Mapping the Thickness of the Rocky Flats Alluvium and Reconstructing the Pleistocene Rocky Flats Paleogeography (with Spatial Analyst).
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1 Exercise 8 Mapping the Thickness of the Rocky Flats Alluvium and Reconstructing the Pleistocene Rocky Flats Paleogeography (with Spatial Analyst). Due: Thursday, February 15, 2018 Goal: Creating Rasters from point datasets, Raster Calculations Readings: Bolstad, Chapter 10 and 12 Datasets: Exercise 8.zip: Rftopo (GRID file) topography of Rocky Flats Borings.shp (shapefile) Borehole data Main_rf_outline.shp (shapefile) Outline of the fan RectifyRFmap.tif (.tif image) topomap of the area The data can be downloaded from Assignment: Extensive shallow drill holes have been taken in several surveys at the former Rocky Flats plutonium plant, especially to the east of Highway 93, between Boulder and Golden. As you maybe noticed, the current morphology of the area is really flat and gently dipping east. However to the east of the Rocky Flats plant, several creeks incise the flat top surface. Why is this incision happening? The flat pediment seems to be a very hard surface with boulders up to 1m in diameter Beneath the present flat surface is actually an alluvial fan that came out of Coal Creek canyon during the Pleistocene. Its geometry is fan shaped and consists of high energy stream flow deposits. As is the nature of these streams, they searched for the lowest points in the landscape to fill up first, creating thicks, with coarser grained rocks at those places. The shallower places were not preferentially occupied by the streams and filled with the finer overbank deposits. The finer deposits can erode much easier than the big boulders, which will create lows, where there used to be highs in the landscape. This is called inverted topography. With the help of GIS we will map out what the paleogeography looked like before the Rocky Flats fan was deposited. There were streams, carving off the Pleistocene landscape, but exactly inverse to the situation now: where there were streams in the Pleistocene there are now highs, and where there were highs, there are now streams. There is a hand out provided from Daniel Knepper (USGS), describing these findings, based on the GIS. In more detail: 1
2 The steps broken down: 1. Create a surface from your point (boring) file: a. Assess your data, realize your data are points (from borings). b. Interpolate the points to a raster surface, a GRID. c. Make a Layout. 2. Reconstructing the Paleotopography: Calculating with GRID s d. Subtract the calculated thickness of the Alluvial Fan GRID (point 1 b) from the current topography (the DEM) to recreate the paleogeography. e. Create contours for your paleotopography. f. Create a Hillshade from your paleogeography. g. Make a Layout from your recreated paleogeography. 3. Display your Result in 3D: ArcScene h. Add your layers to ArcScene. i. Add the correct Base Heights to each layer. j. Set the Vertical Exaggeration. k. Export your result to a 2D *.jpg file. 1. Create a surface from your point (boring) file: A. Asses your data 1. Download your data from the geode server and Unzip your files. 2. Browse your data with ArcCatalog and use the preview tab to look at your files 3. Realize your boring data are points (bore holes). 4. Open ArcMap 5. Add all of your data to ArcMap: Make sure that the order of the layers is as follows: Borings.shp main_rf_outline.shp RectifyRFmap.tif rftopo 6. Right click on borings and open the attribute table. 7. Inspect the fields: we have a field for bedrock elevation at the borehole, a field for thickness of the alluvial fan deposit and a field for the current ground elevation at the borehole. 8. Symbolize your Boreholes numerically: i.e. you should set your Properties > Symbology > Quantities > Graduated Colors > Value: Thickness, so you can get familiar with the range of data. B. Interpolate the boring points to a GRID 9. Go to the Tools Menu >Customize> Extensions 10. Make sure that the following extensions are turned on: Spatial Analyst 3D Analyst 2
3 We will first work with the Spatial Anlayst 11. In the Geoprocessing menu at the top of the page, select Environment settings. 12. Scroll down and extend the Raster Analysis settings 13. Under Mask, select main rf outline.shp and hit OK The analysis mask makes sure we are only doing the analysis within our Fan outline (plus 50 m buffer which is already applied for you, to make sure all data points are incorporated). We do not want to interpolate too far outside our data points, therefore the buffer. When you interpolate beyond your data points, your analysis quality will decrease rapidly. We will now interpolate our vector points into a continuous grid: 14. In ArcToolbox go to Spatial Analyst > Interpolation > IDW (Inverse Distance Weighted) 15. Just use the defaults, but be sure to set the Z value field to THICKNESS and save your raster in an appropriate spot! A semester long class on Spatial Statistics would be appropriate for a better understanding! Fill out the following values: 3
4 16. Your newly created raster (RFidw_th) will be added to your Table of Contents automatically. 17. Make sure your outline (main rf outline.shp) is unchecked so you can examine the new raster: Does it match your datapoints? Change the color of your raster into classes so you can compare to the classes of the datapoints. This can be under Properties > Symbology > Classified. ArcMap may automatically classify your new raster, so be sure to match the classes you have chosen in step 8 using the same color ramp. You can also play with the transparency. 18. Now that we have a raster surface of the thickness of the fan, we can also easily calculate the volume (area x thickness) for each cell. We can do this by hand (as long as we know the cell size and how many cells we have) or GIS can easily calculate this for us: a. Make sure the 3D Analyst extension is active b. Go to Arc Toolbox > 3D Analyst Tools > Functional Surface > Surface Volume 19. From Surface volume: 20. Input Surface: your interpolated raster file Output Text File: **browse to your Exercise 8 folder and save the file as IDWvolume Reference Plane: ABOVE 21. Once the calculations are complete, you can either open your file in Excel or ArcGIS: o In Excel, select open from File on the main menu, browse to your folder o Files of type: All files o Select IDWvolume o Now you ll be in the Text Import Wizard window Original Data Type: delimited; click Next Delimiters: Commas; click next Column Data Format: General; click Finish Now your data is in a pretty Excel graph o In ArcMap, you may have noticed the table was added automatically, however tables are not GIS data, so your Table of Contents view should have switched from List by drawing order to List by soruce o You can view the table by right clicking on it and selecting Open 22. Write down the volume answers for your layout 4
5 23. Make a proper layout of your result for your write-up (what is the layout below missing?). Save this map and make sure not overwrite it later! Volume of the Fan = XXXXm 2 2. Reconstructing the Paleotopography: Calculating with GRID s First, select File > Save as and save a NEW map document unique from Part 1! For reconstruction of our Pleistocene Paleotopography, we will now SUBTRACT the thickness of the alluvial fan deposit from the present topography (DEM or Digital Elevation Model, called rf topo). 23. Go to Arc Toolbox > Spatial Analyst > Map Algebra > Raster Calculator. 24. Subtract the GRID (raster) with the interpolated thickness of the alluvial fan (rfidw_th) from the present topography and title the Output raster rf paleotopo and click OK. 5
6 A. Create contours for your paleotopography To enhance visual effects, you can create contours for your fan: 25. Go to Arc Toolbox > Spatial Analyst > Surface > Contour. 26. Fill out the following parameters (input raster fr paleotopo): Contour 10m Base Contour Interval 0m No Z conversion 1 (needed for example from meters to feet) Name your file paleo contours B. Create a Hillshade from your paleogeography A hillshade is a visual illumination typically calculated on your DEM, your topography. We will calculate it here for the paleotopography. It adds an effect of depth to your map and will help you visualize the holes on the east side of your map. 27. Go to Arc Toolbox > Spatial Analyst > Surface > Hillshade 28. Fill out the following parameters (I kept the defaults, except for the new filename (Output Raster: paleotopo hs). 29. Make sure the following layers are on in your Table of Contents. Appropriately symbolize contours in order to compare with.tif contours make sure these two sets are visible and distinct. Borings (numerically classified by color on the field THICKNESS) Paleo contours Paleotopo hs RectifyRFmap.tif 30. Turn the following layers on and off to look at the difference in topography between now (the.tif image) and the Pleistocene: The points, the contours and the hillshade 31. Note that the Lows from the Pleistocene are now Highs! This is called inverted topography 32. It s a good time to make sure you saved your map! 33. Make a layout with two dataframes: One with just the.tif file in it The other with the.tif file, the contour lines, borings and Pleistocene surface (paleotopo-hs). 6
7 34. Do this as follows: In the Layout View, right click on the active data frame MAP and choose COPY. This option will not work if you try copying your data from the table of contents. Right click on a blank spot in your Table of Contents and choose PASTE there are your two data frames. Or go to Edit>paste Choose the appropriate active layers (see above), use the scalebars from step 1 (make sure you saved it as another file (Export Map) as you need to hand in both Part 1 and Part 2 as a Layout). You don t need legends at this time. Make it look like the following example: 7
8 3. Display your result in 3D: Arc Scene A. Add your layers to ArcScene **Keep ArcMap open. 35. Open ArcScene 36. Add the following layers to the ArcScene project: Borings RectifyRFmap.tif (image of topo map) Paleotopo hs (the hillshade of the paleotopography) Rf topo (the current DEM/topography, uncheck it so it is not visible) RF paleotopo (paleotopography values, uncheck it so it is not visible) 37. Go to the Layer Properties of Borings and RectifyRFmap.tif and paleotopo hs (so you need to do this step three times): > Go to the Base Heights tab: Set the Base Height to rf topo for both (Borings and RectifyRF map layers): These layers need the current topography as base! Elevation from surfaces > Floating on a custom surface Set for the paleotopo hs Layer the Base Height to: RF Paleotopo (the old topography): This layer needs the PLEISTOCENE topography as base! What happens in your Scene? Check that the three layers are elevated! 38. Again, go to the Layer Properties of the Borings Layer: > Go to the Extrusion tab: Click on Extrude features in layer Then click on the little calculator next to the Extrusion value or expression box. Set the Extrusion value to [THICKNESS], i.e. minus value of thickness (thickness values were given as positive values, however, we are trying to subtract them from the topography/dem). You may want to resymbolize borings for greater visibility. 8
9 This will make the wells as long as the thickness of the alluvium. 39. Go to the View > Scene Properties. Set the Vertical Exaggeration to 5 and the background color to a color of choice. 40. Use the navigation toolbar to zoom, spin and fly around (the following buttons are the most handy): Zoom in, Zoom out, Pan and Navigate Zoom to Full Extent 9
10 41. When you are zoomed to a nice representative 3D view, you can save your current snapshot as follows (you only need to hand in one, with a sentence description about the view): a. Go to File Menu > Export Scene > 2D and save your image as a.jpg file. b. Import it into your word document. Rocky Flats Present Day Rocky Flats Borehole data from below 10
11 Paleogeography What you need to hand in! 1. Layout described at #23: Thickness of the Rocky Flats Alluvium with volume. 2. Layout described at #34: Paleogeography of Rocky Flats. 3. Exported 3D Display from ArcScene and a brief description. 4. Compare your results to those of Knepper's publication (the link is at the start of this lab). a. In particular, how do Knepper's alluvium thicknesses map compare with yours? If there are differences, provide reasonable explanations. b. Why is it that the Pleistocene valleys now make up the drainage divides (that is, inverted topography)? Describe in your own words. c. Have a look at the history of Rocky Flats (the wikipedia page is fairly accurate: What is one interesting or scary event/fact/consequence of Rocky Flats? Given that this plant is in the middle of our study area and on porous alluvium, give a comment on the potential for downstream (ground)water issues that may exist today. 11
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