LED Optics Designer 1.6. User's Guide

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1 Limited Liability Company «LED Optics Design» , Molodogvardeyskaya str., Samara, , Russian Federation Tel.: , Fax: LED Optics Designer 1.6 User's Guide A new instrument for computation of optical elements for LED illumination applications

2 Contents Introduction Installation and running System requirements Installation First and subsequent runs, choosing of license file Welcome to LED Optics Designer Typical workflow Project creation wizard Interface overview Light source definition Flat source with axisymmetrical intensity distribution Source imported from a ray-file Required light distribution definition Radially-symmetrical illuminance distribution Uniform or Gauss illuminance distribution in complex region Arbitrary illuminance distribution defined by two profiles Axisymmetrical intensity distribution Arbitrary intensity distribution defined by two profiles Collimated light beam Optical elements TIR-optics with flat upper surface TIR-optics with inner collimating and upper aspherical surfaces TIR-optics with inner collimating and upper free-form surface Fresnel lens with flat upper surface

3 5.5 Refractive optics with two aspherical surfaces Free-form refractive surface Refractive optics with inner spherical and outer free-form surfaces Refractive optical element with two free-form surfaces Free-form reflective surface (mirror) Simulation Raytracing Quick tracing of randomly generated rays Simplified raytracing for uniform grid Illuminance map Exit plane Illuminance map options Intensity map Intensity map options Export of intensity map to IES file Optimization Optimization options Surface editor D-editor D-editor Export Light distribution profile editor Appendix 1. Physical terms, definitions Appendix 2. Refraction indices of optical materials Appendix 3. Hot keys

4 Introduction LED Optics Designer software is intended for design and simulation of LED optical elements. This manual will acquaint you with basic principles and peculiarities of work in LED Optics Designer software. Chapter 1 describes installation, running of the software and choosing of license file. Chapter 2 is devoted to common principles of work, typical workflow and software's interface. Supported models of light source and ways of definition of the required light distribution are presented in chapters 3, 4. Chapter 4.5 contains information about supported designs of primary and secondary optics. Simulation of intensity and illuminance maps is considered in chapter 6. Optimization and manual editing of optical surfaces are described in chapters 7 and 8. Chapter 9 is devoted to export of 3D-models of optical elements. Chapter 10 describes the features of light distribution profile editor used in the process of creating or changing user-defined models of the light source or user-defined light distributions. 4

5 1 Installation and running 1.1 System requirements Software LED Optics Designer is developed to run under operation system Windows 7/8. Following packages should be installed for correct work of the software: Matlab Compiler Runtime 8.0; Microsoft Visual C++ Redistributable 2005; Microsoft Visual C++ Redistributable 2008; Microsoft.NET Framework 3.5. In case of absence of any package during installation it will be offered to download it and to run its installer. Hardware requirements: 1100 Mb of free hard disk space for Matlab Compiler Runtime 8.0; 82 Mb of free hard disk space for Microsoft.NET Framework 3.5; 15 Mb of free hard disk space for LED Optics Designer; at least 2 Gb of RAM. 5

6 1.2 Installation For installation of LED Optics Designer perform the following actions: 1. Download and run Setup LED Optics Designer 1.4 x86.exe (Setup LED Optics Designer 1.4 x64.exe for 64-bit version). 2. Choose installation language "English" in the window shown in Fig. 1.1 and press "OK" button. Fig In case of absence of any package needed for correct work of the software the window shown in Fig. 1.2 will appear. Fig. 1.2 Press "Next" to continue. A window with list of packages will appear (Fig. 1.3). Press "Next" to download and install all necessary packages (Fig. 1.4). 6

7 Fig. 1.3 Fig. 1.4 If the window in Fig. 1.2 does not appear, it means that all needed packages in system are installed. 4. In case of all needed packages installed, the window of Installation Wizard will appear (Fig. 1.5). Press "Next" to continue. 7

8 Fig Choose destination folder and press "Next" button (Fig. 1.6). Fig Read the end-user license agreement. If you accept the license terms - choose corresponding radio button and press "Next" button (Fig. 1.7). Fig

9 7. Press "Install" button to start installation process (Fig. 1.8). Fig After installation the window shown in Fig 1.9 will appear. Press "Finish" to close Installation Wizard. Fig

10 1.3 First and subsequent runs, choosing of license file For running LED Optics Designer make double click on its icon. Welcome screen will appear (Fig. 1.9) and loading of libraries will start (the process can take a few minutes). In the first run after the complete libraries loading "Choose license file" window will appear (Fig. 1.10). Define path to your license file and press "OK" button. After establishment of connection to the server the main window of the software will appear (Fig. 1.11). LED Optics Designer is ready for computation of optical elements! 10

11 2 Welcome to LED Optics Designer LED Optics Designer software is created to make the process of LED optics design easier and more user-friendly. In this chapter the typical algorithm of work with LED Optics Designer (paragraph 2.1) is described. Also Project creation wizard (paragraph 2.2) and interface of the main window (paragraph 2.3) are considered. The chapter will acquaint you with basic information needed for using LED Optics Designer. For more detailed information on peculiarities of software s usage we recommend to study next chapters of this manual. To revise the main aspects of work with LED Optics Designer you can repeat examples with step-by-step instructions presented in the second book of the manual (User's Guide: HowTo). 2.1 Typical workflow Workflow of LED Optics Designer software is presented in Fig Process of optical element design starts with running Project creation wizard (details in paragraph 2.2 ) in which user defines a light source and required light distribution. On the final stage of the Wizard s workflow initial surface of optical element is computed. If the light distribution generated by the optical element designed in the Wizard meets your requirements, you can export the model of optical element in outer CAD-format (chapter 9) for its further manufacturing. If the generated light distribution needs to be improved, you can run optimization of optical element surface (chapter 6.3.2). After completion of surfaces optimization make simulation of generated irradiance distribution (chapter 0). In case it meets the criteria set, go to the stage of optical element export, otherwise, perform the optimization one more time. 11

12 Fig

13 2.2 Project creation wizard To run Project creation wizard choose main menu item "File Create project..." or press toolbar button. The first step of the Wizard will appear (Fig. 2.2) definition of LED model type. Fig. 2.2 Currently two models of the light source are supported (details in chapter 3): flat source with axisymmetrical intensity distribution; source imported from a ray-file. After choosing the appropriate model press button "Next" button to go to the second step of the Wizard (Fig. 2.3) definition of LED model properties (size, luminous flux, etc.). 13

14 Fig. 2.3 When parameters are set (see chapter 3) press "Next" button to go to the third step of the Wizard (Fig. 2.4). Fig. 2.4 On the third step it is necessary to choose the type of required light distribution model. Six models are supported (details in chapter 4): radially-symmetrical illuminance distribution; uniform or Gauss illuminance distribution in complex region; arbitrary illuminance distribution defined by two profiles; axisymmetrical intensity distribution; 14

15 arbitrary intensity distribution defined by two profiles; collimated light beam. Choose an appropriate model and press "Next" button to go to the fourth step of the Wizard definition of parameters of required light distribution (Fig. 2.5). After setting parameters (see chapter 4) press the "Next" button again. Fig. 2.5 On the fifth step Project creation wizard analyzes illumination problem and suggests choosing one of appropriate optical designs (Fig. 2.6). Detailed information about all supported optical designs and their performance you can find in chapter 4.5. Fig

16 Choose an appropriate type of optical element and press "Next" button to go to the final step of the Wizard definition of geometrical parameters and computation of initial optical surfaces (Fig. 2.7). Fig. 2.7 Description of geometrical parameters is presented in chapter 4.5. After setting parameters press "Compute" button to run analytical methods of computation implemented in LED Optics Designer. In a few seconds three new windows will appear: profile or 3D-surface of computed optical element, generated light distribution for point source and generated light distribution for the source defined on the second step of the Wizard (Fig. 2.8). If you are not satisfied with the results of computation, you can change geometrical parameters and repeat this procedure. After obtaining the appropriate solution press "Finish" button to return to the main window and continue working with created project. 16

17 Fig

18 2.3 Interface overview After finishing work with Project creation wizard or after opening project from a file the main window looks like in Fig Fig. 2.9 In the left part of the window 3D-model of optical element is shown. You can change its view using toolbar buttons,, and. Under 3D-model the information about the refraction index is displayed. In the right part of the window a big text block displaying information about performance of the optical element is presented. In the upper part of the block lighting and shaping efficiencies are shown. The efficiency values are refreshed after tracing of rays (paragraph 6.1). In the bottom part of the block the relative root-mean-square error (RRMSE), average, maximal and minimal illuminance (or intensity) levels are displayed. These characteristics are computed for illuminance or intensity distribution depending on the type of problem being solved. They are refreshed after building corresponding map (see paragraphs 6.2 and 6.3). In the bottom part of the window four big buttons duplicating basic actions are located: "Trace rays " runs raytracing procedure with current parameters (see paragraph 6.1); "Build illuminance map " or "Build intensity map " (depending on the type of problem to be solved) runs computation of light distribution (see paragraphs 6.2 and 6.3); "Edit surface " runs Surface editor (see paragraph 8); 18

19 "Optimize surface " runs optimization procedure with current parameters (see chapter 6.3.2). Horizontal menu contain four items: "File" includes following items: o "Create project " runs Project creation wizard (see paragraph 2.2); o "Open project " displays standard dialog box for opening project file (*.lop); o "Save" saves project into current file; o "Save as " opens standard dialog box for saving project into new file; o "Close project" closes current project; o "Export " exports model of optical element in Rhinoceros or STL (Stereolithography) file (see chapter 9); o "Preferences " opens dialog box for choosing interface language (Russian/English) and used unit system (radiometric or photometric); o "Exit" exits software; "Optical system" includes following items: o "Source " opens dialog box for source editing (see chapter 3); o "Optical element " runs Surface editor (see chapter 8); o "Required light distribution " opens dialog box for editing required light distribution (see chapter 4); o "Exit plane " opens dialog box for editing exit plane parameters (see paragraph 6.2.1); "Actions" includes following items: o "Compute initial surface " opens dialog box for computation of new initial surface taking into account current configuration of the light source and required light distribution (the last step of Project creation wizard, see paragraph 2.2); o "Trace rays " runs the raytracing procedure (see paragraph 6.1); o "Raytracing options " opens dialog box for editing raytracing parameters (see paragraph 6.1); o "Build illuminance map " runs computation of illuminance map (see paragraph 6.2); o "Illuminance map options " opens dialog box for editing illuminance map parameters (see paragraph 6.2.2); o "Build intensity map " runs computation of intensity map (see paragraph 6.3); o "Intensity map options " opens dialog box for editing intensity map parameters (see paragraph 6.3.1); o "Optimize surface " runs optimization of optical surface (see chapter 6.3.2); o "Optimization options " opens dialog box for editing optimization parameters (see paragraph 7.1); 19

20 "Help" includes following items: o "Choose license file " opens dialog box for setting IP address of license server and choosing license file (see paragraph 1.3); o "Check connection " checks connection to the license server; o "About " opens information window with software's version. 20

21 3 Light source definition Software LED Optics Designer supports several models of light source. To edit the source choose main menu item "Optical system Source " or press toolbar button. To change the type of used model press button "Change model type " in the appeared dialog box (Fig. 3.1). Fig Flat source with axisymmetrical intensity distribution This model defines a source as a flat rectangular or circular area emitting by the predefined law. Figure 3.1 shows dialog box used for the source editing. Parameters of this model are defined by coordinates of center and sizes of rectangular area, luminous flux of the source and its intensity distribution. Detailed description of parameters is presented in Table 3.1 Parameter Description Table 3.1 Center of light source X, Y, Z Coordinates of center of emitting area (in millimeters). Please, note that these parameters are set to (0, 0, 0) by default and cannot be changed while working with Project creation wizard. They become available for editing after project creation. 21

22 Shape Sizes of light source (X, Y, Z) Diameter Intensity distribution Sigma (this parameter is displayed in case of Gauss distribution only) Luminous flux Shape of emitting area: rectangular and circular. Length and width of emitting area (in millimeters). Diameter of circular emitting area (in millimeters). Type of intensity function. Can be set as a standard one (Lambert, isotropic, Gauss) or defined using Light distribution profile editor (chapter 10). To run editor press button "Edit ". Parameter of Gauss distribution (99,7 % of the luminous flux reached exit plane illuminates the circle with radius of 3 sigmas). Total luminous flux of the light source. Can be defined in watts or lumens. 22

23 3.2 Source imported from a ray-file The light source can be defined using a ray-file. Such files can be downloaded from site of LED vendor and usually represent an optical model of LED accurately. Currently LED Optics Designer supports import of ray-files in TracePro format only. Fig. 3.2 Figure 3.2 shows dialog box for editing this model. Press button "Browse " to choose a ray-file that is to be processed. Since file is opened, the procedure of its reading and analyzing rays runs. The rays starting inside the defined parallelepiped will be saved in the model. Other rays will be rejected. For your convenience the percentage of valid rays is displayed in the window. Detailed description of parameters of the model is presented in Table 3.2. We recommend to set source's sizes providing 99 % or more valid rays. Usually it is easy to achieve such percentage value by setting sizes equal to the sizes of real LED. Parameter Description Table 3.2 Center of emitting box X, Y, Z Coordinates of center of emitting solid (in millimeters). Please, note that these parameters are set to (0, 0, 0) by default and cannot be changed while working with Project creation wizard. They become available for editing after project creation. 23

24 Shape Sizes of emitting box (X, Y, Z) Diameter Path to ray-file Luminous flux Shape of emitting solid: parallelepiped and cylinder. Sizes of emitting parallelepiped (in millimeters). These sizes influence the number of rays saved in the model. Diameter of cylindrical emitting solid (in millimeters). These size influence the number of rays saved in the model. Path to the ray-file in TracePro format (.txt,.dat or.ray) Total luminous flux of the light source. Can be defined in watts or lumens. 24

25 4 Required light distribution definition Software LED Optics Designer supports three models for definition of required light distribution. To edit the current light distribution choose main menu item "Optical system Required light distribution " or press toolbar button. To change the model type of required light distribution press button "Change model type..." in appeared window (Fig. 4.1). 4.1 Radially-symmetrical illuminance distribution This model allows to define the required light distribution as arbitrary illuminance distribution in circular region in the exit plane. Fig. 4.1 Fig. 4.1 shows the window used for editing parameters of this distribution such as radius of illuminated region, distance from the source to the exit plane, profile of the required illuminance distribution and required shaping efficiency. Detailed description of all parameters is presented in Table 4.1. Parameter Description Table 4.1 Radius Radius of circular region in the exit plane (in millimeters) in which the luminous flux should be redirected. 25

26 Distance from source to exit plane Irradiance distribution Sigma (this parameter is displayed in case of Gauss distribution only) Required efficiency (this parameter is displayed after project creation) Defined in millimeters. Illuminance distribution can be defined by standard profile (in case of uniform or Gaussian distribution) or using Light distribution profile editor (chapter 10). To run the Editor press "Edit " button. Parameter of Gauss distribution (99,7 % of the luminous flux reached exit plane illuminates the circle with radius of 3 sigmas). The part of the luminous flux emitted by the source that should reach the illuminated plane (in percents). 26

27 4.2 Uniform or Gauss illuminance distribution in complex region This model allows to define required light distribution as uniform or Gauss illuminance distribution in square, elliptical, rectangular or hexagonal region in the exit plane. Fig. 4.2 Figure 4.2 shows the dialog box used for editing of parameters of this illuminance distribution such as shape and sizes of illuminated area, distance from the source to the exit plane, type of required illuminance distribution and required shaping efficiency. Detailed description of parameters is presented in Table 4.2. Parameter Description Table 4.2 Shape of illuminated region Sizes of illuminated region Distance from source to exit plane Irradiance distribution Possible values: "square", "ellipse", "rectangle", "hexagon". For square illuminated region the side length should be set, for elliptical semiaxes lengths, for rectangular sides lengths, for hexagonal side length. All sizes are defined in millimeters. Defined in millimeters. Type of required illuminance distribution. Possible values: "uniform", "Gaussian". 27

28 Sigma (this parameter is displayed in case of Gauss distribution only) Required efficiency (this parameter is displayed after project creation) Parameter of Gauss distribution (99,7 % of the luminous flux reached exit plane illuminates the circle with radius of 3 sigmas). The part of the luminous flux emitted by the source that should reach the illuminated plane (in percents). 28

29 4.3 Arbitrary illuminance distribution defined by two profiles This model allows to describe the required light distribution defined by two orthogonal profiles E x and E y in rectangular or elliptical region in the exit plane: 1 2 E x, y E x E y. 1 2 Fig. 4.3 Fig. 4.3 shows the window used for editing parameters of this distribution such as shape and sizes of illuminated area, distance from the source to the exit plane, profiles of required illuminance distribution and required shaping efficiency. Detailed description of parameters is presented in Table 4.3. Parameter Description Table 4.3 Radius Sizes of illuminated region Distance from source to exit plane Radius of circular region in the exit plane (in millimeters) in which the luminous flux should be redirected. Lengths of semiaxes (for elliptical illuminated region) or sides (for rectangular illuminated region). All sizes are defined in millimeters. Defined in millimeters. 29

30 Profile E x, profile E y 1 2 Sigma (this parameter is displayed in case of Gauss distribution only) Required efficiency (this parameter is displayed after project creation) Each illuminance profile can be defined as uniform, Gauss or user-defined (using Light distribution profile editor, chapter 10). To run the Editor press "Edit " button. Parameter of Gauss distribution (99,7 % of the luminous flux reached exit plane illuminates the circle with radius of 3 sigmas). The part of the luminous flux emitted by the source that should reach the illuminated plane (in percents). 30

31 4.4 Axisymmetrical intensity distribution This model allows to define required light distribution as arbitrary axisymmetrical intensity distribution. Fig. 4.4 Figure 4.3 shows the window used for editing of parameters of this intensity distribution such as profile of required intensity distribution and required shaping efficiency. The value of required shaping efficiency (as for other models) can be changed only after project creation. It influences the values of computed characteristics of the optical element. Detailed description of parameters is presented in Table 4.4a. Parameter Angular size of required distribution Description Defined in degrees. Table 4.4 Intensity distribution Sigma (this parameter is displayed in case of Gauss distribution only) Type of required intensity distribution. Can be set as "isotropic", "Lambert", Gauss or defined using Light distribution profile editor (chapter 10). To run the Editor press "Edit " button. Parameter of Gauss distribution (99,7 % of the luminous flux reached exit plane illuminates the circle with radius of 3 sigmas). 31

32 Required efficiency (this parameter is displayed after project creation) The part of the luminous flux emitted by the source that should reach the illuminated plane (in percents). 32

33 4.5 Arbitrary intensity distribution defined by two profiles This model allows to describe the required intensity distribution defined by two orthogonal profiles I 1 0, and I 2, 2 Fig. 4.5 Fig. 4.5 shows the window used for editing parameters of this distribution such as angular sizes of required distribution, its profiles and required shaping efficiency. Detailed description of parameters is presented in Table 4.5. Parameter Description Table 4.5 Angular sizes of required distribution Profile I 1, profile I 2 Sigma (this parameter is displayed in case of Gauss distribution only) Angular sizes of intensity profiles I 1 and. Defined in degrees. I 2 Each intensity profile can be defined as isotropic, Lambert, Gauss or user-defined (using Light distribution profile editor, chapter 10). To run the Editor press "Edit " button. Parameter of Gauss distribution (99,7 % of the luminous flux reached exit plane illuminates the circle with radius of 3 sigmas). 33

34 Required efficiency (this parameter is displayed after project creation) The part of the luminous flux emitted by the source that should reach the required area (in percent). 34

35 4.6 Collimated light beam This model corresponds to full collimation of the total light flux from the source and doesn t have any parameters. Fig. 4.6 shows the fourth step of the Wizard for this model. Fig

36 5 Optical elements Software LED Optics Designer supports different types of LED optical elements, covering thus a wide range of illumination problems. For each design of optical element analytical computation methods and adapted raytracing procedures are developed that allow to solve illumination problems in the shortest time and at the minimal user's efforts. Below you can find detailed description of supported designs of LED primary and secondary optics. 5.1 TIR-optics with flat upper surface Axisymmetrical optical element with profile depicted in Fig. 5.1 is a perfect solution for collimating rays or generating narrow-angle light distributions with total angular size less than In most cases this design provides the minimal size of solution. Fig. 5.1 To compute the profile of optical element in Fig. 5.1 it is necessary to set the following parameters (Fig. 5.2): height of inner surface r 0, angular size of inner aspherical surface, incline angle of inner conical surface, refractive index n, width of bottom surface bnd w and height of lateral cylindrical surface bot cyl h. 36

37 Fig. 5.2 Also before the computation of initial surface define the number of spline patches for approximation of parts AB and DE of the profile. Surfaces CD and EF are "mounting", they can be modified and used for fixing and positioning of optical element. Detailed description of parameters is presented in Table 5.1. Parameter Description Table 5.1 Height of inner surface r 0 Angular size of inner aspherical surface r 0 Incline angle of inner conical surface Refractive index n Characteristical dimensions of optical element depend on the height of inner surface linearly. Defined in millimeters. Tuning of angular size of inner spherical surface allows to obtain more compact solution. The more angular size of required light distribution is, the more light flux should pass through inner aspherical surface, and the more its angular size should be. Defined in degrees. This angle should not be less than 2 for easy manufacturing of optical element by injection molding. Increase of this angle leads to increase of characteristical dimensions of optical element. Defined in degrees. Should be set according to material of optical element (see Appendix 2). 37

38 Width of bottom surface Height of lateral cylindrical surface h cyl w bot Number of spline patches for inner and lateral profiles Increase of width of bottom surface leads to increase of diameter and height of optical element. Defined in millimeters. Height of lateral cylindrical surface affects the height of optical element only. Defined in millimeters. Number of spline patches defines approximation accuracy of the profile. High value of this parameter provides a large number of spline parameters and leads to ineffective work of optimization algorithms. We recommend to choose minimal value of this parameter that provides good performance of the computed optical element with point source. 38

39 5.2 TIR-optics with inner collimating and upper aspherical surfaces Axisymmetrical optical element with profile shown in Fig. 5.3 can be used for generating narrow-angle light distributions with total angular size less than As the inner surface the standard collimator ABCDE is used. Required light distribution is formed by outer surface FG. Usually the size of this solution is more than the size of TIR-optics with flat outer surface. Fig. 5.3 To compute the profile of optical element in Fig. 5.3 it is necessary to set the same parameters as in the case of TIR-optics with flat upper surface (paragraph 5.1). The only difference is that the part GH is approximated by cubic spline. Surfaces CD and EF are "mounting", they can be modified and used for fixing and positioning of optical element. The profile of collimating surface ABCDE is completely defined be parameters r,,, w, h. This fact can be used for minimization of the cost of 0 bnd bot cyl injection molding. For example, if it is necessary to manufacture optical elements of two types (generating spots with angular sizes of 20 and 30 ) it is better to use a double-mold with the same bottom side for both optical elements that will decrease the cost of the mold. 39

40 5.3 TIR-optics with inner collimating and upper free-form surface Optical element with bottom TIR collimating surface and upper free-form surface (Fig. 5.4) can be used for generation of complex non-axisymmetrical light distributions in narrow-angle regions. As a bottom surface the same collimating surface as in the case of optical element in paragraph 5.2 is used. Required light distribution is formed by upper free-form surface represented by a bicubic spline. To compute the initial surface follow the steps in paragraph

41 5.4 Fresnel lens with flat upper surface Axisymmetrical optical element with profile depicted in Fig. 5.4 is intended for collimating rays and provides minimal FWHM -value of intensity distribution in comparison with TIR-optics. There are two sections in Fresnel relief: inner refractive section (part ABCD in fig. 5.4) and outer TIR-section (part DE 1 F 1... E N F N in fig. 5.4). Upper base surface F N GKM is "mounting", it can be modified and used for fixing and positioning of optical element. Fig. 5.4 To compute the profile of optical element in Fig. 5.4 it is necessary to set the following parameters (Fig. 5.5): distance between source and optical element h, height of 0 relief h, height of base H, minimal incline angle of relief surface, radius of re lie f b a s e i n c refractive section R, radius of TIR-section R, radius of optical element R, re fra c t T I R u p p e r refractive index n. Detailed description of parameters is presented in Table 5.2. Fig

42 Parameter Description Table 5.2 Distance between source and optical element h 0 Distance between LED and lower point of optical element. Defined in millimeters. Height of relief h Height of Fresnel relief. Defined in millimeters. re lie f Height of base H b a se Height of the base of optical element. Defined in millimeters. Minimal incline angle of relief surface i n c This angle should not be less than 2-3 to provide possibility of injection molding. All incline angles of optical element will be more or equal to this value. Defined in degrees. Radius of refractive section R Defined in millimeters. re fra c t R should be more or equal to R. Defined T I R r e f r a c t Radius of TIR-section R T I R in millimeters. Radius of optical element Refractive index n. R u p p e r Radius of the base of optical element. should be more or equal to millimeters. R T I R R u p p e r. Defined in Should be set according to material of optical element (see Appendix 2). 42

43 5.5 Refractive optics with two aspherical surfaces Axisymmetrical optical element with profile depicted in Fig. 5.4 allows to generate required light distributions with angular sizes from up to 150 and more. This solution provides the highest lighting efficiency (91 % 92 %) and the most compact size in case of generating light distribution with angular size of Fig. 5.6 To compute the profile of optical element shown in Fig. 5.6 it is necessary to set the following parameters (Fig. 5.7): height of the inner surface r 0, height of the outer surface R, height of the inner cylindrical surface h and refractive index of optical element. 0 bot Fig. 5.7 Also before computation of initial surface set the number spline of patches for approximation of inner and outer profiles. The surface BCDE of optical element is 43

44 "mounting", it can be modified and used for fixing and positioning of optical element. By default the height BC is equal to 0.7 mm that corresponds to height of base of many LEDs (e.g. Cree XP-G, Luxeon Rebel). Detailed description of parameters is presented in Table 5.3. Parameter Description Table 5.3 Height of inner surface r 0 Height of outer surface R 0 Height of inner cylindrical surface BC h bot Refractive index n Number of spline patches for inner and outer profiles Dimensions of inner surface depend on the height of inner surface linearly. If the initial surface cannot be computed because the profiles intersect, decrease the height of the inner surface. Defined in millimeters. Dimensions of the outer surface depend on the height of outer surface linearly. If the initial surface cannot be computed because the profiles intersect, increase the height of the outer surface. Defined in millimeters. It is supposed that the emitting area of LED is located in BB' plane. Thus, if the bottom plane CD should touch circuit board on which LED is mounted, the height of cylindrical surface BC should be equal to the distance from the bottom plane of LED to its emitting plane. This distance is equal to 0.7 mm for Cree XP-G LED. Defined in millimeters. Should be set according to material of optical element (see Appendix 2). Number of spline patches defines approximation accuracy of profile. High value of this parameter provides a large number of spline parameters and leads to ineffective work of optimization algorithms. We recommend to choose minimal value of this parameter that provides good performance of the computed optical element with point source. 44

45 5.6 Free-form refractive surface This design supposes that LED is embedded into the optical element and emits in the medium with refractive index n (Fig. 5.8). Optical element has the only working freeform surface that allows to generate required light distribution in square, rectangular, elliptical and hexagonal regions. This solution, intended for primary LED optics design, and generates required light distributions in the regions with angular size of effectively. Fig. 5.8 To compute surface of this optical element set the following parameters (Fig. 5.9): height of refractive surface and refractive index of optical element. Fig. 5.9 Also before computation of initial surface it is necessary to set the number of bicubic spline patches representing free-form surface. Detailed description of parameters is presented in Table

46 Please, note that in case of illuminating circular, square and hexagonal areas axisymmetrical surface is computed as an initial one, but in case of elliptical or rectangular regions the surface generating light distribution in close to elliptical area. This concept of computation of initial approximation provides good convergence of optimization process which should be run after project creation. Parameter Description Table 5.4 Height of refractive surface r 0 Refractive index n Number of spline patches for profile Dimensions of optical element depend on the height of refractive surface linearly. Defined in millimeters. Should be set according to material of optical element (see Appendix 2). Number of spline patches defines approximation accuracy of profile. High value of this parameter provides a large number of spline parameters and leads to ineffective work of optimization algorithms. We recommend to choose minimal value of this parameter that provides good performance of the computed optical element with point source. 46

47 5.7 Refractive optics with inner spherical and outer free-form surfaces This design of optical element is a modification of the design presented in paragraph 5.6. It supposes that the inner spherical surface exists and the light source is not embedded into the optical element (Fig. 5.10). This solution allows to compute LED secondary optics with free-form surfaces and provides efficient redistribution of the emitted luminous flux into regions with angular size of Fig To compute the surface of this optical element it is necessary to set following parameters (Fig. 5.11): height of free-form surface r 0, radius of inner surface R and refractive index 0 of optical element n. Fig Also before computation of initial surface set the number of bicubic spline patches representing free-form surface. Detailed description of parameters is presented in Table 5.5. The initial surface is computed similarly to the primary optics described in paragraph

48 Parameter Description Table 5.5 Height of free-form surface r 0 Radius of inner surface R 0 Refractive index n Number of spline patches for profile Dimensions of optical element depend on the height of refractive surface linearly. Defined in millimeters. Decrease the value of this parameter or increase the height of free-form surface if the optical surface cannot be computed due to intersection of inner and outer surfaces. Defined in millimeters. Should be set according to material of optical element (see Appendix 2). Number of spline patches defines approximation accuracy of profile. High value of this parameter provides a large number of spline parameters and leads to ineffective work of optimization algorithms. We recommend to choose minimal value of this parameter that provides good performance of the computed optical element with point source. 48

49 5.8 Refractive optical element with two free-form surfaces Optical element with two free-form surfaces can be used for generation of any complex asymmetrical light distribution with angular sizes of 30 and more. Both surfaces (outer and inner) are represented by bicubic splines. To compute the initial surfaces follow the steps in paragraph 5.5. Design of initial surfaces of optical element can take from several seconds to several minutes depending on the lighting problem. 49

50 5.9 Free-form reflective surface (mirror) The free-form reflective surface (Fig. 5.12) allows to generate required light distribution in circle, square, rectangular, elliptical and hexagonal regions. This solution provides efficient redistribution of the emitted luminous flux into regions with angular size less than 80. Fig To compute the surface of this optical element it is necessary to set following parameters (Fig. 5.13): height of mirror H, its angular size m i r and reflection coefficient of surface. Fig Also before computation of initial surface set the number of bicubic spline patches representing free-form surface. Detailed description of the parameters is presented in Table

51 Parameter Height of mirror H Description Defined in millimeters. Table 5.6 Angular size of mirror Reflection coefficient m i r Angular size influences on efficiency of designed solution. Increase the value of this parameter to decrease a part of direct light. Defined in degrees. Should be set according to the material properties of reflective surface. Number of spline patches Number of spline patches defines approximation accuracy of profile. High value of this parameter provides a large number of spline parameters and leads to ineffective work of optimization algorithms. We recommend to choose minimal value of this parameter that provides good performance of the computed optical element with point source. 51

52 6 Simulation Software LED Optics Designer allows to simulate the following types of light distributions produced by optical element: illuminance maps on the planes; 3D intensity maps visualized on the sphere at infinity; intensity distribution profiles. For simulation of generated light distribution it is necessary to trace rays and to build illuminance or intensity map after raytracing. For running raytracing procedure choose main menu item "Actions Trace rays..." or press toolbar button. This command is also duplicated by big button "Trace rays..." in the bottom of main window. Current raytracing status is displayed on the main window near "Raytracing:" label (Fig. 6.1). Fig. 6.1 Green label "done" means that raytracing is performed and actual results are shown. Yellow label "obsolete" means that results are not relevant (it happens if user edits source, optical element etc. after raytracing). Red label "not done" means that the raytracing is not performed. After performing of raytracing procedure values of lighting efficiency and shaping efficiency will be displayed on the main window. Please, note, that for some types of optical elements (e.g. for optical elements with inner spherical and outer free-form surface) several raytracing algorithms different in speed and accuracy are implemented. Detailed description of all raytracing techniques is presented in paragraph 6.1. For computation and displaying of illuminance map it is necessary to run raytracing procedure and after its completion to choose main menu item "Actions Build illuminance map..." or press toolbar button. While solving problems of generating required illuminance distribution in the bottom of the main window there is a big button "Build illuminance map..." duplicating main menu item "Actions Build illuminance map...". Also in this case current status of illuminance map data is displayed near the label "Illuminance map:" (Fig. 6.2). 52

53 Fig. 6.2 Green label "built" means that illuminance map is built and actual results are shown. Yellow label "obsolete" means that the results are not relevant (it happens if user edits source, optical element etc. after map building). Red label "not built" means that the illuminance map is not built. After computation of the illuminance map the window similar to the window in Fig. 6.3 will appear. Detailed description of the illuminance map window is presented in paragraph 6.2. Fig. 6.3 For computation and displaying of intensity map it is necessary to run raytracing procedure and after its completion to choose main menu item "Actions Build intensity map..." or press toolbar button. While solving problems of generating required intensity distribution in the bottom of the main window there is a big button "Build intensity map..." duplicating main menu item "Actions Build intensity map...". Also in this case current status of intensity map data is displayed near the label "Intensity map:" (Fig. 6.4). Fig

54 The meaning of labels "built", "obsolete" and "not built" in case of intensity map is the same as for the illuminance map. After computation of the intensity map the window similar to the window in Fig. 6.5 will appear. Detailed description of the intensity map window is presented in paragraph 6.3. Fig

55 6.1 Raytracing Raytracing procedure includes simulation of passing of rays through the optical element and gathering data about exited rays. This procedure has significant computational complexity and in case of a large number of traced rays can take quite a lot of time. For running this procedure choose main menu item "Actions Trace rays..." or press toolbar button. This command is also duplicated by big button "Trace rays..." in the bottom of main window. As soon as the procedure will be completed, raytracing status on the main window will be changed to "done" and the values of lighting efficiency and shaping efficiency will be updated. Fig. 6.6 Two raytracing techniques are implemented in LED Optics Designer software: quick tracing of randomly generated rays; simplified raytracing for uniform grid. Detailed information about these techniques is presented below Quick tracing of randomly generated rays This raytracing technique is implemented for all types of optical elements. Please, note, that splitting rays is not taken into account in this technique. After refraction only direct (refracted) ray with luminous flux computed using Fresnel formulas are propagating. This simplification is valid in most cases of LED optics simulation and allows to reduce raytracing time significantly (in comparison with accurate raytracing algorithms implemented in the software for optical simulation of well-known vendors). 55

56 Fig. 6.7 For usage of this raytracing technique choose main menu item "Actions Raytracing options..." or press toolbar button and choose popup menu item "Quick tracing of randomly generated rays" in appeared window (Fig. 6.7). Detailed description of all raytracing parameters is presented in Table 6.1. Parameter Description Table 6.1 Maximal error of surface approximation Raytracing depth This parameter defines accuracy of surface approximation for raytracing (in millimeters). In most cases it is enough to set its value in the range of We recommend to use the value of while simulating of TIRoptics. Maximal number of considered intersections of ray and refractive surfaces. If the ray is refracted/reflected more times than defined by raytracing depth, it is considered being absorbed. Example: in the case of optical element with two aspherical surfaces each ray passes at least two surfaces, therefore the value of raytracing depth cannot be less than "2" for correct operation of algorithm. 56

57 Number of rays Common number of traced rays. The higher the value of this parameter is, the more accurate are simulation results and the longer is raytracing time. We recommend to use rays for surface optimization and rays for detailed analysis of generated light distribution. Please, remember that in the case when the source is defined by a ray-file the number of traced rays cannot exceed the number of rays saved in the file Simplified raytracing for uniform grid This raytracing algorithm is implemented only for optical elements with free-form surface. The main advantage of this technique is extra high speed of raytracing: computation of produced light distribution can be made in split a second that makes possible to perform the optimization procedure in a few minutes. Such outstanding performance of this algorithm is due to a number of simplifications. For example, it does not take into account particular or total internal reflection of rays. Thereby, this raytracing technique should be used for quick surface optimization only. For accurate analysis of generated light distribution we recommend to use tracing of randomly generated rays that is described in previous paragraph. Fig. 6.8 For usage of this raytracing technique choose main menu item "Actions Raytracing options..." or press toolbar button and choose popup menu item "Simplified raytracing for uniform grid" in appeared window (Fig. 6.8). Detailed description of all raytracing parameters is presented in Table

58 Parameter Description Table 6.2 Number of point sources along X axis (Y axis) Number of rays (phi or psi) The extended light source is approximated by a set NxM of point sources while using simplified raytracing technique. The larger the number of point sources is, the more accurate are the simulation results and the longer is the raytracing time. We recommend to set these parameters to 2, 3 or 4. Example: the values of both parameters equal to 4 correspond to 4x4 = 16 point sources. These parameters define uniform grid which is used for generation of rays from each point source. Example: if the number of rays (phi) is equal to 200, the number of rays (psi) is equal to 50 and the number of point source is 3x3 = 9, the total number of traced rays will be 3x3x200x50 = Usually the values of these parameters of 200 and 50 are enough. 58

59 6.2 Illuminance map Illuminance map allows to analyze the distribution of luminous flux in the exit plane. To change position and size of the exit plane (paragraph 6.2.1) choose menu item "Optical system Exit plane..." or press toolbar button. For setting parameters of illuminance map computation choose main menu item "Actions Illuminance map options..." or press toolbar button (paragraph 6.2.2). Fig. 6.9 Figure 6.9 shows the window displaying illuminance map. In the left part of the window grayscale normalized illuminance distribution is shown. Black color corresponds to low illuminance level, white to high illuminance level. Blue horizontal and green vertical lines define the location of two sections of illuminance distribution which are displayed in the right part of the window. You can change location of sections using arrow keys on the keyboard or clicking on the grayscale illuminance distribution. To display the central profiles choose context menu item "Reset cross-sections". For changing illuminance map parameters choose context menu item "Options...". Please, note that such changes of options affect the current illuminance map only. In case of generating required illuminance distribution the red contour is displayed on the grayscale distribution. It shows bounds of the region in which the required illuminance distribution is set. Also in this case green and blue dashed lines are displayed on the plot in the right part of the window. They show the cross-sections of the required illuminance distribution Exit plane Exit plane is a rectangular "screen" on which the produced illuminance distribution is generated. For changing exit plane parameters choose main menu item "Optical system Exit plane..." or press toolbar button. The window as in Fig will appear. 59

60 Fig Detailed description of all exit plane parameters is presented in Table 6.3. Parameter Center coordinates (X, Y, Z) Sizes of exit plane Description Coordinates of the center of rectangular "screen" (defined in millimeters). Screen sizes (X size and Y size, defined in millimeters). Table 6.3 Normal vector Orientation vector Unit vector defining normal to the exit plane. In most cases (when the screen is perpendicular to Oz axis) it is equal to (0,0,1). Unit vector defining local Cartesian coordinate system used in the plane. This vector should be perpendicular to normal vector. If normal vector corresponds to Oz axis of the local coordinate system, orientation vector corresponds to the Oy axis. Local Ox axis is defined automatically because unit vectors Ox, Oy, Oz should form a right-handed system of vectors. 60

61 6.2.2 Illuminance map options Fig For displaying of window with illuminance map options (Fig. 6.11) choose main menu item "Actions Illuminance map options..." or press toolbar button. Also you can choose the context menu item "Options..." from window with illuminance map. Detailed description of all illuminance map parameters is presented in Table 6.4. Parameter Description Table 6.4 Resolution Smoothing, Sigma Х, Y Number of points on the illuminance map. High resolution allows to analyze more details but increases the computation time. Before increasing the resolution, please, make sure that the number of traced rays is large enough. In case of small number of traced rays the simulation results can be not relevant due to used statistical model. To decrease the statistical noise in case of raytracing small amount of rays the box "Smoothing" can be checked. In this case each ray affects the illuminance not only in reached cell on the illuminance map but neighbor cells too. Parameters "Sigma X" and "Sigma Y" define radiuses of Gauss smoothing. Large values of these parameters decrease the statistical noise, but we do not recommend to use values more than 1 because the strong smoothing can significantly distort the simulation results. Defined in relative units. 61

62 Symmetry Turning on this parameter formally increases the number of traced rays without any additional computational cost. This option allows to obtain more accurate light distribution if the solved problem has symmetry properties. 62

63 6.3 Intensity map Intensity map allows to analyze angular distribution of the luminous flux by its visualization on the sphere at infinity. To set parameters of intensity map computation choose main menu item "Actions (paragraph 6.3.1). Intensity map options..." or press toolbar button Fig Figure 6.12 shows the window displaying intensity map. In the left part of the window grayscale normalized intensity distribution on sphere is shown. Black color corresponds to low intensity level, white to high intensity level. Color arcs define the location of intensity distribution sections which are displayed in the right part of the window. You can change location of sections, add or remove sections using context menu. Also context menu allows to set Cartesian or polar mode of section displaying. To change intensity map parameters choose context menu item "Options...". Please, note that such changes of options affect the current intensity map only. In case of generating required intensity distribution blue dashed line is displayed on the plot in the right part of the window. It shows the profile of the required intensity distribution. 63

64 6.3.1 Intensity map options Fig To display the window with intensity map options (Fig. 6.13) choose main menu item "Actions Intensity map options..." or press toolbar button. Also you can choose the context menu item "Options..." from window with intensity map. Detailed description of all intensity map parameters is presented in Table 6.5. Parameter Description Table 6.5 Maximal zenith angle Number of profile points Maximal angle defining displayed sphere segment. Example: maximal zenith angle of 90 corresponds to the upper hemisphere. Defined in degrees. Number of points in intensity profile. Example: in case of 30 points and maximal zenith angle equal to 60 the angle between neighbor points is 60 /30=2. Large number of points allows to analyze more details on the intensity map but increases the computation time. 64

65 Smoothing, Radius Coordinate system (Cartesian/Polar) Symmetry Normal vector n Orientation vector u Option "Smoothing" can be used for reducing statistical noise on intensity map. After turning on this check box each ray affects the intensity not only in the reached cell but in neighbor cells too. Parameter "Radius" defines the radius of Gauss smoothing. The more the value of this parameter is, the less is the impact of the statistical noise on the intensity map. We do not recommend to use high values of this parameter because strong smoothing can distort the simulation results significantly. Usually the radius of Gauss smoothing should not be more than the angle between neighbor points on the intensity profile. Defined in degrees. Coordinate system used for displaying intensity profiles. Turning on this parameter formally increases the number of traced rays without any additional computational cost. This option allows to obtain more accurate intensity distribution if the solved problem has symmetry properties. Unit vector defines direction of the basis axis for zenith angles. By default it is equal to (0,0,1). Orientation vector u is the unit vector perpendicular to normal vector. Orientation vector defines direction of the basis axis for azimuth angles. By default it is equal to (0,1,0) Export of intensity map to IES file To export simulated intensity distribution to IES file press toolbar button on the intensity map window or choose context menu item "Export to IES...". After that choose the file name and press "Save" button. The dialog window with IES parameters will appear (Fig. 6.14). Detailed description of all parameters is presented in Table

66 Parameter Fig Description Table 6.6 Number of zenith angles (in range PSI_MIN PSI_MAX) Number of azimuth angles (in range PHI_MIN PHI_MAX) Number of lamps Multiplier Luminous dimensions (in mm) This integer value indicates the total number of vertical angles in the photometric data. Example: in case of range of 0 90 the value of this parameter equal to 21 points corresponds to the distance of 4 between points on profile. This integer value indicates the total number of horizontal angles in the photometric data. Range of azimuth angles is defined by set symmetry properties. Example: in case of range of the value of this parameter equal to 91 corresponds to the distance of 4 between profiles. Standard parameter defined by IESNA LM-63 specification. This integer value indicates the total number of lamps in the luminaire. Standard parameter defined by IESNA LM-63 specification. This floating point value indicates a multiplying factor that is to be applied to all candela values in the photometric data file. Default values of luminous dimensions correspond to dimensions of computed optical element. Defined in millimeters. 66

67 7 Optimization Software LED Optics Designer has its own optimization engine that allows to perform automatical search of surface parameters for accurate generation of required light distribution. Sometimes after computation of initial surface the light distribution generated by the optical element is not similar to the required one. In this case it can be improved by changing parameters of optical surfaces. To start optimization procedure choose main menu item "Actions Optimize surface...", press toolbar button or press button "Optimize surface..." in the bottom of main window. For setting optimization parameters choose main menu item "Actions Optimization options..." or press toolbar button (you can find more information about optimization parameters in paragraph 7.1). By default the entire surface of the optical element is modified during the optimization. If it is necessary, you can perform optimization only of a part of a surface by turning off the flag "Optimizable" for certain nodes in Surface editor (chapter 8). After running the optimization procedure the window with optimization and raytracing options will appear on the screen (Fig. 7.1). Click Continue button. Five windows will appear on the screen (Fig. 7.2): main optimization window (in the center), profile or 3Dsurface of optical element before optimization (in the left upper corner), current profile or 3D-surface of optical element (in the left bottom corner), light distribution before optimization (in the right upper corner) and current light distribution (in the right bottom corner). The type of displayed light distribution depends on the problem being solved. In the upper part of main optimization window a convergence plot is shown. Below the convergence plot a number of current iteration, number of merit function calls and two columns with values of base criteria (before-optimization and current values) are presented. Fig

68 Fig. 7.2 The optimization process finishes after finding of a local minimum of merit function or in the case of exceeding the iterations number limit (20 by default). The process can be also interrupted manually by pressing "Stop" button. Nodes on the convergence plot correspond to values of merit function on different iterations of optimization process. To get information about any iteration click its node on the plot the information in the right column of main optimization window and content of windows in the bottom of the screen will be displayed for chosen iteration. Click any node and press "OK" button after the end of optimization process to save the intermediate result as final. 68

69 7.1 Optimization options To change optimization parameters choose main menu item "Actions Optimization options..." or press toolbar button. In "Optimization options" window (Fig. 7.3) you can set the merit function and maximal number of iterations. For definition of the merit function choose one of the standard variants in popup menu "Optimization goal" or set weights of presented criteria manually (edit boxes "RRMSE", "Lighting efficiency", "Shaping efficiency"). Detailed description of the optimization parameters is presented in Table 7.1. Fig. 7.3 In case of collimation problem "Optimization options" window is depicted in Fig The aim of optimization is decreasing of FWHM that s why in "Optimization options" window only one parameter. Fig. 7.4 Please, note that generated light distribution is simulated during the optimization process with current raytracing options (paragraph 6.1). As the optimization time entirely depends on the raytracing time we recommend to choose optimal raytracing parameters and parameters of illuminance/intensity map computation. Some types of optical elements support quick simplified raytracing technique the usage of which can speed up the optimization process significantly. 69

70 Parameter Description Table 7.1 Optimization goal Optimize illuminance/intensity profile RRMSE Uniformity Lighting efficiency Shaping efficiency Number of iterations Standard optimization scenarios: decrease RRMSE with control of lighting efficiency; decrease RRMSE; increase lighting efficiency; increase shaping efficiency; improve uniformity. This option is available only for axisymmetrical problems. The parameter "Symmetry" in the properties window of illuminance/intensity map (depending on the type of required light distribution) must be set to "rotational". Enabling this option means that only the profile of light distribution will be optimized. This option allows to improve control of the central part of light distribution profile. Optimization weight for relative root mean square error (see Appendix 1 for definition). Optimization weight for uniformity of generated light distribution (see Appendix 1 for definition). Optimization weight for lighting efficiency (see Appendix 1 for definition). Optimization weight for shaping efficiency (see Appendix 1 for definition). Maximal number of iterations during the optimization 70

71 8 Surface editor LED Optics Designer software supports manual editing of optical surfaces. To run Surface editor choose main menu item "Optical system Optical element", press toolbar button or press button "Edit surface..." in the bottom of main window. The window of 2D- or 3D-editor (depending on the type of optical element) will appear. Editor of optical surfaces allows to change only surfaces defined by cubic or bicubic spline. Other surfaces (e.g. collimating bottom surface for TIR-optics) can be changed by setting initial parameters and recomputing optical surfaces (main menu item "Actions Compute initial surface...", chapter 4.5). Also editor allows to choose spline nodes for optimization D-editor Fig D-editor (Fig. 8.1) is used for editing profiles of axisymmetrical optical elements. Spline nodes are denoted by square markers. The current node is highlighted by black marker. Grey marker denotes the opposite node depending on the current one. In the upper right corner of the window there are edit boxes displaying the parameters of current spline node: its coordinates ("X", "Y") and derivative "Y'". Some of these edit boxes can be disabled due to the symmetry properties or features of current optical element design. Please, note, that for some types of optical elements the profile can be set in polar coordinate system. In this case edit boxes "Psi", "R", "R'" are used for editing. 71

72 Buttons "Add node..." and "Remove node" in the right part of the window allow to add a new node or to remove the current one correspondingly. To add a new node you can also right-click in the appropriate place on the profile and choose context main menu item "Add node...". Light green color corresponds to active spline nodes which can be changed during the optimization (the value of function or/and its derivative are changed during the optimization process), dark green color to inactive (non-optimizable) nodes (the value of function and its derivative are not changed during the optimization process). Use check box "Optimize node" to change status of the current node. You can control different optimization parameters of each node by corresponding flags. Use context menu (section "Optimization") for group set or unset of this flag. 72

73 8.2 3D-editor Fig D-editor (Fig. 8.2) is used for editing of optical elements with free-form surfaces. Spline nodes are denoted by square markers. The current node is highlighted by black marker. Grey markers denote nodes depending on the current one due to symmetry properties. In the upper right corner of window there are edit boxes displaying the parameters of current spline node: its coordinates in spherical coordinate system ("Phi", "Psi", "R"), first ("dr/dphi", "dr/dpsi") and mixed ("d2r/dphi/dpsi") derivatives. Cartesian coordinates of the current node ("X", "Y", "Z") are shown below the Figure. Some of these edit boxes can be disabled due to the symmetry properties or features of current optical element design. Please, note that for some types of optical elements the profile can be set in cylindrical coordinate system. In this case edit boxes "Phi", "R", "Z", "dz/dphi", "dz/dr", "d2z/dphi/dr" are used for editing. Light green color corresponds to active spline nodes which can be changed during the optimization (the value of function or/and its derivatives are changed during the optimization process), dark green color to inactive (non-optimizable) nodes (the value of function and its derivatives are not changed during the optimization process). Use check box "Optimize node" to change status of the current node. You can control different optimization parameters of each node by corresponding flags. Use context menu (section "Optimization") for group set or unset of this flag. In the bottom part of the window there are controls for changing symmetry properties of the optical element. For most nonimaging optics problems (e.g. for generation of uniformly illuminated rectangular or square region) it is enough to define only a part of 73

74 surface that allows to reduce the number of spline parameters significantly. Popup menu "Unique part" allows to define the size of this part. Checkbox "Mirror surface" sets mirror symmetry properties relatively to the planes containing borders of the unique part. For example, the combination of setting "Unique part" parameter as "quarter" and using "Mirror surface" means that the second quarter of the surface is obtained by mirroring of the first quarter relatively to the plane Phi =

75 9 Export Software LED Optics Designer allows to export models of computed optical elements into the following formats: text file with commands for import of model in software Rhinoceros 3.0; STL format (Stereolithography). For export of optical element choose main menu item "File Export...". Then choose name and needed file format in appeared dialog box and press "Save" button. The window with export parameters will appear (Figs. 9.1, 9.2). Set export parameters and press "OK" button. Fig. 9.1 Fig

76 10 Light distribution profile editor During editing the light source properties or editing of the required light distribution it may be necessary to set or change the profile of intensity or illuminance function. For this purpose Light distribution profile editor is used (Fig. 10.1). Fig Interface of Light distribution profile editor is identical to the interface of 2D-editor of the optical element profile (paragraph 8.1). In the right part of the window the current profile of intensity/illuminance function is shown. Square markers denote spline nodes. Black marker corresponds to the current node, other nodes are depicted by green markers. In the right upper part of the window there are edit boxes displaying parameters of the current node (for intensity function "Psi", "I", "I'", for illuminance function "R", "E", "E'"). Buttons "Add node..." and "Remove node" are located in the right part of the window. Please, note that Light distribution profile editor allows to define only the shape of the profile. Absolute values of the intensity or illuminance are defined accordingly to the luminous flux value, required efficiency etc. 76

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