IJSO Training: Light and Colour Mini-experiment Refractive Index and Snell s Law
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1 IJSO Training: Light and Colour Mini-experiment Refractive Index and Snell s Law Objective In this experiment, you are required to determine the refractive index of an acrylic trapezoid (or any block with parallel faces) by using Snell s Law. Theory Recall the Snell s Law: n sinθ = n sinθ, (1.1) where θ 1 is the angle of incidence, θ 2 is the angle of refraction, n 1 and n 2 are the respective refractive indices of the two media. Procedure 1. Place the laser pointer on a sheet of paper. Turn on the laser pointer. 2. Place the trapezoid on the paper so that the beam passes through the parallel sides as shown in Figure 1.1. θ 1 Incident Ray Transmitted Ray Figure 1.1
2 3. Mark the positions of the parallel sides of the trapezoid and trace the incident and transmitted beams. Mark the rays on the graph paper carefully. 4. Remove the trapezoid and draw a line on the paper connecting the points where the beams entered and left the trapezoid. 5. Measure the angle of incidence and the angle of refraction. Record the angles in Table Repeat above steps by using other angles of incidence. Record the angles in Table 1.1 again. Angle of Incidence ( θ 1 ) Angle of Refraction ( θ 2 ) Refractive Index of acrylic ( n 2 ) Table 1.1: Data and Results Mean = Analysis 1. Use Snell s Law to calculate the refractive index by assuming that the refractive index of air ( n 1 ) is Find the mean of the three values of refractive indices and calculate the percentage error comparing with the true value n = 1.5 Question What is the angle of the ray that leaves the trapezoid relative to the ray that enters it?
3 IJSO Training: Light and Colour Mini-experiment Refractive Index and Apparent Depth Objective In this experiment, you are required to determine the refractive index of a prism (or any block with parallel faces) by measuring the apparent depth. Theory n air = 1 n > 1 d t Figure 2.1 Referring to Figure 2.1, the apparent depth, d, of the bottom surface of the block is related to the actual depth, t, by the following equation (can be proved by using Snell s Law): d = tn, (2.1) where n is the refractive index of the material. Procedure 1. Draw a straight line on the paper. Place the prism on the paper over the line. 2. Look down through the top of the prism with both eyes. Judge if the line viewed through the prism appear to be closer. Close one eye and move your head side to side. You will see parallax( 視差 )between the line viewed through the prism and the line viewed directly.
4 3. Hold a pencil near the side of the prism and move your head side to side to check for parallax. Move the pencil up or down and check again until no parallax is observed (see Figure 2.2). Look down Move eye side to side Pencil Figure Mark the position of the pencil pointing on the side of the prism. Measure the distance from the top of the prism to the position. Record this apparent depth, d, in Table 2.1 and record the apparent depth. 5. Measure the thickness, t, of the prism and record it in Table 2.1 Apparent depth (d) Actual thickness (t) Refractive index (n) Table 2.1: Data and Result Analysis Use Equation (2.1) to calculate the refractive index of the prism and record your result in Table 2.1.
5 IJSO Training: Light and Colour Mini-experiment Focal Lengths of Convex and Concave Lenses Objective In this experiment, you are required to determine the focal lengths of convex and concave lenses and investigate the difference between the two lenses. Theory Recall that when the rays parallel to the principal axis pass through a thin lens, they emerge either converging or diverging. The point of convergence (or origin of divergence) is the focus of the lens. The focal length is then the distance of the focus from the center of the lens. If the rays diverge, the focal length is negative. Procedure 1. Place the laser pointer on a sheet of paper. Turn on the laser pointer. 2. Place the convex lens on the paper so that the incoming beam is parallel to the principal axis as shown in Figure 3.1a. Outgoing ray 1 Incoming ray 1 Outgoing ray 2 Incoming ray 1 Incoming ray 2 Incoming ray 2 Outgoing ray 1 Outgoing ray 2 Convex lens Concave lens Figure 3.1a Figure 3.1b 3. Place the laser pointer at several different positions and trace the incident and transmitted beams. Indicate the incoming and outgoing rays with arrows in the appropriate directions. 4. Locate the focus of the lens. Measure the focal length and record the result in Table 3.1.
6 5. Repeat the procedure with the concave lens as shown in Figure 3.1b and fill Table 3.1. Focal length Convex lens Table 3.1: Results Concave lens Further Investigation Place the convex and concave lenses together as shown in Figure 3.2 and repeat the procedure. Check if the outgoing rays are converging, diverging or parallel. Discuss if the result is consistent with the focal lengths found for the two lenses. Incoming ray 1 Incoming ray 2 Outgoing rays =? Figure 3.2
7 Safety Precautions (General) Do not touch any optical surface. If a component is dirty, please consult Teacher/Lab Technician. Optical components should be covered when experiments are finished. Precautions when Handling Laser Pointers Never shine a laser pointer at anyone. Laser pointers are designed to illustrate inanimate objects. Do not allow minors to use a pointer unsupervised. Laser pointers are not toys. Do not point a laser pointer at mirror-like surfaces. A reflected beam can act like a direct beam on the eye.
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