Non-Photorealistic Rendering (NPR) Christian Richardt, Rainbow Group
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1 Non-Photorealistic Rendering (NPR) Christian Richardt, Rainbow Group
2 Structure in six parts 1. Definition of non-photorealistic rendering (NPR) 2. History of computer graphics: from 1970s to Overview of NPR techniques 4. Example 1: toon shading 5. Example 2: painterly rendering 6. Example 3: video abstraction
3 Structure in six parts 1. Definition of non-photorealistic rendering (NPR) 2. History of computer graphics: from 1970s to Overview of NPR techniques 4. Example 1: toon shading 5. Example 2: painterly rendering 6. Example 3: video abstraction
4 Rend er ing ˈrɛnd(!)rɪŋ The conversion of a high-level object-based description into a graphical image for display. (FOLDOC) The process of generating an image from a model, by means of computer programs. (Wikipedia)
5 Photorealism Telephone Booths (Richard Estes, 1968)
6 Non-Photorealism (1886) A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte (Georges Seurat, )
7 Photorealism (2006)
8 Structure in six parts 1. Definition of non-photorealistic rendering (NPR) 2. History of computer graphics: from 1970s to Overview of NPR techniques 4. Example 1: toon shading 5. Example 2: painterly rendering 6. Example 3: video abstraction
9 Structure in six parts 1. Definition of non-photorealistic rendering (NPR) 2. History of computer graphics: from 1970s to Overview of NPR techniques 4. Example 1: toon shading 5. Example 2: painterly rendering 6. Example 3: video abstraction
10 History of computer graphics term computer graphics coined in 1960 synonymous with graphics hardware tremendous increase in computation power stand-alone GPUs from mid-1990s driven by 3D computer games primary aim is to achieve photorealism
11 Texture mapping Catmull 1974
12 Phong shading Phong 1975
13 Ray tracing Whitted 1980
14 Radiosity Goral et al. 1984
15 Tone mapping Tumblin & Rushmeier 1993
16 Photon mapping Jensen & Christensen 1995
17 Also 1995: Toy Story TM & Disney/Pixar.
18 Structure in six parts 1. Definition of non-photorealistic rendering (NPR) 2. History of computer graphics: from 1970s to Overview of NPR techniques 4. Example 1: toon shading 5. Example 2: painterly rendering 6. Example 3: video abstraction
19 Structure in six parts 1. Definition of non-photorealistic rendering (NPR) 2. History of computer graphics: from 1970s to Overview of NPR techniques 4. Example 1: toon shading 5. Example 2: painterly rendering 6. Example 3: video abstraction
20 Survey of NPR techniques
21 Survey of NPR techniques
22 Survey of NPR techniques stylisation
23 Survey of NPR techniques stylisation abstraction
24 Survey of NPR techniques stylisation abstraction geometry Meier 1996 Klein et al Kalnins et al Decaudin 1996 DeCarlo et al Barla et al. 2006
25 Survey of NPR techniques stylisation abstraction geometry Meier 1996 Klein et al Kalnins et al Decaudin 1996 DeCarlo et al Barla et al images Haeberli 1990 Litwinowicz 1997 Hertzmann 2003 DeCarlo & Santella 2002 Gooch et al Kang et al videos Hertzmann & Perlin 2000 Hays & Essa 2004 Bousseau et al Agarwala 2002 Winnemöller et al Kyprianidis et al. 2009
26 Survey of NPR techniques stylisation abstraction geometry Meier 1996 Klein et al Kalnins et al Decaudin 1996 DeCarlo et al Barla et al images Haeberli 1990 Litwinowicz 1997 Hertzmann 2003 DeCarlo & Santella 2002 Gooch et al Kang et al videos Hertzmann & Perlin 2000 Hays & Essa 2004 Bousseau et al Agarwala 2002 Winnemöller et al Kyprianidis et al. 2009
27 Survey of NPR techniques stylisation abstraction geometry Meier 1996 Klein et al Kalnins et al Decaudin 1996 DeCarlo et al Barla et al images Haeberli 1990 Litwinowicz 1997 Hertzmann 2003 DeCarlo & Santella 2002 Gooch et al Kang et al videos Hertzmann & Perlin 2000 Hays & Essa 2004 Bousseau et al Agarwala 2002 Winnemöller et al Kyprianidis et al. 2009
28 WYSIWYG NPR: Drawing Strokes Directly on 3D Models Kalnins et al Geom. Image Video Styl. Abs.
29 Processing Images and Video for an Impressionist Effect Litwinowicz 1997 Geom. Image Video Styl. Abs.
30 Video Watercolorization using Bidirectional Texture Advection Bousseau et al Geom. Image Video Styl. Abs.
31 Suggestive Contours for Conveying Shape DeCarlo et al Geom. Image Video Styl. Abs.
32 Flow-Based Image Abstraction Styl. Geom. Kang et al Image Video Abs.
33 Image and Video Abstraction by Anisotropic Kuwahara Filtering Kyprianidis et al Geom. Image Video Styl. Abs.
34 Recap of NPR techniques stylisation abstraction geometry Meier 1996 Klein et al Kalnins et al Decaudin 1996 DeCarlo et al Barla et al images Haeberli 1990 Litwinowicz 1997 Hertzmann 2003 DeCarlo & Santella 2002 Gooch et al Kang et al videos Hertzmann & Perlin 2000 Hays & Essa 2004 Bousseau et al Agarwala 2002 Winnemöller et al Kyprianidis et al. 2009
35 Structure in six parts 1. Definition of non-photorealistic rendering (NPR) 2. History of computer graphics: from 1970s to Overview of NPR techniques 4. Example 1: toon shading 5. Example 2: painterly rendering 6. Example 3: video abstraction
36 Structure in six parts 1. Definition of non-photorealistic rendering (NPR) 2. History of computer graphics: from 1970s to Overview of NPR techniques 4. Example 1: toon shading 5. Example 2: painterly rendering 6. Example 3: video abstraction
37 X-Toon: An Extended Toon Shader Barla, Thollot & Markosian 2006
38 Toon shading cartoon style a.k.a. cel shading (from cel = celluloid) dominated by large areas of flat colour often stylised highlights and shadows Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (Walt Disney 1937)
39 Basic toon shading
40 Basic toon shading
41 Basic toon shading diffuse shading: d = n l unit surface normal n direction to the light l basic toon shading: compute diffuse shading quantise into discrete steps
42 Basic toon shading typically use a 1D texture more flexible than hard-coded thresholds artists can modify shading for each object
43 Tone detail extend 1D toon texture by a second dimension (D for level of detail), e.g. depth D highlights near-silhouette n l
44 Depth-based tone detail
45 Highlight tone detail
46 Near-silhouette tone detail
47 Structure in six parts 1. Definition of non-photorealistic rendering (NPR) 2. History of computer graphics: from 1970s to Overview of NPR techniques 4. Example 1: toon shading 5. Example 2: painterly rendering 6. Example 3: video abstraction
48 Structure in six parts 1. Definition of non-photorealistic rendering (NPR) 2. History of computer graphics: from 1970s to Overview of NPR techniques 4. Example 1: toon shading 5. Example 2: painterly rendering 6. Example 3: video abstraction
49 Image and Video Based Painterly Animation Hays & Essa 2004
50 Brush stroke properties colour opacity anchor lengths width angle
51 Brush stroke textures impressionism pointillism flower style van Gogh style
52 Brush stroke layers
53 Brush stroke layers
54 Brush stroke layers
55 Brush stroke layers
56 Brush stroke layers
57 Brush stroke layers
58 Brush stroke layers
59 Brush stroke layers
60 Brush stroke layers
61 Brush stroke orientation
62 Brush stroke orientation
63 Brush stroke orientation
64 Brush stroke orientation
65 Brush stroke orientation
66 Brush stroke motion
67 Brush stroke motion
68 Brush stroke motion
69 Brush stroke regeneration
70 Brush stroke regeneration
71 Extra result: pointillism
72 Structure in six parts 1. Definition of non-photorealistic rendering (NPR) 2. History of computer graphics: from 1970s to Overview of NPR techniques 4. Example 1: toon shading 5. Example 2: painterly rendering 6. Example 3: video abstraction
73 Structure in six parts 1. Definition of non-photorealistic rendering (NPR) 2. History of computer graphics: from 1970s to Overview of NPR techniques 4. Example 1: toon shading 5. Example 2: painterly rendering 6. Example 3: video abstraction
74 Real-Time Video Abstraction Winnemöller, Olsen & Gooch 2006
75 Real-Time Video Abstraction Winnemöller, Olsen & Gooch 2006
76 Bilateral filter edge preserving filter [Tomasi & Manduchi 1998] weight pixel contributions by spatial distance between pixels colour difference between pixels
77 Bilateral filter edge preserving filter [Tomasi & Manduchi 1998] weight pixel contributions by spatial distance between pixels colour difference between pixels I (x) = 1 k G ( E(x, y)) G (x y) I(y) σr σs y N x
78 Bilateral filter edge preserving filter [Tomasi & Manduchi 1998] weight pixel contributions by filtered pixel colour at x spatial distance between pixels colour difference between pixels I (x) = 1 k y N x G σr ( E(x, y)) G σs (x y) I(y)
79 Bilateral filter edge preserving filter [Tomasi & Manduchi 1998] weight pixel contributions by filtered pixel colour at x spatial distance between pixels colour difference between pixels I (x) = 1 k y N x G σr ( E(x, y)) G σs (x y) I(y) all pixels near x
80 Bilateral filter edge preserving filter [Tomasi & Manduchi 1998] weight pixel contributions by filtered pixel colour at x spatial distance between pixels colour difference between pixels I (x) = 1 k y N x G σr ( E(x, y)) G σs (x y) I(y) all pixels near x colour of pixel y
81 Bilateral filter edge preserving filter [Tomasi & Manduchi 1998] weight pixel contributions by filtered pixel colour at x spatial distance between pixels colour difference between pixels I (x) = 1 k y N x G σr ( E(x, y)) G σs (x y) I(y) all pixels near x spatial distance colour of pixel y
82 Bilateral filter edge preserving filter [Tomasi & Manduchi 1998] weight pixel contributions by filtered pixel colour at x spatial distance between pixels colour difference between pixels I (x) = 1 k y N x G σr ( E(x, y)) G σs (x y) I(y) all pixels near x colour distance spatial distance colour of pixel y
83 Bilateral filter edge preserving filter [Tomasi & Manduchi 1998] weight pixel contributions by filtered pixel colour at x spatial distance between pixels colour difference between pixels I (x) = 1 k y N x G σr ( E(x, y)) G σs (x y) I(y) all pixels near x colour distance spatial distance colour of pixel y normalisation constant k = y N x G σr ( E(x, y)) G σs (x y)
84 Bilateral filter
85 input image Bilateral filter
86 Bilateral filter input image spatial filter
87 Bilateral filter central pixel input image spatial filter
88 Bilateral filter central pixel input image spatial filter range weights (for central pixel)
89 Bilateral filter central pixel input image spatial filter = range weights (for central pixel) bilateral weights (for central pixel)
90 Bilateral filter central pixel input image filtered image spatial filter = range weights (for central pixel) bilateral weights (for central pixel)
91 Luminance quantisation colour quantisation for a cartoon-like effect but small changes in input can cause large changes in output: causes flickering, particularly in noisy videos solution: use soft quantisation can adapt sharpness according to luminance gradient in image hard boundaries only near strong gradients
92 Results so far
93 input image Results so far
94 Results so far input image abstracted
95 Results so far input image abstracted quantised
96 DoG edges DoG: difference of Gaussians approximation to human edge detection [Marr & Hildreth 1980]
97 DoG edges DoG: difference of Gaussians approximation to human edge detection [Marr & Hildreth 1980] input image
98 DoG edges DoG: difference of Gaussians approximation to human edge detection [Marr & Hildreth 1980] input image Gaussian blur (σ=8)
99 DoG edges DoG: difference of Gaussians approximation to human edge detection [Marr & Hildreth 1980] input image Gaussian blur (σ=8) Gaussian blur (σ=5)
100 DoG edges DoG: difference of Gaussians approximation to human edge detection [Marr & Hildreth 1980] input image Gaussian blur (σ=8) = Gaussian blur (σ=5) difference of Gaussians
101 DoG edges DoG: difference of Gaussians approximation to human edge detection [Marr & Hildreth 1980] input image thresholding Gaussian blur (σ=8) DoG edges = Gaussian blur (σ=5) difference of Gaussians
102 Final result abstracted abstracted + quantised
103 Final result abstracted DoG edges abstracted + quantised
104 Final result abstracted! = DoG edges abstracted + quantised
105 Final result abstracted! = result (without quantisation) DoG edges abstracted + quantised
106 Final result abstracted! = result (without quantisation) DoG edges abstracted + quantised result (with quantisation)
107 Real-Time Video Abstraction Winnemöller, Olsen & Gooch 2006
108 Summary Non-photorealistic rendering is an alternative to conventional, photorealistic computer graphics aims to make visual communication more effective also strives to (semi-)automatically create aesthetic results resembling a variety existing art styles main venue: annual symposion on Non-Photorealistic Animation and Rendering (NPAR)
109 Questions?
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