Science Olympiad Optics 1-2 October 2010 at NC State University

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1 Science Olympiad Optics 1-2 October 2010 at NC State University Instructor: Dr. C. Russell Philbrick Background: BS, MS, PhD in Physics from NC State University Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratory Upper atmosphere and space research using mass spectrometers and accelerometers on satellites and rockets, and develop laser remote sensing Penn State University, Professor of Electrical Engineering (now Emeritus) Taught courses in Electro-optics, E&M, Space Physics, Laser Remote Sensing and conducted research to develop LIDAR techniques. Applied lidar techniques to investigate many topics on the physics and chemistry of the lower atmosphere Present NC State University, Research Professor in Physics and MEAS Departments. Lecture PY516 Physical Optics, and conduct research using lidar and other optical techniques to investigate aerosols, atmospheric chemistry and physics.

2 Teaching Philosophy: True learning and life long skills result when the student becomes interested in a topic; this follows directly from Galileo's observation that you cannot teach a man anything, you can only help him to find it within himself. For every class, I use the theme of helping the student become a curious observer of that subject and of the world around them.

3 YOU CANNOT TEACH A MAN ANYTHING, YOU CAN ONLY HELP HIM TO FIND IT WITHIN HIMSELF - GALILEO The best learning experiences happen when you become a CURIOUS CURIOUS CURIOUS CURIOUS CURIOUS OBSERVER

4 To be a CURIOUS OBSERVER Use the 5 human senses Seeing Hearing Smelling Tasting Touching BUT MOST ALL THINK!

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6 OPTICS The subject is logically divided into: Geometrical Optics A study of light that regards photons as rays or as particles traveling in straight lines. Physical Optics A study of light as interacting waves which scatter from matter and interact together, either in concert (constructive interference), or in opposition (destructive interference), in a region of space. Thus, light is described as both as a wave and a particle. Light is composed of individual tiny disturbances of coupled electric and magnetic fields. These disturbances are called quanta, or photons. When photons interact with matter and with each other, they can be viewed as behaving like particles or waves depending on the viewpoint and situation.

7 Photons result from a coupled electric and magnetic fields caused by acceleration of a charged particle. The frequency of oscillation of the charge determines whether the photon will be a gamma ray, ultraviolet, visible, infrared, or radio wave. Every photon begins and ends on a charged particle. Acceleration of a charge creates a photon, and the photon accelerates a charge when it is destroyed. Photons carry energy, linear momentum, angular momentum, and exert radiation pressure. Photons have no mass and an infinite number can exist at a point in space. Optics describes the properties, interactions and applications of light.

8 Comet Kohutec (1996 view from State College) 1619 Kepler proposed that the pressure of sunlight blew the comet tail. Momentum transfer of photons Comet Hale-Bopp (1998)

9 Geometrical Optics Outline 1. Reflection Specular or Diffuse Right-handed or Left-handed 2. Refraction Index of Refraction Snell s Law Critical Angle 3. Prisms Deviation of Ray Path Dispersion (angle spread due to variation of index of refraction) 4. Mirrors Flat Mirrors Ray Trace, Right/Left Handed Concave Mirrors Curvature Radius, Focal length Convex Mirrors Image Location and Properties 5. Lenses Plano-Convex Ray Trace, Erect/Inverted Double-Convex Image Location and Properties Plano-Concave Real and Virtual Images, Magnification Double-Concave First Order Equation of Optics Meniscus Thin Lens Equation

10 Geometrical Optics Outline (Advanced Topics) 6. Huygens Principle Representation of Scattering in Materials 7. Ray Tracing with Two Flat or Curved Mirrors Right-Left Handedness Telescopes (Newtonian, Cassegrain) 8. Ray Tracing with Two Lenses Refractive Telescopes Microscopes 9. The Human Eye Lens and Focusing Detection Rods and Cones Dioptric Power Nearsighted, Farsighted 10. Fiber Optics Numerical Aperture (NA) determined by the critical angle of fiber Attenuation scattering losses of signal intensity in a fiber Intermodal Dispersion rays traveling different paths through a fiber take different times to transit and thus limit the maximum data rate that can be transmitted through a fiber

11 Physical Optics Outline 11. The Optical Spectrum Wavelengths and Colors Eye Sensitivity to Color As a Part of the Electromagnetic Spectrum 12. Defining the Photon Frequency, Wavelength, Velocity, Index of Refraction Doppler Shift 13. Photon Interaction in Materials Absorption, Emission, Fluorescence, Phosphorescence 14. Scattering Processes Small Particle Scattering Molecules Blue Light Scatters ~16X Stronger than Red (Clear Blue Sky, and Red Sun after Long Path at Sunset) Large Particle Scattering Clouds, Ground Sugar or Salt Crystals Scattering Increases as Exponent (up to 6 th power) (Clouds, snow, table sugar, salt, appear white due to many scatterings of each photon) 15. Light Intensity Inverse-square Law Dark of Night and Brightness of Day 16. Photon Energy and Momentum

12 Physical Optics Outline (Advanced Topics) 17. Polarization of Light Dichroism (absorb one component) Birefringence (two different values index of refraction) Scattering (blue sky) Reflection 18. Observing and Using Polarization Calcite, Cellophane, Plastic Wrap, Mica Fast Switching Polarization for Communication 19. Superposition and Interference of Waves Young s slit experiments Diffraction Gratings Spectrometers to Measure Atoms and Molecules 20. Lasers Solid State, Gas, Liquid Laser Action Population Inversion Hazard Many figures used in these presentations are from Optics Eugene Hecht, Addison Wesley 4 th Ed. 2002

13 Optics Kits Contain: I have assembled a set of teaching optics toys for you to take back to your classroom. My hope is that these will help you spark curious minds among your students the future scientists and engineers. These items include: Pack 1: Lenses (2 or 3 glass lenses in each packet) Fresnel Lens (same performance as plano-convex) Fiber optic (short piece works on principle of critical angle reflection) Sugar crystals (examine with lens and see clear crystals but white in sugar bowl because of multiple scattering) UV sensitive beads (will turn color in UV and return white under visible light) Pack 2: Polarizers (peal plastic off dichroism), Mica (birefringence actually 3-axis place mica between crossed polarizers) Color gel filters (red, blue, dark blue, yellow) Grating (1000 lines/mm), Plastic shower curtain (circular pattern color in sun and straight pattern Ronchi type grating)

14 The lenses in the Optics Kits are from the Anchor Optics Grab Bags. At least two lenses are included in each packet they are selected from the following types: Plano-Convex (+ lens) ~60 mm focal length and ~30 mm dia (1) Meniscus (+ lens) ~90 mm focal length and ~25 mm dia (2) Double-Convex (+ lens) ~45 mm focal length and ~38 mm dia (3) Plano-Convex (+ lens) ~95 mm focal length and ~38x25 mm (4) Double-Concave(- lens) ~-45 mm focal length and ~30mm dia (5) Plano-Concave (- lens) ~90 mm focal length and ~90 mm dia (these focal lengths are only rough estimates) Students should measure focal length the positive lenses are easy to set up and measure, use 1/f = 1/s o + 1/s i. But how can you measure the negative lenses? One way is to place a positive lens (it must have a shorter focal length to form an image) in contact with the negative lens and use 1/f = 1/f 1 + 1/f 2 and solve for f 2. The Fresnel lens is an almost flat surface but contains many steps the have the same refractive power as a thicker plano-convex lens. (these are from

15 Useful things for you to assemble in your class: Flashlight Flat mirrors (examine right and left hand reflections) Slinky, rope (slinky can show both longitudinal and transverse waves) Small packets of sugar and salt (clear crystals, but white from multiple reflection) Wax paper (depolarize polarized light) Plastic wrap (stretch between polarizers to create birefringence) Transparent plastic ruler or protractor (stress shows in polarized light)

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20 Optics Web Sites Your online help with optics lesson support Lens optics Lenses Descriptions Physics Virtual Lab - Optics Optical Illusions Optical Illusions Optical Illusions Fresnel Lens and Polarization Film Sheets Gel Film Color Sheets Source for Lenses, Prisms, Gratings, Polarizing Film, Educational Optics Source for Supplemental Materials Source for Fiber Optic Cables

21 Laser Shoot Skill Competition Middle School One reflection to target High School Two reflections to target Laser (Fixed Location)

22 Laser Shoot Skill Competition Middle School One reflection to target High School Two reflections to target Laser Laser (Fixed (Fixed Location) Location)

23 The following few slides indicate the type of materials that will be added to the optics web site The materials will be assembled under the twenty topic areas listed above in slides I hope to have the web site completed by the first of December and incremental updates should be available. You can used these materials in any ways you think these will help your students. I will try to add some examples but most of this will only be a supplement to your text and classroom discussions. I hope that you and the students will have good learning experiences and fun with the little optics kits. Some suggestions for things to do with those items will be added in the topics on the web site.

24 Laws of Reflection and Refraction θ i = θ r n 1 sin θ i = n 2 sin θ t

25 sin θ i = (n t /n i ) sin θ t when θ t = 90 o thus, sin θ c = n ti

26 Mirages Mirages are caused by molecular density gradients near heated surfaces. The density gradient refracts to bend the ray path.

27 An object 2 cm high is located 18 cm from a lens with a focal length of 10 cm, where is the image formed and how high is it? Is it inverted or erect? f i f o s o 1/s o +1/s i = 1/f s i s i = (f s o )/(s o - f) = (10 x 18)/(18-10) = 22.5 cm M = - s i /s o = -22.5/18 = y i = 1.25 x 2 = 2.5 cm real and inverted

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