3. Confirm Does the law of reflection apply to rough surfaces? Explain. Diffuse Reflection
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1 Light Key Concepts How does light reflect from smooth surfaces and rough surfaces? What happens to light when it strikes a concave mirror? Which types of mirrors can produce a virtual image? Reflection and Mirrors What do you think? Read the two statements below and decide whether you agree or disagree with them. Place an A in the Before column if you agree with the statement or a D if you disagree. After you ve read this lesson, reread the statements to see if you have changed your mind. Before Statement After 3. Mirrors are the only surfaces that reflect light. 4. The image in a mirror is always right side up. Sticky Notes As you read, use sticky notes to mark information that you do not understand. Read the text carefully a second time. If you still need help, write a list of questions to ask your teacher. 1. Solve If the angle of incidence is 40, what is the angle of reflection? Reading Check 2. Contrast How do the reflected and incident rays differ? Reflection of Light Reflection is the bouncing of a wave off a surface. If you throw a tennis ball straight at a wall, it will bounce back to you. Where on the wall would you throw the ball so that a friend standing to your left could catch it? You would throw it toward a point on the wall halfway between you and your friend. Law of Reflection Light reflects a lot like a tennis ball bouncing off a wall. Straight arrows called rays show how light reflects, as seen in the figure. An imaginary line perpendicular to a reflecting surface is the normal. The light ray moving toward the surface is the incident ray. The light ray moving away is the reflected ray. Notice the angle formed where an incident ray meets a normal. This is the angle of incidence. A reflected ray forms an identical angle on the other Reflected ray Law of Reflection Angle of reflection Angle of incidence Incident ray Normal side of the normal. This angle is the angle of reflection. According to the law of reflection, when a wave is reflected from a surface, the angle of reflection is equal to the angle of incidence. 328 Light Reading Essentials
2 Regular and Diffuse Reflection You see objects when light reflects off them into your eyes. Why can you see your reflection in smooth, shiny surfaces but not in a piece of paper or a painted wall? The law of reflection applies whether the surface is smooth or rough. Shiny Surfaces Reflection of light from a smooth, shiny surface is called regular reflection. Look back at the figure on the previous page. The three incident rays and the three reflected rays are all parallel. You see a sharp image when parallel rays reflect rays reflect into your eyes. Rough Surfaces When light strikes an uneven surface, as in the figure at right, the angle of reflection still equals the angle of incidence at each point. Scattered reflected rays Parallel incident rays Diffuse Reflection Tilted normals However, different rays reflect in different directions. Reflection of light from a rough surface is called diffuse reflection. Mirrors Any surface that reflects light and forms an image is a mirror. The type of image depends on whether the reflecting surface is flat or curved. The image forms when light reflects off an object to a reflecting surface. The surface reflects the light back to your eye. Your brain knows that light travels in straight lines, so it understands this light as an image of the object. Plane Mirrors The word plane means flat, so a plane mirror has a flat reflecting surface. The image a plane mirror forms is the same size as the object. However, it is a virtual image because no object is located at the place where the image appears. A virtual image is an image of an object that your brain perceives to be in a place where the object is not. Suppose you look at your image in a plane mirror. If you raise your right hand, your image raises its left hand. However, up and down are not reversed. The image you see in a plane mirror is not simply flipped around. Instead, you see an object as if you were viewing it from just behind the surface of the mirror. 3. Confirm Does the law of reflection apply to rough surfaces? Explain. 4. Compare How does light reflect from smooth surfaces and rough surfaces? Make a two-tab concept map book to compare the reflection of light on different types of surfaces. Light Reflection Smooth Surface Rough Surface Reading Essentials Light 329
3 5. Relate How are the focal length and the focal point of a concave mirror related? 6. Describe How does a concave mirror reflect light? Concave Mirrors Not all mirrors are flat. A mirror that curves inward is called a concave mirror, like the mirror shown in the figure. A line perpendicular to the center of the mirror is the optical axis. The law of reflection determines the direction of reflected rays in the figure at right. When rays parallel to the optical axis strike a concave mirror, the reflected rays converge, or come together. Concave Mirror Optical axis Focal Point Look at the figure. Notice the point where the rays converge. The point where light rays parallel to the optical axis converge after Focal length being reflected by a mirror or refracted by a lens is the focal point. You will learn about lenses in the next lesson. Imagine that a concave mirror is part of a hollow sphere. The focal point is halfway between the mirror and the center of the sphere. The distance along the optical axis from the mirror to the focal point is the focal length. The lesser the curve of a mirror, the longer its focal length. The position of an object compared to the focal point determines the type of image formed by a concave mirror. Look again at the figure of the concave mirror to understand how a flashlight works. Imagine all the arrows pointing in the opposite direction. The bulb is at the focal point. The concave mirror behind the bulb is the reflector. Light rays from the bulb strike the mirror and reflect as parallel rays. Types of Images A concave mirror can produce a real or a virtual image. The type of image a concave mirror forms depends on the object s location relative to the focal point, as shown in the image at the top of the next page. The image is virtual if the object is between the focal point and the mirror. The image is real if the object is beyond the focal point. A real image is one that forms where rays converge. No image forms if the object is at the focal point. 330 Light Reading Essentials
4 Real and Virtual Images of Concave Mirrors An object outside the focal point produces a real, inverted image. The image appears smaller the farther the object is from the mirror. Real inverted image Object Object An object inside the focal point produces a virtual, upright image. Virtual upright image Inverted Images Suppose you look at your reflection in the bowl of a shiny spoon. If your face is outside the spoon s focal point, your image appears upside down, or inverted. Your image disappears when your face is at the focal point. When your face is inside the focal point, the image is upright. Convex Mirrors Have you ever seen a large, round mirror high in the corner of a store? The mirror enables workers at the store to see places they cannot see with a plane mirror. A mirror that curves outward, like the back of a spoon, is called a convex mirror. Light rays diverge, or spread apart, after they strike the surface of a convex mirror. Your brain interprets these rays as coming from a smaller object behind the mirror. Therefore, a convex mirror always produces a virtual image that is upright and smaller than the object being reflected. As you have read, convex mirrors and plane mirrors form only virtual images. However, concave mirrors can form both virtual images and real images. 7. Explain How do objects appear different inside and outside the focal point? 8. Apply Suppose you are standing 3 m from a concave mirror. The focal point is 2 m from the mirror. How will your image appear? (Circle your answer.) a. inverted image b. upright image c. no image 9. Identify Which types of mirrors can form virtual images? Reading Essentials Light 331
5 Mini Glossary concave mirror: a mirror that curves inward convex mirror: a mirror that curves outward, like the back of a spoon diffuse reflection: reflection of light from a rough surface focal length: the distance along the optical axis from the mirror to the focal point focal point: the point where light rays parallel to the optical axis converge after being reflected by a mirror or refracted by a lens law of reflection: the law that states that when a wave is reflected from a surface, the angle of reflection is equal to the angle of incidence regular reflection: reflection of light from a smooth, shiny surface 1. Review the terms and their definitions in the Mini Glossary. Write a sentence that explains how regular and diffuse reflection are related. 2. Use what you have learned about mirrors to fill in the blanks in the table below. Type of Mirror Shape of Mirror Type of Image(s) Produced Plane What do you think Reread the statements at the beginning of the lesson. Fill in the After column with an A if you agree with the statement or a D if you disagree. Did you change your mind? inside bowl of spoon outside curve of spoon ConnectED Log on to ConnectED.mcgraw-hill.com and access your textbook to find this lesson s resources. always virtual 3. During reflection, what is always true of the angles that the incident ray and the reflected ray form with the normal? What law describes this idea? END OF LESSON 332 Light Reading Essentials
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