Lecture 20 - Chapter 8 (Raster Analysis, part1)

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1 GEOL 452/552 - GIS for Geoscientists I Lecture 20 - Chapter 8 (Raster Analysis, part) 4 lectures on rasters - but won t cover everything (Raster GIS course: Geol 588: GIS II (Spring 20) Today: Raster data, Spatial Analyst setup, Boolean raster analysis, raster calculator, reclassification Ch 8 Tut - 8 HW 2: Ch 8 ex.,2, 5, due Nov. 2

2 Some Raster GIS tasks Elevation data (DEM) Visualize/analyze continuos data Topographic functions Boolean and Suitability analysis Distance (straight line and costof-travel) analysis 2

3 Identify the best (shortest) path between locations Statistical analysis within predetermined zones Interpolate data values for a study area based on samples 3

4 Raster data cells (pixels) in rows (vertical) and columns (horizontal) 2D matrix, 2D array resolution: cell width/height Extent (real world) Local coordinates (counting # of cells) vs. geo-location (UTM, lat/long) Local extent? Real-world extent? 4

5 Smooth (Stretched) coloring (really: 256 colors) Continuous Data: Surface (elevation, rainfall, pollution,...) sampled at center of cell no discrete boundaries usually floating point value (can be integers) if floats: no attribute table Note: elevation values are chopped off here (they are integers) but this really is continuous data 5

6 discrete data ( classes ) stored as integer data value is mean as index only each cell filled with whole number Has attribute table (Usually: Value, Count) sometimes: also stores meaning (here Vegtype attribute) special case: binary grid (0, only) 30m m Value VegType Count Fir Walnut

7 Spatial Analyst Setup Spatial analyst (SA) = ArcGIS raster module Copy follow along\ch8a_class_ex and start ArcMap with Ch8A_class_ex.mxd We use Spatial Analyst as part of ArcMap (also: SA tools in ArcTools) 2 steps needed before you can work with Spatial Analyst in ArcMap ) Activate module (GIS lab: needed every time) via Tools Extensions 2) Get Spatial analyst toolbar via View - Toolbars - Spatial Analyst 7

8 Look at different types of raster data.img file = ERDAS IMAGINE format (special raster type image ) vegetation: discrete data (index to vegetation type) Look at attribute layer: FORMATION = what type? COUNT = how many pixels per type? dem_float.img (elevation in feet) floating point, no attribute table symbolize as stretched (compare to Classified?) Stretched - Color ramp Elevation # (Right-click - Graphic View to switch between text and color ramp) precipitation.img: rainfall (in cm?) Note min/max of both floating point rasters 8

9 Reclassify elevation and precipitation rasters into binary Binary raster: only possible values are (True) or 0 (False) in each cell Encodes a condition: is <something> True or False in this cell here? Let s make 2 new binary rasters: Spatial Analyst - Reclassify dem_float: if Value > 2300 set to (otherwise: 0) Add Entry: becomes 0 ; becomes Output raster: high_elevation.img precipitation: Value < 30 set to (otherwise: 0) Add Entry: becomes ; becomes Output as low_precip.img 9

10 0 Save as ERDAS.img file into your folder! 0 0

11 Raster overlay (AND) Which cells have high elevation AND low rainfall? Use raster calculator to: AND both rasters - or - multiply both rasters AND = AND 0 = 0 0 AND = 0 0 AND 0 = 0 = 0 = 0 0 = = 0 both conditions are True here

12 Important: Raster calculator In the GIS lab do not use the C: or D: drive as Working directory for temp rasters (as they will be deleted there at logout!) Instead set your Working directory (folder) to your student folder (Spatial Analyst - Options) [high_elev.img] AND [low_precip.img] [high_elev.img] * [low_precip.img] Makes a new raster called Calculation (a temporary raster) Always make temp rasters ( Calculation ) permanent! R-click on raster, Data - Make Permanent, save in your folder as both_conditions.img Rename layer to both_cond in Table of content 2

13 3

14 Result: cells with have high elevation (>2300 ft.) AND low rainfall (< 30 cm) What % of the total area is that? What area for each cell? Look at Properties - Source How many cells with VALUE=? Look at COUNT in Attribute table here: 3908 cells of a total of 3374 (94 columns by 7 rows) = ~ % result of AND 4

15 Wrap up Lab: Ch 8 Tut - 8 Tutorial will prep for HW HW 2: Ch 8 ex.,2, 5, due Nov. 2 (based on same data as used in ex_8a.mxd) Straight line distance function in: Spatial Analyst - Distance... Remember to set your Working directory (SA - Options) to your folder! 5

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