted Rational method or specify your own Q s Computes rainfall intensities automatically Develops IDF curves with 8 return periods Imports rainfall data from NOAA Atlases for IDF curve generation Much more! Channels Computes normal depth rating curves for Rectangular, Trapezoidal, Triangular and User-defined shapes Up to 50 user-defined points can be used to describe channel sections N-values can vary across sections Variety of calculation options includes the Rational Method, Known Q, Known Depth or Q vs. Depth with user-defined increments Specify any Channel Section for use as a Tailwater for Culvert analysis

6 6 Culvert Studio Output Features Professional reports are easy to read and interpret and include inputs, outputs as well as profile graphs and charts. Output grids are exportable to.txt or.csv file formats. Includes Print Preview. 1.1 Installing and Activating By now you probably have Culvert Studio installed but just in case you haven't, just follow the purchase/download instructions at the product's website The initial download will contain the free trial version which has no time limit but limited functionality. For example, you won't be able to save project files; and most of the reports will be watermarked. Culvert Studio uses Microsoft's "Click-once" technology which makes the installation process fast and easy. An icon will be automatically added to your desktop and will launch the program. How to Activate Culvert Studio Upon launch, the program checks for the registration serial number. If it is not available, an activation screen appears like the following: Once the serial number is entered it is stored and you won't be reminded again. Loose your serial number? If for some reason your serial number is lost, please for retrieval.

7 Introduction Getting Updates Culvert Studio will automatically check for program updates, revisions and fixes upon each launch. You may choose to "Update" then or "Skip" and wait until a later time. If you choose to skip the update, you will not be prompted again until the next update is released. 1.3 About This Guide It's the 21st century and desktop software has matured. User interfaces like those of Culvert Studio are being designed to rely less on help aids like a user manual. The best help system is actually "no help". In other words, the user interface should be intuitive enough so that the user shouldn't have to disengage from their task and read a manual. We like to think Culvert Studio is one of those programs as it makes good use of tool tips and illustrations. If at any time, you feel some important content is missing or could be improved, please send us an at support@hydrologystudio.com. We would appreciate your feedback. Online Learning Videos and More As they say, "a picture is worth a thousand words". A library of videos demonstrating the use of Culvert Studio is being developed on the website at Topics to include basic system modeling to interpreting results and everything in between. Please check for new additions regularly as this will hopefully be your primary source for in depth explanations. You'll probably learn some lessons on hydrology & hydraulics along the way. Basic Working Procedures This is where the nuts and bolts of this software are described. Computational Methods This section of the guide opens the black box and reveals the inner workings of the program. Methodology, equations and assumptions are each detailed here. Helpful Tables The last section contains tables of Runoff Coefficients and Manning's n-values.

8 Part II

9 Overview 2 9 Overview This section describes the most common basic tasks you will use when working with Culvert Studio. It is designed as a "How-To" guide and reference manual. Although it is organized roughly in the order that you would perform the tasks you don't need to start at the beginning and work your way through. Every topic contains comprehensive links to background information and other relevant subjects so you can just pick out the task you need to perform and begin. Below is the opening screen with primary components identified. Culvert Studio ships with sample data to help you get acquainted. How to Begin a New Project Starting new project with Culvert Studio is as easy as creating a new word processing file you just click on the File menu, select New Project. That's it. In fact, the program is ready to start a new project upon initial launch. In addition, Culvert Studio reloads the default rainfall files replacing those which may have been used in a previously loaded project.

10 10 Culvert Studio Modern file menu 2.1 The Basics Although two separate but related tasks are covered in Culvert Studio, it uses only one user interface style. The input, output and reporting procedures are the same throughout. User Interface A diagram of a culvert is displayed to assist in data entry. You'll begin by selecting one of the tabs on the Ribbon Toolbar; Culverts or Channels.

11 Overview 11 Culverts is the default upon each start and initializing new projects. Once you have selected your task the standard procedure takes only two steps. Step 1. Enter data in the Input Grid. This grid is located on the right side of your screen and works like most spreadsheets. Just type the value or select from a dropdown list box and press [Enter] or [Tab]. The cursor will advance to the next item. To edit an item, double-click the cell or press [F2]. Step 2. Click [Run]. That s it. Culvert Studio then computes the output, populates the Results Grid and draws the culvert Profile on the canvas. Clearing the input table is easily accomplished by clicking the [Clear] button. About the Canvas The canvas does two things; 1) Draws your culvert in Profile, Section, Plan as well as a Rating Curve; 2) Provides help diagrams to assist in your data entry. Once you have established a culvert, the canvas will automatically draw the real thing and update the drawing after each new input. You can freely change the type of drawing, Profile, Section, Plan, etc. by selecting the desired radio option at the upper left of the canvas. If the calculations are current, you can optionally toggle on or off the HGL (Hydraulic Grade Line), EGL, (Energy Grade Line) and Yc (Critical Depth) line by checking on or off the check boxes in the upper right of the canvas. In addition to getting formal printed reports, you can quickly save the canvas to a.bmp,.jpg or.png file by right-clicking the canvas and choosing, "Export this chart...". About the Results Grid The Results Grid contains your numerical output. The column headings may change according to the task as well as certain input parameters. In all cases, the canvas drawing will correspond to the current row selected on the grid. A variety of scenarios can be viewed by selecting other grid rows. When printing reports, the output will highlight the select data. You can copy this grid to the Windows clipboard or export it to a.csv or txt file by right-clicking on the grid. This feature may be useful for creating custom reports in a spreadsheet, word processor or cad drawing outside of Culvert Studio's reporting features. Using the Culvert/Channel List Culvert Studio allows you to build and model up to 10 unique culverts or channels in each project. The selector list located on the left of your screen provides quick and easy access to any of them. Each row on the list represents a single culvert or channel.

12 12 Culvert Studio You can clear, copy or paste culverts and channels by right-clicking on them and selecting the desired task on the context menu. 2.2 Printing Reports Culvert Studio offers stylish and easy-to-read printed reports. To print, simply click the [Reports] button on the Ribbon Toolbar. A document viewer automatically appears allowing you to preview the reports before sending to your printer. The report that you produce depends on the task you are using as well as which results grid row has been selected. For example, if the Plan radio option has been selected, the report will contain the Plan view as shown below.

13 Overview 13 If the computed results are current, a Calculation Sample grid is included which corresponds to the selected row on the Results Grid. 2.3 Saving and Retrieving Project Files Culvert Studio uses only two files: 1. Project Files: These files are used to store all of your project data including the IDF curves that were being used at the time the project was last saved. Project files have a ".cst" extension. 2. IDF curve files: These files store the IDF curves and have an ".idf" extension. These are the same.idf files used in other Hydrology Studio software and can be opened and used in Culvert Studio. Saving Projects Culvert Studio works much like a spreadsheet or word processor. To save a project, select "Save Project" from the "File" menu. If you are saving this file for the first time,

14 14 Culvert Studio select "Save Project As...". When using "Save Project" the program will automatically save the project under its current name. Opening Projects To retrieve a project, select "Open Project" from the "File" menu button or select a file from the Recent Projects list on the right.

15 Part III

16 16 3 Culvert Studio Basic Working Procedures This section of the Help guide will explain in finer detail the aspects of running Culvert Studio. To avoid redundancy, please review the Overview chapter. This provides a quick glance of how to operate this software. The rest of this section consists mostly of individual tasks as well as explanations of options and features. Below is a brief description of some of the more important aspects of Culvert Studio's Home screen. Ribbon Menu The home screen contains a state-of-the-art Ribbon control as its main menu. The Ribbon menu contains tabs along the top corresponding to Culverts or Channels. The Ribbon menu has virtually eliminated or replaced many of those dialog boxes you've seen in legacy software, giving direct access to options without loading other windows and forms first. Canvas Your workspace contains a primary drawing canvas which plots your culvert and channel sections, profiles, etc. It allows you to switch to different drawings types while building and maintaining your model. In other words, you can be using any one of them while modifying the input data. This allows you make changes to inputs and recompute results, providing instant feedback as the canvas gets updated after each input.

17 Basic Working Procedures 17 The canvas also provides help diagrams to assist in your initial data entry. Results Grid The table at the bottom of your screen displays rows of calculated data. As you click or select a row, the canvas redraws the image to reflect the selected data. Culvert/Channel Selector Culvert Studio allows you to build and model up to 10 unique culverts or channels in each project. The selector list located on the left of your screen provides quick and easy access to any of them. Each row on the list represents a culvert or channel. You can clear, copy or paste culverts and channels by right-clicking on them and selecting the desired task on the context menu. 3.1 What To Do First If you have read the Overview and perhaps experimented with the Trial Version Sample Data, then there are two things you should do. 1. Create a folder on your computer to hold your project files Culvert Studio uses Microsoft's "Click-Once" technology to install itself on your computer. As you may have noticed, it was very fast and easy. While it's void of confusing options, it does not create file folders for your projects. It is recommended you create a folder to hold these. For example the following folder configuration is recommended under your Documents folder: The Project Files folder will contain your project files (filename.cst) while the Rainfall Files folder will contain your rainfall data described in the following section. 2. Set up your local rainfall files - This software ships with default rainfall data for which is useful while getting to know the program. But eventually you'll want to setup your own local data if you plan to use the Rational Method for developing discharge rates. Tip: The companion products, "Hydrology Studio" and "Stormwater Studio" use the same type of IDF file. If you are already using one of these products, you may open the rainfall files from its folder and use for this software as well.

18 Culvert Studio Setting Up Rainfall Culvert Studio allows you to develop flows by using the Rational Method. During those calculations it automatically uses built-in rainfall data. You only need to input a Drainage Area, Runoff Coefficient and Time of Concentration, Tc. The program retrieves the intensity from the built-in IDF curves. The software ships with default data for which is useful while getting to know the program. But eventually you'll want to setup your own local data. The program stores this data in a separate file with an ".idf" file extension. You can setup multiple IDF curves and retrieve them as needed. Culvert Studio automatically manages this file for you in that it opens it upon launch and saves it when exiting if anything has changed. This IDF file should be saved in your Culvert Studio/Rainfall Files folder. You may also choose to store it in any other folder you wish. If you have setup several unique IDF curves for a variety of locations, you can open any one of them at any time to use for your current project. All rainfall files are embedded in each project file so it is not necessary, for example, to an associate, the.cst project file and the associated.idf rainfall file IDF Curves Culvert Studio allows you to customize the IDF rainfall data. It provides a variety of methods to choose from for setting them up. To begin, click the [Rainfall] button on the Ribbon Toolbar to open the Rainfall IDF Wizard.

19 Basic Working Procedures 19 Culvert Studio offers a Wizard to setup your IDF Curves. Click New to begin. This screen displays the current set of IDF curves. Note that IDF curves, no matter what method was used to develop, are equation-based in the end and have no time limit, even though the graph displayed only shows intensities up to 60 minutes. Click the Table tab to view the curves in numeric format. The curves cannot be edited on this screen. How to Create New IDF Curves To create a new set of curves or edit existing curves, click the [New] button. This opens the IDF Wizard which will walk you through a series of steps.

20 20 Culvert Studio You have three choices to start. 1. Create using rainfall map data - Use this method to enter precipitation values directly from Hydro-35 (Eastern United States) or NOAA Atlas 2 Maps (Western United States). Use this method if your state is NOT listed on NOAA Atlas Enter intensities directly - Import from the latest NOAA Atlas 14 (recommended) or enter values from your existing IDF curves. 3. Enter known equation coefficients. Culvert Studio uses two types of equations, FHA (IDF Equation) and Third-degree Polynomial. You may directly enter coefficients for these rainfall intensity equations Using Rainfall Map Data Culvert Studio has the ability to generate IDF curves from NWS precipitation data. The computational procedure is that as described in FHA Circular No. 12, "Drainage of Highway Pavements." Technically, when using Hydro-35 data or existing curves, Culvert Studio manipulates your input data to generate coefficients B, D & E, for use in an Intensity vs. Tc equation shown below. This method requires minimal inputs but varies depending on what part of the U.S. you are defining and if NOAA has updated data available for your state. Your best source for this data is from NOAA's National Weather Service "Precipitation Frequency Data Server". Click the [NOAA] button on the Ribbon Toolbar to open the web server. Then select your state and follow the instructions. Set the Data type to "Precipitation Depth, Partial Duration" when using it for IDF curve setup.

21 Basic Working Procedures 21 If you are in the Eastern Contiguous United States The IDF Wizard will display this screen: Enter the 5-, 15- and 60-minute precipitation amounts for the 2- and 100-year return periods and click [Finish]. You'll be taken back to the initial IDF Wizard screen where you'll see your new IDF curves. See also IDF Correction Factors. Save your curves by clicking the [Save] button and specifying a name for your file. An ".idf' extension will be applied. This file will automatically open each time you launch Culvert Studio. You can, of course, change this file any time afterwords. If you are in the Western United States The IDF Wizard will display this screen: Enter the 6- and 24-hour precipitation amounts for the 2- and 100-year return periods. Select your state from the drop-down list. Note that only some states require an

22 22 Culvert Studio elevation input. Click [Finish] to generate the curves. You'll be taken back to the initial IDF Wizard screen where you'll see your new IDF curves. See also IDF Correction Factors. Save your curves by clicking the [Save] button and specifying a name for your file. An ".idf' extension will be applied. This file will automatically open each time you launch Culvert Studio. You can, of course, change this file any time afterwords. Click the [Open] or [Save] buttons to open or save an existing idf file Enter Points from Existing Curves Culvert Studio allows you to enter intensities directly from your existing IDF curves. You can also enter or import intensities from the newest NOAA Atlas 14. Your best source for this data is from NOAA's National Weather Service "Precipitation Frequency Data Server". Click the [NOAA] button on the Ribbon Toolbar to open the web server. Then select your state and follow the instructions. Set the Data type to "Precipitation Intensity, Partial Duration" when using it for IDF curve setup. If you selected "Enter Intensities from Existing IDF Curves or NOAA Atlas 14" the following screen appears:

23 Basic Working Procedures 23 Clear the table and enter intensities directly into the table. Click [Apply]. Click [Next] to add IDF Correction Factors. Otherwise, click [Finish]. You'll be taken back to the initial IDF Wizard screen where you'll see your new IDF curves. See also IDF Correction Factors. Save your curves by clicking the [Save] button and specifying a name for your file. An ".idf' extension will be applied. This file will automatically open each time you launch Culvert Studio. You can, of course, change this file any time afterwords Import from NOAA Atlas 14 Provided your state is one which is listed on this atlas, you can quickly import this data by first exporting it from NOAA's Precipitation Frequency Data Server. To start, click the [NOAA] button on the Ribbon Toolbar to open the web server. Then select your state and follow the instructions. IMPORTANT! Be sure to set the Data type to "Precipitation Intensity, Partial Duration". At the bottom of the PF Tabular table you'll see an option to export as a.csv file. Click [Submit]. The file will open in your web browser, or other text viewer, and will look similar to the following: Point precipitation frequency estimates (inches/hour) NOAA Atlas 14, Volume 2, Version 3 Data type: Precipitation intensity Time series type: Partial duration Project area: Ohio River Basin Latitude (decimal degrees): Longitude (decimal degrees): PRECIPITATION FREQUENCY ESTIMATES by duration for ARI:, 1,2,5,10,25,50,100,200,500,1000 years 5-min:, 5.51,6.37,7.26,8.17,9.19,10.04,10.86,11.65,12.62, min:, 4.40,5.09,5.81,6.54,7.32,8.00,8.63,9.23,9.98, min:, 3.66,4.27,4.90,5.52,6.18,6.76,7.27,7.77,8.38, min:, 2.51,2.95,3.48,4.00,4.58,5.09,5.57,6.05,6.66, min:, 1.57,1.85,2.23,2.60,3.05,3.45,3.83,4.24,4.78, hr:, 0.90,1.07,1.30,1.54,1.83,2.10,2.37,2.67,3.06, hr:, 0.63,0.75,0.92,1.10,1.32,1.53,1.75,1.98,2.32, hr:, 0.38,0.45,0.55,0.65,0.79,0.91,1.05,1.19,1.40, hr:, 0.22,0.26,0.32,0.38,0.46,0.54,0.62,0.72,0.85, hr:, 0.12,0.15,0.19,0.22,0.27,0.32,0.36,0.42,0.50, day:, 0.07,0.09,0.11,0.13,0.16,0.18,0.21,0.24,0.28, day:, 0.05,0.06,0.08,0.09,0.11,0.13,0.14,0.16,0.19,0.22

24 24 Culvert Studio 4-day:, 0.04,0.05,0.06,0.07,0.09,0.10,0.11,0.13,0.15, day:, 0.03,0.03,0.04,0.05,0.06,0.06,0.07,0.08,0.09, day:, 0.02,0.03,0.03,0.04,0.04,0.05,0.05,0.06,0.07, day:, 0.01,0.02,0.02,0.02,0.03,0.03,0.03,0.04,0.04, day:, 0.01,0.01,0.02,0.02,0.02,0.02,0.03,0.03,0.03, day:, 0.01,0.01,0.01,0.02,0.02,0.02,0.02,0.02,0.02, day:, 0.01,0.01,0.01,0.01,0.01,0.02,0.02,0.02,0.02,0.02 Date/time (GMT): Tue Nov 20 20:02: pyruntime: Save this file as a.txt or.csv file, preferably in your Culvert Studio/Rainfall folder. Next, click the [Import] button on the Culvert Studio IDF Wizard screen shown above. Select the file you just saved and click [Open]. Click [Apply]. Then click [Finish]. You'll be taken back to the initial IDF Wizard screen where you'll see your new IDF curves. Save your curves by clicking the [Save] button and specifying a name for your file. An ".idf' extension will be applied. This file will automatically open each time you launch Culvert Studio. You can, of course, change this file any time afterwords Known Equation Coefficients Even though there are several ways to setup your IDF Curves in the beginning, once completed, they take the form of an equation. Culvert Studio uses two types of equations. Each can accept custom coefficients to match your exact IDF curves. To enter your own coefficients, select Enter Known Equation Coefficients from the IDF Wizard opening screen. Choose one of the following equation types: IDF Curve Equation This method takes on the form: Where: I = rainfall intensity (in/hr)

25 Basic Working Procedures 25 Tc = time in minutes B = coefficient D = coefficient E = coefficient Third Degree Polynomial Equation Some regions have IDF curves which are based on a third-degree polynomial equation. These curves typically do not plot as a straight line on log-log scales. You have the option of creating IDF curves using a third degree polynomial equation as follows: Where: I = rainfall intensity (in/hr) X = Ln(time in minutes) A = coefficient B = coefficient C = coefficient D = coefficient A screen similar to the following appears: Clear the table if needed and enter B, D & E coefficients. If using Third Degree Polynomial, enter the A, B, C, & D coefficients. Note you can also specify Frequency Correction Factors, Cf on this screen. For more information, see IDF Correction

26 26 Culvert Studio Factors. When finished, click the [Apply] button and then [Finish]. You'll be taken back to the initial IDF Wizard screen where you'll see your new IDF curves. See also IDF Correction Factors. Save your curves by clicking the [Save] button and specifying a name for your file. An ".idf' extension will be applied. This file will automatically open each time you launch Culvert Studio. You can, of course, change this file any time afterwords IDF Correction Factors You can enter Frequency Correction Factors, Cf, with your IDF Curves. The Cf factors can be edited on the Known Equation Coefficients screen or the Computed Coefficients screens. Cf factors are applied to the Runoff Coefficients when computing flows using the Rational Method. The intensities shown on your reports will not reflect this factor. The computed flows will, however. Correction Factors can be edited while you are setting up your IDF curves. Rather than clicking [Finish] just after entering or importing data, continue to click [Next] until you arrive at the Equation Coefficients screen shown below. There you can enter Cf values. Remember to click the [Apply] button. To modify Correction Factors to existing IDF curves, Click the [New...] button from the Ribbon Toolbar. Then choose "Enter known equation coefficients".

27 Basic Working Procedures Working With Culverts The primary task in Culvert Studio is, of course, culverts. It is the default task selected upon launch. Culvert Studio's aim is to make simple work of sophisticated culvert modeling. It accomplishes this by combining a simple, modern user interface with rich, colorful graphics and detailed but friendly output. Culvert Studio is capable of modeling culverts with various slopes, lengths, sizes, materials and shapes including circular, rectangular, arch, pipe arch, open-bottom arch and elliptical. It also handles a multitude of culvert materials and inlet configurations. The purpose of this application is to compute hydraulic profiles and rating tables including a host of hydraulic properties for highway-type culverts. It uses sophisticated energy-based methods for computing the hydraulic grade line (HGL). It can handle inlet control and outlet control in any flow regime from partial depth, full depth, surcharged, roadway overtopping as well as supercritical flow profiles with hydraulic jump. Methods used are those described in HDS-5 (Hydraulic Design of Highway Culverts) Input Requirements The input requirements are designed to be minimal but thorough. To enter data, type in the value or select from a drop-down input box, and press [Enter] or the [Tab] key. Following is a description of those required items. Once the data is input, results are computed by clicking the [Run] button at the bottom of the input grid. Data is divided into four categories. Culvert, Embankment, Discharge and Tailwater. Following is a description of each. While entering data for the first time, the canvas will automatically display help diagrams to assist in your data entry.

28 28 Culvert Studio Culvert Name Optional but it is a recommended input. > Culvert Shape Select the barrel shape from the drop-down list box. Inlet Configuration Select an inlet edge from the drop-down list box. Material Select the barrel material from the drop-down list box. Note: The culvert's roughness coefficient is based on this input. The n-values used can be viewed/edited in the Project Settings. Rise Enter the height of the barrel.

29 Basic Working Procedures 29 Span Enter the width of the barrel. Circular sections will always have equal Rise and Spans. Invert Elevation Down Enter the invert elevation for the downstream end of the culvert. Length Enter the length of the barrel. The length for pipes with mitered inlets is measured along the top or crown of the pipe. Invert Elevation Up Enter the invert elevation for the upstream end of the culvert. Number of Barrels Enter the total number of barrels. Six is the maximum allowed. Skew Angle Enter the skew angle in degrees as measured from a due west horizontal. Fortyfive +/- degrees is the maximum. > Embankment The embankment serves as the cover or roadway above the culvert. Items required are the top elevation, top width and crest width (to serve as a weir for over topping flow). The top width will be centered along the barrel length. Top Width Enter the width of the top of embankment. This is assumed to be centered along the length of the culvert barrel. Must be less than Culvert Length. Top Elevation Enter the elevation for the top of the embankment. This must be above the culvert's crown. If your embankment roadway is superelevated, enter the elevation of the

30 30 Culvert Studio highest side. The Top Elevation is where over topping occurs and serves as the weir crest elevation. Crest Length Enter the length of the embankment crest. Used as the weir crest length for over topping flow calculations. In cases where the roadway is a vertical sag, a single horizontal line (one segment as used here) is often adequate for culvert design. Using this approach, the length of the crest can be represented by the topwidth of the overflow area in the sag and the elevation of the weir crest defined from the lowest point in the sag. > Discharge Culvert Studio allows you to specify a range of flows with a user-defined flow increment, a user-defined set of discharge values or Rational method parameters. Discharge Method Choose a method from the drop-down list. For modeling a single Q, choose Qmin, Qmax method. Q min Enter the lowest discharge to be used for the calculations. Q max Enter the highest discharge to be used for the calculations. Set equal to Q min to model a single flow rate. Q incr Enter the incremental discharge to be used for the calculations. For example, if Q min = 50, Q max = 100 and Q incr = 5, the results will be computed from 50 to 100 in increments of 5, e.g. 55, 60, 65, 70, and so on. The program can process up to 100 unique discharge values. It will set a default for this input equal to 1/10th of the Qmax, Qmin difference but feel free to enter your own. User-Defined Flows This method allows you to enter a custom set of ten unique Q's. These may, for example, correspond to flows previously determined. Data can be copied and pasted by right-clicking on the table.

31 Basic Working Procedures 31 User-Defined Qs Rational Method When using the Rational method, the program will automatically compute a set of discharge rates corresponding to the current IDF curves and using the following inputs: Drainage Area Enter the drainage area for this catchment. Runoff Coefficient Enter the Runoff Coefficient for this area. See Runoff Coefficients Table for suggestions. Time of Concentration Enter the time it takes for runoff to travel from the remotest point in the drainage area to the culvert opening in minutes. > Tailwater When performing energy-based hydraulic grade line profiles, calculations must begin at the downstream end and progress upstream. This requires a known, or assumed starting water surface. Better known as tailwater. Culvert Studio offers several options which you can choose from the drop-down list. Normal Depth Choose this to begin at a calculated Normal Depth for the particular discharge used. Normal depth is computed by Manning's equation. Normal depth cannot exceed the

32 32 Culvert Studio pipe crown. Critical Depth Choose this to begin at a calculated Critical Depth for the particular discharge used. Critical depth is computed by a variety of methods aiming to predict the depth at minimum specific energy. Critical depth cannot exceed the pipe crown. (dc + D)/2 Choose this to start at (Critical depth + pipe diameter)/2. This is a conservative option. Use when the culvert is flowing full for most of its length. Crown Choose this to begin at the top of the culvert barrel. Using a Channel Section The options listed above are plenty adequate in most situations but Culvert Studio also allows you to specify an actual channel section which has been defined in the Channels task portion of the program. Just select the channel you want to use from the Tailwater drop-down list and Culvert Studio will automatically compute depth, velocity, etc., for the channel and use it as the starting tailwater elevation. The discharge values from the Channel section do not need to coincide with those in the Culvert. The program will use the Culvert discharges instead. If this starting HGL is below critical depth, then the starting HGL will be set to critical depth Output Once the input requirements have been met, click [Run] to generate the output. If any erroneous data is present, the program will prompt you before proceeding. Otherwise, the Canvas and Results Grid are drawn and populated. The canvas plot will corresponding to the selected row in the Results Grid. Canvas Drawings The drawings are designed to be self explanatory. Rich colors, smooth bezier curve technology make these charts friendly and readable. Select from the different radio option buttons on the top to view different chart types. Profile

33 Basic Working Procedures 33 Culvert flowing under inlet control Section Sections show the Crest Length and barrel section as looking upstream. The blue dotted line is upstream Hw. This section shows the downstream channel section used for Tailwater Plan Culvert Studio automatically adds a roadway if the Top Width >= 12 feet. It adds a striped roadway when the Top Width >= 16 feet. It adds a centerline stripe when the Top Width >= 28 feet.

34 34 Culvert Studio Notice the headwater as it rises near the overtopping crest Rating Curve The red dot indicates the Q corresponding the to Results Grid selected row Results Grid The Results Grid displays your output in a neat table that allows you to update your canvas drawing by selecting different rows.

35 Basic Working Procedures 35 Some columns are special to certain input requirements. For example, when using the Rational method, a column is added to show the Return Periods. Here's a brief description of the columns: Discharge Total The total Q used for this computation. Pipe The Q conveyed by the pipe barrel only. Overtop Overtopping Q. This is flow over the embankment. Velocity Channel This represents the velocity in the channel if one was used for Tailwater. Velocity Dn This is velocity of flow exiting the culvert. It is computed as Pipe Q / area of flow at the downstream end. Velocity Up The velocity of flow just inside of the upstream end of the culvert barrel. It is computed as Pipe Q / area of flow at the upstream end. Depth Depth Dn The depth of flow at the downstream end of the pipe. HGL Dn minus Invert Elev Dn. Does not exceed pipe Rise. Depth Up The depth of flow at the upstream end of the pipe. HGL Up minus Invert Elev Up. Does not exceed pipe Rise. HGL Channel The hydraulic grade line at the channel section, if used.

36 36 Culvert Studio HGL Dn The hydraulic grade line at the downstream end of the pipe. HGL Up The hydraulic grade line at the upstream end of the pipe. Hw The headwater elevation. Includes entrance loss in outlet control. Hw/D Headwater to pipe diameter ratio. 3.4 Working With Channels The an open channel defined is a conduit for flow which has a free exposed surface. They typically include channels, streams, natural or man made or highway gutters and ditches. When water flows in a uniform channel it ultimately reaches and maintains a constant velocity and depth called normal depth. The energy grade line parallels the water surface (hydraulic grade line) because the energy loss is exactly compensated for by gravity. Culvert Studio uses Manning's equation to compute normal depth. The following channel shapes available: Rectangular Triangular Trapezoidal User-defined (Enter user-defined station, elevation points) It is assumed that these channels are uniform, have a constant shape, slope and flow rate. N-values can be varied across the user-defined sections only. Culvert Studio quickly calculates: A rating table of Q vs. normal depth based on a range of flow rates Normal depth from a single known Q Flow from a user-defined normal depth

37 Basic Working Procedures Input Requirements The input requirements are designed to be minimal but thorough. To enter data, type in the value or select from a drop-down input box, and press [Enter] or the [Tab] key. Following is a description of those required items. Once the data is input, results are computed by clicking the [Run] button at the bottom of the input grid. Data is divided into two categories; Channel and Discharge. Following is a description of each. While entering data for the first time, the canvas will automatically display help diagrams to assist in your data entry. Channel Name Optional but it is a recommended input. > Channel Section Type Select the type of channel from the drop-down list box. Rectangular Channel Shape Inputs needed depend on the channel type selected. User-defined channels are

38 38 Culvert Studio described here. Below is a description of all inputs. Bottom Width Enter the bottom width of the channel. Side Slope Left & Right (z:1) Enter the left and right side slopes, z horizontal to 1 vertical, for the channel. Total Depth Enter the total depth to be analyzed for this channel. Invert Elevation Enter the invert elevation of this channel. This will be automatically extracted when using User-defined section. Slope Enter the channel slope as a percentage (vertical drop/100). Manning s n-value Enter the channel roughness coefficient. See Useful Tables for table of suggested values. For User-defined sections, click the [Define] button to open the Sta Elevation input screen where you can enter varying n-values. See User-defined Channel Shapes. > Discharge Discharge Method Select the discharge method from the drop-down list box. Culvert Studio allows you to develop channel flows by specifying a single depth; a single flow rate; a range of depths with user-defined number of increments; a set of user-defined flows or Rational method parameters. Increments For Q vs Depth, enter the number of increments or depth values to be used for the Rating table. The default value is 10 and the total cannot exceed 100. For example, if the Total Depth is 6 and the Increments = 10, Culvert Studio will compute Q s for each 6/10 or 0.6 feet of depth. The Results Grid will populate with 10 rows beginning at 0.6 feet up to 6.0. Known Q Enter a known flow rate and Culvert Studio will compute a corresponding normal depth.

39 Basic Working Procedures 39 Known Depth Enter a known depth and Culvert Studio will compute a corresponding discharge. This value must be <= Total Depth. User-Defined Flows This method allows you to enter a custom set of up to ten unique Q's. These may, for example, correspond to flows previously determined. Data can also be copied and pasted by right-clicking on the table. User-Defined Qs Rational Method When using the Rational method, the program will automatically compute a set of discharge rates corresponding to the current IDF curves and using the following inputs: Drainage Area Enter the drainage area for this catchment. Runoff Coefficient Enter the Runoff Coefficient for this area. See Runoff Coefficients Table for suggestions. Time of Concentration Enter the time it takes for runoff to travel from the remotest point in the drainage area to the culvert opening in minutes.

40 Culvert Studio User-Defined Channel Shapes Culvert Studio allows you to enter up to 50 station & elevation points to describe a channel section. In addition, each of these points can contain a unique n-value. Enter user-defined points to describe your channel To use this channel feature, select User-defined as the Section Type from the dropdown list. Next click the [Define] button to open the User Defined Channel screen. Enter Station, Elevation and n-value as looking upstream A user-defined section is described by entering points containing offset stations, elevations and related n-values. N-values apply between the current point and the previous point. Point No. 1 does not require an n-value. The n-value entered at Point No. 2 describes the roughness between Points 1 and 2. The n-value at Point 3 is the roughness from 2 to 3, and so on. In the table shown above, the n-value between Station 5 and 10 is 0.50.

41 Basic Working Procedures 41 Station Enter the station for this point in feet from the leftmost side. This is the distance from a baseline. Zero is suggested for Point No. 1. Elevation Enter the corresponding elevation for this point. N-value Enter the corresponding roughness coefficient from the previous point up to this point. Always zero for Point No. 1. Inserting and Deleting Rows You can insert and delete rows by selecting a row and right-clicking. Copy and Paste Data Similarly, you can copy the entire grid to the Windows Clipboard as well as paste previously copied data, for example, from a spreadsheet.

42 Part IV

43 Computational Methods 4 43 Computational Methods This section describes the computational methodologies employed by Culvert Studio. It is highly recommended that you review the computational methods and equations used so that you will better understand the output and results. It is not the intention of this section to provide the basis of the theories used or to demonstrate how they were derived. But rather provide the actual equations and methods employed by the software. Methodology The program uses only widely accepted methods within the industry. Procedures described in HEC-22, HDS-5 and the Rational method are the primary methodologies. This section will provide a summary of the concepts used but it is not intended to be all-encompassing. Below is a list of publications which provide details on the methods used. FHA Hydraulic Engineering Circular No. 22 Third Edition, 2009 FHWA Hydraulic Design of Culverts (HDS5) Third Edition, Culverts Why Culvert Modeling Can Be Difficult Culvert Studio follows calculation procedures described in HEC-22 and HDS-5. Culverts are complicated. Their analysis is difficult and often times confusing. Their flow regimes change with seemingly little reason. Their barrels may flow full or partly full but full flow throughout their length is rare. Generally at least part of their length is in partial flow. The upstream end may be totally under water while underneath, the barrel is in supercritical flow ending downstream in subcritical flow. Raise the tailwater a little and the entire flow regime changes to full. Culvert Studio sorts out these hydraulic anomalies by using time-tested methods and some sophisticated algorithms. This chapter outlines those methods. It starts with an overview of a puzzling concept... Inlet and Outlet Control. Inlet and Outlet Control Culverts flow under two regimes; Inlet Control and Outlet Control. Inlet control implies that it is more difficult for water to get in the pipe than it is to get through it. During outlet control, it is more difficult for flow to get through the barrel than it is getting inside of the barrel. Inlet control is a lot like traffic going from a four-lane highway into a two-lane tunnel. As the traffic nears the tunnel, it must squeeze together causing a traffic jam that

44 44 Culvert Studio affects the cars approaching the tunnel. Once in the tunnel, traveling is easier and traffic speeds up. You ll find that culverts often flow in partial depth throughout its barrel while under inlet control. Traveling is easier because most of the cars are still trying to get in the tunnel. If, on the other hand, there was an accident inside of the tunnel, traffic would slow down even more after entering. Traveling is more difficult. This is outlet control. Inlet control is largely influenced by the entrance geometry of the pipe such as edge configuration, pipe area and shape. Outlet control is influenced most by n-value (barrel roughness), pipe area, shape, length and slope. So how does one determine the flow regime of a culvert? The solution is to compute the hydraulic profile assuming both exist, and then selecting the one that produces the highest headwater, Hw Outlet Control Outlet control flow conditions are calculated based on energy balance. The total energy required to pass the flow through the culvert barrel is the sum of the entrance loss (He), the friction losses through the barrel (Hf), and the exit loss (Ho). Figure 1. Culvert flowing under outlet control

45 Computational Methods 45 Exit Loss The exit loss is computed by the following equation: Where: V = velocity exiting the culvert in ft/s (m/s) g = acceleration due to gravity Friction Loss Culvert Studio uses the energy-based Standard Step method when computing the friction loss. This methodology is an iterative procedure that applies Bernoulli's energy equation between the downstream and upstream ends of the culvert. It uses Manning's equation to determine head losses due to pipe friction. This method makes no assumptions as to the depth of flow and is only accepted when the energy equation has balanced. The following equation is used for all flow conditions: Where: V = velocity in ft/s (m/s) Z = invert elevation in ft (m) Y = HGL minus the invert elevation in ft (m) Friction losses are computed by:

46 46 Culvert Studio Where: HL = energy head loss due to friction hf1 = friction head at the downstream end hf2 = friction head at the upstream end Where: Km = (1.0) n = Manning's n A = cross-sectional area of flow in sqft (sqm) R = hydraulic radius Composite n-values Culvert Studio uses the Horton-Einstein equation to compute a composite n-value for open-bottom arch sections. Where: nc = Composite n-value Pi = Wetted perimeter of subdivision i ni = n-value for subdivision i P = Total wetted perimeter Entrance Loss The entrance loss is a function of the velocity head in the barrel, and is expressed as a coefficient times the velocity head.

47 Computational Methods 47 Where: Ke = coefficient based on various inlet configurations provided in HDS-5 V = velocity exiting the culvert in ft/s (m/s) g = acceleration due to gravity Inlet Control Inlet control occurs when it is harder for the flow to get through the entrance of the pipe than the remainder of the pipe barrel. Figure 2 illustrates a type of inlet control flow. The control section is at the inlet end of the culvert. Depending on the tailwater, a hydraulic jump may occur downstream of the inlet. Figure 2. Culvert flowing under inlet control The following inlet control equations are used. If Hw is above the pipe crown the submerged equation is used. Otherwise the unsubmerged equation is used. Submerged

48 48 Culvert Studio Unsubmerged Where: Hw = Headwater depth above invert D = Culvert Rise in ft (m) Q = Flow rate in cfs (cm/s) A = Full cross-sectional area of pipe in sqft (sqm) K, M, c, Y = Coefficients based on inlet edge configurations S = Line slope, ft/ft (m/m) Roadway Overtopping Overtopping will begin when the headwater, (Hw) rises to the elevation of the roadway (Figure 3). The overtopping will usually occur at the low point of a sag vertical curve on the roadway. The flow will be similar to flow over a broad crested weir. Figure 3. Overtopping flow It is a simple matter to calculate the flow across the roadway for a given upstream water surface elevation using the weir equation. The problem is that the roadway overflow plus the culvert flow must equal the total flow. A trial and error process is necessary to determine the amount of the total flow passing through the culvert and the amount flowing across the roadway.

49 Computational Methods 49 Culvert Studio uses the following broad crested weir equation: Where: Q = Overtopping flow in cfs (cms) Cw = Broad crested weir coefficient = 3.09 L = Crest Width in ft (m) H = Hw Top Elevation in ft (m) Supercritical Profiles Culvert Studio has the ability to compute supercritical flow profiles with hydraulic jumps automatically. During friction loss calculations, if the energy equation cannot balance, the software reverses the calculation procedure, i.e. from upstream to downstream, and computes the supercritical profile. It should be noted that Culvert Studio does not compute supercritical flow profiles for elliptical or arch shapes. In these cases, critical depth is assumed. Hydraulic Jump The Momentum Principle is used for determining depths and locations of hydraulic jumps. At each step (one tenth of the culvert length) during supercritical flow calculations, Culvert Studio computes the momentum and compares it to the momentum developed during the subcritical profile calculations. If the two momentums equal, it is established that a hydraulic jump must occur. There may be occasions when a hydraulic jump does not exist or is submerged. The condition which must be satisfied if a hydraulic jump is to occur is Momentum, M1, of the subcritical profile equals the momentum, M2, of the supercritical profile. Where: Where:

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