Healthy Buildings 2017 Europe July 2-5, 2017, Lublin, Poland

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1 Healthy Buildings 2017 Europe July 2-5, 2017, Lublin, Poland Paper ID 0122 ISBN: Numerical Investigation of Transport and Deposition of Liquid Aerosol Particles in Indoor Environments Tunc Askan 1,*, Martin Kriegel 1 1 Hermann-Rietschel-Institut, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany * Corresponding tunc.askan@tu-berlin.de SUMMARY In this study, the behaviour of liquid aerosol particles in indoor air environments is numerically investigated. These investigations are carried out for a 277 m² mixed ventilated room via steady state computational fluid dynamics simulations. An aqueous bovine serum albumin solution is chosen for the liquid phase of the aerosol since this solution was also utilized in previous experimental studies. The applied physical models are capable of capturing transport of the liquid aerosol particles in the air as well as those deposited on surfaces. A numerical approach based on one-way coupling between the physical models is developed in order to reduce the computational time. Using this method, simulations can be run in less than an hour. The results show that both airborne and fluid film transport of the liquid phase have a significant influence on the contamination distribution in the indoor environment. KEYWORDS Liquid aerosol particles, bovine serum albumin, deposition, computational fluid dynamics, CFD 1 INTRODUCTION Understanding the contaminant behaviour in indoor environments is gaining more importance as the time spent indoors increases. In this context, numerical modelling does not just enhance this understanding but also supports experimental studies like sampling. In this study, transport and deposition of liquid aerosol particles in an indoor environment are modelled using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. 2 METHODS The investigated geometry in this study is shown in Figure 1. It has a total area of 277 m² with a room height between 3 and 3.5 meters. This room is ventilated with mixed ventilation, in which the supply air ducts (marked in blue) are located on the ceiling and the exhaust air ducts (marked in red) on the floor. The total ventilation volume flow rate is defined based on an air change rate of 10 h -1. The contamination source is located in one of the supply air ducts (marked in green) and delivers liquid contaminant particles with a volume fraction of 10-3 and a mean particle diameter of 3.75 μm based on previous experimental studies. The CFD simulation in this study is carried out with STAR-CCM The spatial discretization is conducted with polyhedral cells with a maximum size of 22.5 cm and 3 prism layers with a total height of

2 2 cm. The final numerical grid, which is shown in Figure 2, consists of cells in which surface discretization varies between and cm. Figure 1: Geometry for the CFD simulation Figure 2: Numerical grid on a section plane and on the floor The steady, isothermal, uncompressible CFD simulation is carried out using the k-ε standard turbulence model with all y+ wall treatment, which is suitable for isothermal mixed ventilation applications. Investigated aerosol particles consist of 10% aqueous BSA (Bovine Serum Albumin) solution. In order to carry out the multiphase simulation, the density and viscosity of the BSA solution must be supplied. The density of this solution can be calculated arithmetically

3 using equation (1) where ρ is the density and V is the volume. On the other hand, the determination of the viscosity depends on an empirical study (Tanford and Buzzell, 1956). The data set from this study can be extended to achieve a concentration dependent definition of the viscosity as shown in Figure 3. (1) Transport of liquid aerosol particles in the air is modelled according to the Eulerian approach. Contrary to Lagrangian approach, the Eulerian approach does not track every particle, but considers the transport in every cell. Therefore, this approach needs less computational resources and is able to calculate the transport of the liquid phase within a gaseous phase. The Eulerian multiphase model demands high spatial discretization if the deposition of liquid aerosol particles on surfaces is to be considered. This can increase the computational time dramatically, especially for a large indoor environment like the one in this study. In order to overcome this drawback, an additional physical model is used. The film model is able to simulate the laminar behavior of the deposed liquid phase on surfaces. All these models (Flow models, Eulerian multiphase model and film model) for calculating the air flow, transport of the dispersed liquid phase and deposed liquid phase are one-way coupled. This means the flow solver influences the multiphase solver and the multiphase solver influences the film solver but not the other way around. Figure 3: Concentration dependent viscosity of aqueous BSA solution for ph 7 A numerical approach using the advantage of one-way coupling is developed in order to further optimize the total computational time. The flow and multiphase transport using the flow and multiphase solver (DMP solver: Dispersed Multiphase Solver) are calculated in the first step of this approach. After convergence is achieved for the flow field, the flow solver is deactivated and the film solver is activated for calculating the transport of the deposed fluid film. When the multiphase model has also converged, it is deactivated as well and the calculation is run with

4 only the film solver. This approach reduces the calculation time per iteration up to 80 % as shown in the Figure 4. Figure 4: Iteration elapsed time according to the physical models used 3 RESULTS The CFD simulation delivers feasible results using the numerical approach described above in less than an hour on a HPC (High Performance Computing) cluster with 96 cores. The flow field with the volume fraction of the dispersed phase on it is shown in Figure 5. In this figure, it can be seen that the vortex structures which are produced due to the air jet hitting the floor are interacting with each other. This interaction also enables the transport of the liquid BSA solution particles between counter-rotating vortices. Figure 5: Volume fraction of the BSA solution on a section plane near the contamination source

5 Figure 6: Contamination distribution on the floor (Top view) One other important outcome of this simulation is the distribution of the deposed liquid aerosol particles on the floor. This information is essential during the sampling in experimental field studies. Equation 2 is used to calculate the mass of the deposed dispersed phase, with m as the mass, s as the thickness of the fluid film, A as the area and ρ as the density of the fluid film. When this equation is implemented in the CFD simulation, the mass distribution of the fluid film can be visualized as shown in Figure 6. In this figure it can be observed that the minimum deposition is located under the supply air ducts. This is due to the impulse of the air jet which moves the fluid film outwards. Another point which can be seen from this image is that, as expected, the mass of the fluid film near the exhaust air ducts decreases. This CFD simulation shows the airborne transport and deposited liquid aerosol particles at the same time. On the left side of the geometry shown in figure 6, deposition can be observed, even though the contamination source is at the far right half of the geometry and the supply air duct in the corridor avoids the fluid film flow to the left side. This is caused through airborne transport of the liquid aerosol particles, which causes the deposition on the floor. 4 DISCUSSION In this study the transport and deposition of liquid aerosol particles in indoor environments are investigated using CFD simulation. Using existing physical models and a newly developed numerical approach, the steady simulations can be run in less than an hour. The results show the simultaneous transport of the liquid aerosol particles in the air and in the fluid film. The numerical results produced in this study should be validated with experimental studies. This is already planned for the next phase of this research project. Mesh independency studies are (2)

6 currently running and will also give more information about numerical error estimation for the CFD simulation. Following these studies, planned anisothermal steady and unsteady CFD simulations will deliver more information about the behavior of liquid aerosol particle in indoor environments. 5 CONCLUSIONS This study shows that the minimum deposition of the liquid aerosol particles occurs under the supply air ducts. The location of the maximum deposition depends on the location of the exhaust air ducts and the room geometry. The short computational time for the simulation makes it possible to integrate these results in experimental field work, which will increase the reliability of both experimental and numerical studies. 6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The project described in this study is funded by the German Federal Ministry of Health. 7 REFERENCES Tanford C. and Buzzell G. J The Viscosity of Aqueous Solutions if Bovine Serum Albumin Between ph 4.3 and In: The Journal of Phsical Chemistry, Feb. 1956:

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