DETECTION AND QUANTIFICATION OF CRACKS IN PRESSURE VESSELS USING ESPI AND FEA MODELLS
|
|
- Iris Sullivan
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 DETECTION AND QUANTIFICATION OF CRACKS IN PRESSURE VESSELS USING ESPI AND FEA MODELLS J GRYZAGORIDIS, DM FINDEIS, JR MYLES Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Cape Town Abstract Non destructive evaluation tools of the optical kind can reliably detect defects. Electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI) is a fast, non-contacting optical NDE technique which can quantify the location of the flaw but essentially only provide qualitative information regarding the size of the defect. By combining finite element methods to evaluate the results obtained from ESPI, the authors attempt to provide quantitative information about the nature of the defects. Numerous thumbnail cracks, which vary both in size and orientation, are produced in the side walls of small pressure vessels. Out of plane ESPI is used to detect the surface displacement of the pressure near the defect. Using finite element techniques to model the pressure vessel, thumbnail cracks and loading parameters, a displacement field around the flaw is reproduced. The finite element deflection map is compared to that obtained experimentally using ESPI and areas of correlation are highlighted. 1. Introduction Non-destructive evaluation procedures which are capable of reliably detecting and quantifying flaws in manufactured products are of considerable importance in aiding toward residual life prediction in pressure vessels and piping. Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry (ESPI) is an interferometric measurement technique used in non-destructive evaluation (NDE). The technique is capable of detecting displacements of the order of 0.3 µm, producing a contour map of the surface displacement across the whole field of view. It can be used to measure both
2 static and dynamic variables such as strain, shape, vibration, and, most commonly, displacement. This technique can be used to reliably detect the location of a wide variety of flaws in objects such as surface and sub-surface cracks, debonds, delaminations and corrosion. The location of the flaw can be quantified, but the size of the flaw can only be assessed qualitatively. Finite Element methods have been employed in an attempt to assist in quantifying the flaw size by providing a quick and inexpensive method of investigating the effects of flaw configuration on the fringe patterns. This paper demonstrates the use of Finite Element Methods (FEM) for the evaluation of ESPI interferograms. For this purpose computer generated fringe patterns from FE models of flawed pressure vessels are compared to interferograms of the actual flawed component. 2. Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry ESPI is capable of measuring the total deformation on a component, however the measurement of only the out-of-plane displacement component will be dealt with here. The principle of measurement of the in-plane displacement component and their derivatives is similar. A more extensive and rigorous treatment of the subject may be found in Jones and Wykes (1983). 2.1 Laser light Two properties of laser light make ESPI possible: Laser light is monochromatic and coherent. When laser light strikes an optically rough surface, the tiny peaks and troughs of the surface scatter the light randomly. At any point in space the intensity of the light will be due to the complex addition of the random scatterings off the active surface. The path lengths of the beams arriving at the point vary and the resultant phase of the complex addition varies randomly from point to point. This results in a random intensity distribution which produces a grainy effect known as speckle pattern which is unique for given object surface, illumination and viewing conditions.
3 2.2 Out-of-plane ESPI A typical set-up used to measure out-of-plane displacement is shown in Figure 2-1. The laser beam is split into two by the beamsplitter; the one which passes through the splitter forms the object beam which is expanded to illuminate the test specimen. The other beam, known as the reference beam, is led, via the two mirrors, to a second beam expander which illuminates the partial mirror. The partial mirror recombines the reference and object beams before they are imaged on the CCD. The camera images are processed by the computer and the results are displayed on the monitor. Computer frame grabber Video monitor The image recorded by the camera is thus an image of the speckled interference pattern formed by the interference of the Figure 2-1 Possible layout for ESPI. speckled object and smooth reference beams. The speckled interference pattern recorded in this way is unique and is a function of the object s position in space. Mirror Laser Mirror Camera Beam Expander The process of making an electronic speckle interferogram is as follows: Partial mirror θc θi Object Mirror Beam Splitter Beam Expander An image of the speckle pattern associated with the object in its undisturbed state is recorded and stored digitally in the computer. The intensity of any point on the image is given by: I = A + A + 2 A A cos( θ θ ) The object is then stressed. This is achieved by either mechanical, pressure, vibratory or thermal loading. A second image of the speckle pattern is subsequently recorded with the object in it s deformed state. Any object surface deflection will alter the object beam path length between object and camera. A new random phased speckle pattern will form at the CCD image plane which is related to the original (undeformed) speckle pattern by the magnitude of the change in beam path length. The intensity of any point on this second image is given by: (1)
4 ( θ θ φ) I = A + A + 2 A A cos ( ) The two images are processed by the software to produce the interferogram. The two speckled images were captured using the same reference beam, so any intensity variations between image I and II are caused by a change in the object beam path length and associated phase distribution. By subtracting the two images one effectively subtracts out the reference beam, leaving only the object beam distribution. Areas of correlation will be visible as dark areas, and areas of decorrelation will be visible as bright areas. These bright and dark areas form bands known as fringes. The two images of the object are equally bright, so the subtraction process removes the object image by subtracting the two equal images from one another. All that remains is an interferogram which depicts areas of correlation and decorrelation. The intensity of the resultant image is given by: 1 1 ( θ θ 2 φ) ( 2 φ) 2 2 Ir = I1 I2 = 4 A1 A2 sin ( 1 2) + sin φ is dependant on the surface displacement and it can be shown that maximum correlation occurs along lines where (2) (3) d n = λ 2 (4) where n is an integer, λ the wavelength of illumination and d the surface displacement. The set-up shown in Figure 2-1 is insensitive to displacement perpendicular to the surface normal. The component of surface displacement perpendicular to the normal is a sine term which, for small angles θ 1 and θ 2, approaches zero. The set-up is therefore sensitive only to the normal or out-of-plane component of the surface displacement. 3. Experimental Procedure The investigation consists of three parts. Firstly the fringe patterns for a defect free pressure vessel are simulated under various internal pressure loads, using the finite element package ABAQUS and compared with the patterns obtained experimentally. The modulus of elasticity in the FE model is then calibrated within the range specified for the pressure vessel material to obtain the best possible correlation. Once satisfactory correlation is obtained, various thumbnail cracks are introduced and the results compared at various loads for each flaw configuration.
5 The comparisons are made visually and by plotting the out-of-plane displacement profile across the mid-section of the cylinder for the FE prediction and the experimental results. Four identical aluminium cylinders machined from solid bar as shown in Figure 3-were used for the experiments. The experimental and theoretical results were compared for all four cylinders before cracks were introduced to ensure that no uncontrolled flaws were present in the uncracked cylinders. Thumbnail flaws were then introduced using a 0.2 mm thick slitting saw. A single flaw was introduced into each cylinder and the experimental data collected, after which a second flaw was introduced into two of the cylinders to demonstrate the interaction of two flaws. The following flaw configurations were investigated: external parallel to the cylinder axis, internal parallel to the axis, external perpendicular to the axis, external at 45 to the axis, two parallel axial external flaws and a v-shaped flaw, one arm of the v parallel to the axis and the other at 45 to the axis Figure 3- Dimensions of aluminium pressure vessels 3.1 Finite Element Models Three basic criteria were used in the choice of elements for the finite element model: the fringes should be simulated as accurately as possible, the crack geometry should be simple to alter and the model should not require excessive computer time to run.
6 The cylinders used in the investigation can be accurately modelled using shell elements, which allows the ABAQUS line-spring element to be used to model the flaws. The line spring element, first proposed by Rice (1972), models the compliance of the crack as that of an edge-notched specimen in tension and bending. It was chosen over the more complex 3D crack models because of its simplicity of implementation in a shell model. It allows the crack size, geometry and position as well as which surface of the shell it appears on to be easily altered with little or no change to the original mesh. The final FE mesh thus consisted of 8 noded quadrilateral shell elements along with the 6 noded line spring elements. The FE mesh are shown in Figure 3-2 The whole cylinder was modelled so that the same mesh could be used in the non-symmetric cases. The aluminium cylinders were mounted in a jig so that both ends were effectively built-in. The end closures could thus be implemented by simply imposing boundary conditions on the ends of the model. 4. Results Figure 3-2 Finite Element mesh Typical examples of the results of this investigation are shown in the following figures. The graphs indicate the out-of-plane displacement profile across the diameter of the cylinder for the finite element prediction (solid line) and the experimental results (individual points). The deviation in displacement between experiment and FE prediction across the middle of the cylinder was typically of the order of 10%.
7 4.50E E-06 Out of Plane Displ. 3.50E E E E E E E E E E E E E-02 Position (m) Figure 4-1 External axial crack at kpa 4.00E E-06 Out of Plane Displ. 3.00E E E E E E E E E E E E-02 Position (m) Figure 4-2 External circumferential crack at kpa
8 3.50E E-06 Out of Plane Displ. 2.50E E E E E E E E E E E-02 Position (m) Figure 4-3 External angled crack at 552 kpa
9 3.00E E-06 Out of Plane Displ. 2.00E E E E E E E E E E-02 Position (m) Figure 4-4 Internal axial crack at kpa 3.00E E-06 Out of Plane Displ. 2.00E E E E E E E E E E-02 Position (m) Figure 4-5 External V-shaped crack at 483 kpa
10 5. Conclusions It is suggested here that FE modelling is a valid and useful method of simulating the ESPI fringe patterns on objects such as pressure vessels. The ease with which the crack geometry can be altered suggests that the method will provide significant savings in time and expense in the study of the relationship between crack geometry and fringe pattern. The next steps is to attempt to quantify a flaw by matching the computer generated fringe pattern with the one obtained from the real object. References Hulett, C, Penny, RK (1992), Interferometric patterns at discontinuities in pressurised cylindrical shells, Proc. 11 th Symposium on Finite Elements in South Africa. Jones, R, Wykes, C, (1983), Holographic and Speckle Interferometry, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Kaufmann, GH, Lopergolo, AM, Idelsohn, SR (1987), Evaluation of Finite Element calculations in a part-circular crack by coherent optical techniques, Experimental Mechanics, v27 p154-7, June 1987 Kumar, V, German, MD, Schumacher, BI, (1985), Analysis of Elastic Surface Cracks Using the Line Spring Model and Shell Finite Element Method, Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology, Trans. ASME, v107 p403-11, November 1985 Parks, DM, White, CS, (1982), Elastic-Plastic Line-Spring Finite Elements for Surface Cracked Plates and Shells, J. Pressure Vessel Technology, Trans. ASME, v104 p287-92, November 1982 Ratnam, MM, Evans, WT, (1993), Comparison of Measurement of Piston Deformation Using Holographic Interferometry and Finite Elements, Experimental Mechanics, v33 p336-42, December 1993 Rice, JR, Levy, N, The Part-through Surface Crack in an Elastic Plate, J. Of Applied Mechanics, Trans. ASME, p185-94, March 1972
A Comparison of Results Obtained from Alternative Digital Shearography and ESPI Inspection Methods
A Comparison of Results Obtained from Alternative Digital Shearography and ESPI Inspection Methods Dirk Findeis and Jasson Gryzagoridis Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Cape Town, Private
More informationApplication of ESPI-Method for Strain Analysis in Thin Wall Cylinders
Dublin Institute of Technology ARROW@DIT Articles Centre for Industrial and Engineering Optics 2004-01-01 Application of ESPI-Method for Strain Analysis in Thin Wall Cylinders David Kennedy Dublin Institute
More informationDraft SPOTS Standard Part III (7)
SPOTS Good Practice Guide to Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry for Displacement / Strain Analysis Draft SPOTS Standard Part III (7) CALIBRATION AND ASSESSMENT OF OPTICAL STRAIN MEASUREMENTS Good
More informationPhase Stepping Shearography and Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry
Phase Stepping Shearography and Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry D Findeis, J Gryzagoridis, M Matlali Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7700, South Africa
More informationd has a relationship with ψ
Principle of X-Ray Stress Analysis Metallic materials consist of innumerable crystal grains. Each grain usually faces in a random direction. When stress is applied on such materials, the interatomic distance
More informationFull-field optical methods for mechanical engineering: essential concepts to find one way
Full-field optical methods for mechanical engineering: essential concepts to find one way Yves Surrel Techlab September 2004 1 Contents 1 Introduction 3 2 White light methods 4 2.1 Random encoding............................................
More informationAuburn Hills, MI, USA, 2 Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA
APPLICATIONS OF FULL FIELD OPTICAL METHOD FOR MEASURING STRAIN CONCENTRATION L. Zhang 1,, C. Du 1, Y.J. Zhou 1 and L.X. Yang 1 DaimlerChrysler Corporation, Advanced Stamping Manufacturing Engineering,
More informationSIMULATION AND VISUALIZATION IN THE EDUCATION OF COHERENT OPTICS
SIMULATION AND VISUALIZATION IN THE EDUCATION OF COHERENT OPTICS J. KORNIS, P. PACHER Department of Physics Technical University of Budapest H-1111 Budafoki út 8., Hungary e-mail: kornis@phy.bme.hu, pacher@phy.bme.hu
More informationInspection of Laser Generated Lamb Waves using Shearographic Interferometry
1st International Symposium on Laser Ultrasonics: Science, Technology and Applications July 16-18 28, Montreal, Canada Inspection of Laser Generated Lamb Waves using Shearographic Interferometry Oliver
More informationQUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF A CLASS OF SUBSURFACE CRACKS USING
QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF A CLASS OF SUBSURFACE CRACKS USING SHEAROGRAPHY AND FINITE ELEMENT MODELING Leland D. Melvin and Brooks A. Childers NASA Langley Research Center Hampton, Virginia 23681 James P.
More informationDigital Shearographic Non-destructive Testing Laboratory
Digital Shearographic Non-destructive Testing Laboratory Digital Shearography is a laser technique which directly measures strain data in real time. Digital Shearography is insensitive to environmental
More information3D Finite Element Software for Cracks. Version 3.2. Benchmarks and Validation
3D Finite Element Software for Cracks Version 3.2 Benchmarks and Validation October 217 1965 57 th Court North, Suite 1 Boulder, CO 831 Main: (33) 415-1475 www.questintegrity.com http://www.questintegrity.com/software-products/feacrack
More informationChapter 37. Wave Optics
Chapter 37 Wave Optics Wave Optics Wave optics is a study concerned with phenomena that cannot be adequately explained by geometric (ray) optics. Sometimes called physical optics These phenomena include:
More informationPhase unwrapping applied to portable digital shearography
IV Conferencia Panamericana de END Buenos Aires Octubre 2007 Phase unwrapping applied to portable digital shearography Dirk Findeis, Jasson Gryzagoridis, Emlind Asur Department of Mechanical Engineering
More informationApplications of Piezo Actuators for Space Instrument Optical Alignment
Year 4 University of Birmingham Presentation Applications of Piezo Actuators for Space Instrument Optical Alignment Michelle Louise Antonik 520689 Supervisor: Prof. B. Swinyard Outline of Presentation
More informationFull surface strain measurement using shearography
Full surface strain measurement using shearography Roger M. Groves, Stephen W. James * and Ralph P. Tatam Centre for Photonics and Optical Engineering, School of Engineering, Cranfield University ABSTRACT
More informationDYNAMIC ELECTRONIC SPECKLE PATTERN INTERFEROMETRY IN APPLICATION TO MEASURE OUT-OF-PLANE DISPLACEMENT
Engineering MECHANICS, Vol. 14, 2007, No. 1/2, p. 37 44 37 DYNAMIC ELECTRONIC SPECKLE PATTERN INTERFEROMETRY IN APPLICATION TO MEASURE OUT-OF-PLANE DISPLACEMENT Pavla Dvořáková, Vlastimil Bajgar, Jan Trnka*
More informationASME Verification and Validation Symposium May 13-15, 2015 Las Vegas, Nevada. Phillip E. Prueter, P.E.
VVS2015-8015: Comparing Closed-Form Solutions to Computational Methods for Predicting and Validating Stresses at Nozzle-to-Shell Junctions on Pressure Vessels Subjected to Piping Loads ASME Verification
More informationChapter 37. Interference of Light Waves
Chapter 37 Interference of Light Waves Wave Optics Wave optics is a study concerned with phenomena that cannot be adequately explained by geometric (ray) optics These phenomena include: Interference Diffraction
More informationRed-Green-Blue wavelength interferometry and TV holography for surface metrology
J Opt (October-December 2011) 40(4):176 183 DOI 10.1007/s12596-011-0051-z RESEARCH ARTICLE Red-Green-Blue wavelength interferometry and TV holography for surface metrology U. Paul Kumar & N. Krishna Mohan
More informationThe Feasibility of Optical Interference-based NDE Methods to Inspect Helicopter Rotor Blades
The Feasibility of Optical Interference-based NDE Methods to Inspect Helicopter Rotor Blades Dirk Findeis, Jasson Gryzagoridis Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Univ. of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch,
More informationApplications of Temporal Phase Shift Shearography
Chapter 5 Applications of Temporal Phase Shift Shearography The main applications of temporal phase shift shearography are in NDT and strain measurement. 5.1. Temporal Phase Shift Shearography for NDT
More informationCHAPTER 4. Numerical Models. descriptions of the boundary conditions, element types, validation, and the force
CHAPTER 4 Numerical Models This chapter presents the development of numerical models for sandwich beams/plates subjected to four-point bending and the hydromat test system. Detailed descriptions of the
More informationPHY 222 Lab 11 Interference and Diffraction Patterns Investigating interference and diffraction of light waves
PHY 222 Lab 11 Interference and Diffraction Patterns Investigating interference and diffraction of light waves Print Your Name Print Your Partners' Names Instructions April 17, 2015 Before lab, read the
More informationTHERMAL STRAIN MEASUREMENTS IN GRAPHITE USING ELECTRONIC SPECKLE PATTERN INTERFEROMETRY
THERMAL STRAIN MEASUREMENTS IN GRAPHITE USING ELECTRONIC SPECKLE PATTERN INTERFEROMETRY S. TAMULEVICIUS, L. AUGULIS Department of Physics, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania R. AUGULIS
More informationNOVEL TEMPORAL FOURIER-TRANSFORM SPECKLE PATTERN SHEARING INTERFEROMETER
NOVEL TEMPORAL FOURIER-TRANSFORM SPECKLE PATTERN SHEARING INTERFEROMETER C. Joenathan*, B. Franze, P. Haible, and H. J. Tiziani Universitaet Stuttgart, Institut fuer Technische Optik, Pfaffenwaldring 9,
More informationMAE 323: Lab 7. Instructions. Pressure Vessel Alex Grishin MAE 323 Lab Instructions 1
Instructions MAE 323 Lab Instructions 1 Problem Definition Determine how different element types perform for modeling a cylindrical pressure vessel over a wide range of r/t ratios, and how the hoop stress
More informationspecular diffuse reflection.
Lesson 8 Light and Optics The Nature of Light Properties of Light: Reflection Refraction Interference Diffraction Polarization Dispersion and Prisms Total Internal Reflection Huygens s Principle The Nature
More informationComparative measurement of in plane strain by shearography and electronic speckle pattern interferometry
INVESTIGACIÓN Revista Mexicana de Física 57 (2011) 518 523 DICIEMBRE 2011 Comparative measurement of in plane strain by shearography and electronic speckle pattern interferometry A. Martínez a, J.A. Rayas
More informationMICHELSON S INTERFEROMETER
MICHELSON S INTERFEROMETER Objectives: 1. Alignment of Michelson s Interferometer using He-Ne laser to observe concentric circular fringes 2. Measurement of the wavelength of He-Ne Laser and Na lamp using
More informationINTERFERENCE. where, m = 0, 1, 2,... (1.2) otherwise, if it is half integral multiple of wavelength, the interference would be destructive.
1.1 INTERFERENCE When two (or more than two) waves of the same frequency travel almost in the same direction and have a phase difference that remains constant with time, the resultant intensity of light
More informationCalibration of a portable interferometer for fiber optic connector endface measurements
Calibration of a portable interferometer for fiber optic connector endface measurements E. Lindmark Ph.D Light Source Reference Mirror Beamsplitter Camera Calibrated parameters Interferometer Interferometer
More informationAP* Optics Free Response Questions
AP* Optics Free Response Questions 1978 Q5 MIRRORS An object 6 centimeters high is placed 30 centimeters from a concave mirror of focal length 10 centimeters as shown above. (a) On the diagram above, locate
More informationCHAPTER 6 ELASTO- PLASTIC STRAIN MEASUREMENTS USING MOIRE INTERFEROMETRIC TECHNIQUE
28 CHAPTER 6 ELASTO- PLASTIC STRAIN MEASUREMENTS USING MOIRE INTERFEROMETRIC TECHNIQUE 6.1 PRINCIPLES OF THE TECHNIQUE Moire interferometry is a modern and attractive optical technique for full field strain
More informationEric Lindmark, Ph.D.
Theory and Practical Application Written by: Eric Lindmark, Ph.D. v061608 4611 Chatsworth Street Shoreview, Minnesota, 55126-5813, USA www.promet.net Introduction In theory, higher bit rate fiber optic
More informationChapter 24. Wave Optics
Chapter 24 Wave Optics Wave Optics The wave nature of light is needed to explain various phenomena Interference Diffraction Polarization The particle nature of light was the basis for ray (geometric) optics
More informationChapter 24. Wave Optics
Chapter 24 Wave Optics Wave Optics The wave nature of light is needed to explain various phenomena Interference Diffraction Polarization The particle nature of light was the basis for ray (geometric) optics
More informationSimilar Pulley Wheel Description J.E. Akin, Rice University
Similar Pulley Wheel Description J.E. Akin, Rice University The SolidWorks simulation tutorial on the analysis of an assembly suggested noting another type of boundary condition that is not illustrated
More informationTechnical Report Example (1) Chartered (CEng) Membership
Technical Report Example (1) Chartered (CEng) Membership A TECHNICAL REPORT IN SUPPORT OF APPLICATION FOR CHARTERED MEMBERSHIP OF IGEM DESIGN OF 600 (103 BAR) 820MM SELF SEALING REPAIR CLAMP AND VERIFICATION
More informationDiffraction at a single slit and double slit Measurement of the diameter of a hair
Diffraction at a single slit and double slit Measurement of the diameter of a hair AREEJ AL JARB Background... 3 Objects of the experiments 4 Principles Single slit... 4 Double slit.. 6 Setup. 7 Procedure
More informationNDT Detection and Quantification of Induced Defects on Composite Helicopter Rotor Blade and UAV Wing Sections
NDT Detection and Quantification of Induced Defects on Composite Helicopter Rotor Blade and UAV Wing Sections Dirk Findeis*, Jasson Gryzagoridis, Vincent Musonda Dept of Mechanical Engineering, University
More informationIntroduction to the Finite Element Method (3)
Introduction to the Finite Element Method (3) Petr Kabele Czech Technical University in Prague Faculty of Civil Engineering Czech Republic petr.kabele@fsv.cvut.cz people.fsv.cvut.cz/~pkabele 1 Outline
More informationA RADIAL WHITE LIGHT INTERFEROMETER FOR MEASUREMENT OF CYLINDRICAL GEOMETRIES
A RADIAL WHITE LIGHT INTERFEROMETER FOR MEASUREMENT OF CYLINDRICAL GEOMETRIES Andre R. Sousa 1 ; Armando Albertazzi 2 ; Alex Dal Pont 3 CEFET/SC Federal Center for Technological Education of Sta. Catarina
More informationMulti-component shearography using optical fibre imaging-bundles
Multi-component shearography using optical fibre imaging-bundles Roger M. Groves, Stephen W. James and Ralph P. Tatam * Optical Sensors Group, Centre for Photonics and Optical Engineering, School of Engineering,
More informationINFLUENCE OF CURVATURE ILLUMINATION WAVEFRONT IN QUANTITATIVE SHEAROGRAPHY NDT MEASUREMENT
1 th A-PCNDT 6 Asia-Pacific Conference on NDT, 5 th 1 th Nov 6, Auckland, New Zealand INFLUENCE OF CURVATURE ILLUMINATION WAVEFRONT IN QUANTITATIVE SHEAROGRAPHY NDT MEASUREMENT Wan Saffiey Wan Abdullah
More informationChapter 38. Diffraction Patterns and Polarization
Chapter 38 Diffraction Patterns and Polarization Diffraction Light of wavelength comparable to or larger than the width of a slit spreads out in all forward directions upon passing through the slit This
More informationDigital Image Correlation combined with Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometery for 3D Deformation Measurement in Small Samples
Digital Image Correlation combined with Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometery for 3D Deformation Measurement in Small Samples Phillip L. Reu * and Bruce D. Hansche Sandia National Laboratories, PO
More informationChapter 24. Wave Optics. Wave Optics. The wave nature of light is needed to explain various phenomena
Chapter 24 Wave Optics Wave Optics The wave nature of light is needed to explain various phenomena Interference Diffraction Polarization The particle nature of light was the basis for ray (geometric) optics
More informationLecture Wave Optics. Physics Help Q&A: tutor.leiacademy.org
Lecture 1202 Wave Optics Physics Help Q&A: tutor.leiacademy.org Total Internal Reflection A phenomenon called total internal reflectioncan occur when light is directed from a medium having a given index
More informationStress Analysis of thick wall bellows using Finite Element Method
Stress Analysis of thick wall bellows using Finite Element Method Digambar J. Pachpande Post Graduate Student Department of Mechanical Engineering V.J.T.I. Mumbai, India Prof. G. U. Tembhare Assistant
More informationPredicting the mechanical behaviour of large composite rocket motor cases
High Performance Structures and Materials III 73 Predicting the mechanical behaviour of large composite rocket motor cases N. Couroneau DGA/CAEPE, St Médard en Jalles, France Abstract A method to develop
More informationSingle Photon Interference
December 19, 2006 D. Lancia P. McCarthy Classical Interference Intensity Distribution Overview Quantum Mechanical Interference Probability Distribution Which Path? The Effects of Making a Measurement Wave-Particle
More informationEngineered Diffusers Intensity vs Irradiance
Engineered Diffusers Intensity vs Irradiance Engineered Diffusers are specified by their divergence angle and intensity profile. The divergence angle usually is given as the width of the intensity distribution
More informationOptics Vac Work MT 2008
Optics Vac Work MT 2008 1. Explain what is meant by the Fraunhofer condition for diffraction. [4] An aperture lies in the plane z = 0 and has amplitude transmission function T(y) independent of x. It is
More informationME Optimization of a Frame
ME 475 - Optimization of a Frame Analysis Problem Statement: The following problem will be analyzed using Abaqus. 4 7 7 5,000 N 5,000 N 0,000 N 6 6 4 3 5 5 4 4 3 3 Figure. Full frame geometry and loading
More informationLecture 39. Chapter 37 Diffraction
Lecture 39 Chapter 37 Diffraction Interference Review Combining waves from small number of coherent sources double-slit experiment with slit width much smaller than wavelength of the light Diffraction
More informationMechancial Characterization of Unplasticised Polyvinylchloride Thick Pipes Using Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry
Dublin Institute of Technology ARROW@DIT Articles Centre for Industrial and Engineering Optics 004-01-01 Mechancial Characterization of Unplasticised Polyvinylchloride Thick Pipes Using Electronic Speckle
More informationExperiment 8 Wave Optics
Physics 263 Experiment 8 Wave Optics In this laboratory, we will perform two experiments on wave optics. 1 Double Slit Interference In two-slit interference, light falls on an opaque screen with two closely
More information7.3 Refractive Index Profiling of Fibers and Fusion Splices
7.3 Refractive Index Profiling of Fibers and Fusion Splices 199 necessary for measuring the reflectance of optical fiber fusion splices. Fig. 7.10 schematically depicts an OFDR containing a Michelson interferometer
More informationChapter 24. Wave Optics
Chapter 24 Wave Optics hitt1 An upright object is located a distance from a convex mirror that is less than the mirror's focal length. The image formed by the mirror is (1) virtual, upright, and larger
More informationA Computational Study of Local Stress Intensity Factor Solutions for Kinked Cracks Near Spot Welds in Lap- Shear Specimens
A Computational Study of Local Stress ntensity Factor Solutions for Kinked Cracks Near Spot Welds in Lap- Shear Specimens D.-A. Wang a and J. Pan b* a Mechanical & Automation Engineering, Da-Yeh University,
More information1 Radial Speckle Interferometry and Applications
j1 1 Radial Speckle Interferometry and Applications Armando Albertazzi Gonçalves Jr. and Matías R. Viotti 1.1 Introduction The invention of laser in the 1960s led to the development of sources of light
More informationDiffraction and Interference
Diffraction and Interference Kyle Weigand, Mark Hillstrom Abstract: We measure the patterns produced by a CW laser near 650 nm passing through one and two slit apertures with a detector mounted on a linear
More informationDevelopment of finite element analysis system for membrane and shell structures by using 3D-optic system
trend in CSM 01 1 Development of finite element analysis system for membrane and shell structures by using 3D-optic system H. Matsuda, T.Sakiyama and C.Morita (Nagasaki Univ. ) M. Nakamura (Nippon Kohken
More informationStatic and dynamic simulations for automotive interiors components using ABAQUS
Static and dynamic simulations for automotive interiors components using ABAQUS Mauro Olivero, Vincenzo Puleo, Massimo Barbi, Fabrizio Urbinati, Benedetta Peyron Fiat Research Centre Giancarlo Luciani,
More informationUsing three-dimensional CURVIC contact models to predict stress concentration effects in an axisymmetric model
Boundary Elements XXVII 245 Using three-dimensional CURVIC contact models to predict stress concentration effects in an axisymmetric model J. J. Rencis & S. R. Pisani Department of Mechanical Engineering,
More informationCOMPUTATIONAL AND EXPERIMENTAL INTERFEROMETRIC ANALYSIS OF A CONE-CYLINDER-FLARE BODY. Abstract. I. Introduction
COMPUTATIONAL AND EXPERIMENTAL INTERFEROMETRIC ANALYSIS OF A CONE-CYLINDER-FLARE BODY John R. Cipolla 709 West Homeway Loop, Citrus Springs FL 34434 Abstract A series of computational fluid dynamic (CFD)
More informationHOLE-DRILLING RESIDUAL STRESS MEASUREMENT IN AN INTERMEDIATE THICKNESS SPECIMEN
HOLE-DRILLING RESIDUAL STRESS MEASUREMENT IN AN INTERMEDIATE THICKNESS SPECIMEN by Colin Abraham B.Sc., University of Santa Clara, 2009 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR
More information3D Optics (including Photogrammetry)
To: USDOT/RITA research team members From: C. Brooks, D. Evans CC: P. Hannon Date: October 15 th, 2010 Number: 07 Re: Work plans progress to date The following summarizes the work plans associated with
More informationWave Propagation Correlations between Finite Element Simulations and Tests for Enhanced Structural Health Monitoring
6th European Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring - Tu.4.D.4 More info about this article: http://www.ndt.net/?id=14108 Wave Propagation Correlations between Finite Element Simulations and Tests for
More informationSingle Slit Diffraction
Name: Date: PC1142 Physics II Single Slit Diffraction 5 Laboratory Worksheet Part A: Qualitative Observation of Single Slit Diffraction Pattern L = a 2y 0.20 mm 0.02 mm Data Table 1 Question A-1: Describe
More informationSaurabh GUPTA and Prabhu RAJAGOPAL *
8 th International Symposium on NDT in Aerospace, November 3-5, 2016 More info about this article: http://www.ndt.net/?id=20609 Interaction of Fundamental Symmetric Lamb Mode with Delaminations in Composite
More informationUnit-22 Interference and Diffraction
Unit-22 Interference and iffraction Objective: In this experiment, we used single-slit, double-slit, circular hole and grating to measure the wavelength of laser. Apparatus: Optical track, diode laser,
More informationRay Optics. Lecture 23. Chapter 23. Physics II. Course website:
Lecture 23 Chapter 23 Physics II Ray Optics Course website: http://faculty.uml.edu/andriy_danylov/teaching/physicsii Let s finish talking about a diffraction grating Diffraction Grating Let s improve (more
More informationChapter 24. Wave Optics. Wave Optics. The wave nature of light is needed to explain various phenomena
Chapter 24 Wave Optics Wave Optics The wave nature of light is needed to explain various phenomena Interference Diffraction Polarization The particle nature of light was the basis for ray (geometric) optics
More informationCoherent Gradient Sensing Microscopy: Microinterferometric Technique. for Quantitative Cell Detection
Coherent Gradient Sensing Microscopy: Microinterferometric Technique for Quantitative Cell Detection Proceedings of the SEM Annual Conference June 7-10, 010 Indianapolis, Indiana USA 010 Society for Experimental
More informationWholefield Optical Metrology: Surface Displacement Measurement
Wholefield Optical Metrology: Surface Displacement Measurement C.R. Coggrave Phase Vision Ltd http://www.phasevision.com/ Introduction... Smooth wavefront interferometry...3 3 Holographic interferometry...5
More informationMixed Mode Fracture of Through Cracks In Nuclear Reactor Steam Generator Helical Coil Tube
Journal of Materials Science & Surface Engineering Vol. 3 (4), 2015, pp 298-302 Contents lists available at http://www.jmsse.org/ Journal of Materials Science & Surface Engineering Mixed Mode Fracture
More informationEN1740 Computer Aided Visualization and Design Spring /26/2012 Brian C. P. Burke
EN1740 Computer Aided Visualization and Design Spring 2012 4/26/2012 Brian C. P. Burke Last time: More motion analysis with Pro/E Tonight: Introduction to external analysis products ABAQUS External Analysis
More informationActivity 9.1 The Diffraction Grating
PHY385H1F Introductory Optics Practicals Day 9 Diffraction November 29, 2010 Please work in a team of 3 or 4 students. All members should find a way to contribute. Two members have a particular role, and
More informationCase Study- Importing As-Molded Plastic Part Conditions into CAE tools
1 IEI Innova Engineering 1 Park Plaza Suite 980 Irvine, California 92614 Case Study- Importing As-Molded Plastic Part Conditions into CAE tools 2 CONTENTS CONTENTS... 2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY... 3 APPROACH...
More informationf. (5.3.1) So, the higher frequency means the lower wavelength. Visible part of light spectrum covers the range of wavelengths from
Lecture 5-3 Interference and Diffraction of EM Waves During our previous lectures we have been talking about electromagnetic (EM) waves. As we know, harmonic waves of any type represent periodic process
More informationThe sources must be coherent. This means they emit waves with a constant phase with respect to each other.
CH. 24 Wave Optics The sources must be coherent. This means they emit waves with a constant phase with respect to each other. The waves need to have identical wavelengths. Can t be coherent without this.
More information22.4. (a) (b) (c) (d)
mλl 22.2. Because ym = increasing λ and L increases the fringe spacing. Increasing d decreases the fringe d spacing. Submerging the experiment in water decreases λ and decreases the fringe spacing. So
More informationPhysics Midterm I
Phys121 - February 6, 2009 1 Physics 121 - Midterm I Last Name First Name Student Number Signature Tutorial T.A. (circle one): Ricky Chu Firuz Demir Maysam Emadi Alireza Jojjati Answer ALL 10 questions.
More informationLaser Technology Inc.
Laser Shearography Inspection of Helicopter Rotor Blades A helicopter is an aircraft that has a main lifting rotor. Main rotor blades come in a variety of configurations. They can be a hollow composite
More informationInterference. Electric fields from two different sources at a single location add together. The same is true for magnetic fields at a single location.
Interference Electric fields from two different sources at a single location add together. The same is true for magnetic fields at a single location. Thus, interacting electromagnetic waves also add together.
More informationChapter 82 Example and Supplementary Problems
Chapter 82 Example and Supplementary Problems Nature of Polarized Light: 1) A partially polarized beam is composed of 2.5W/m 2 of polarized and 4.0W/m 2 of unpolarized light. Determine the degree of polarization
More informationCOMPUTER AIDED ENGINEERING. Part-1
COMPUTER AIDED ENGINEERING Course no. 7962 Finite Element Modelling and Simulation Finite Element Modelling and Simulation Part-1 Modeling & Simulation System A system exists and operates in time and space.
More informationDAMAGE INSPECTION AND EVALUATION IN THE WHOLE VIEW FIELD USING LASER
DAMAGE INSPECTION AND EVALUATION IN THE WHOLE VIEW FIELD USING LASER A. Kato and T. A. Moe Department of Mechanical Engineering Chubu University Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan ABSTRACT In this study, we
More informationProbability of Detection Simulations for Ultrasonic Pulse-echo Testing
18th World Conference on Nondestructive Testing, 16-20 April 2012, Durban, South Africa Probability of Detection Simulations for Ultrasonic Pulse-echo Testing Jonne HAAPALAINEN, Esa LESKELÄ VTT Technical
More informationDiffraction and Interference of Plane Light Waves
1 Diffraction and Interference of Plane Light Waves Introduction In this experiment you will become familiar with diffraction patterns created when a beam of light scatters from objects placed in its path.
More informationCAUTION: NEVER LOOK DIRECTLY INTO THE LASER BEAM.
LABORATORY 12 PHYSICAL OPTICS I: INTERFERENCE AND DIFFRACTION Objectives To be able to explain demonstrate understanding of the dependence of a double slit interference pattern on slit width, slit separation
More informationRevised Sheet Metal Simulation, J.E. Akin, Rice University
Revised Sheet Metal Simulation, J.E. Akin, Rice University A SolidWorks simulation tutorial is just intended to illustrate where to find various icons that you would need in a real engineering analysis.
More informationPhysics 1CL WAVE OPTICS: INTERFERENCE AND DIFFRACTION Fall 2009
Introduction An important property of waves is interference. You are familiar with some simple examples of interference of sound waves. This interference effect produces positions having large amplitude
More informationREMOTE SENSING OF SURFACE STRUCTURES
REMOTE SENSING OF SURFACE STRUCTURES A.W. Koch, P. Evanschitzky and M. Jakobi Technische Universität München Institute for Measurement Systems and Sensor Technology D-8090 München, Germany Abstract: The
More informationCOMPUTER MODELING OF FLOW PATTERNS OBTAINED BY
COMPUTER MODELING OF FLOW PATTERNS OBTAINED BY SCHLIEREN AND SHADOW TECHNIQUES J.Blažek 1, P.Kříž 1, J.Olejníček 2, P.Špatenka 1 1 University of South Bohemia, Department of Physics, Jeronýmova 1, České
More informationGlobal to Local Model Interface for Deepwater Top Tension Risers
Global to Local Model Interface for Deepwater Top Tension Risers Mateusz Podskarbi Karan Kakar 2H Offshore Inc, Houston, TX Abstract The water depths from which oil and gas are being produced are reaching
More informationOptical Topography Measurement of Patterned Wafers
Optical Topography Measurement of Patterned Wafers Xavier Colonna de Lega and Peter de Groot Zygo Corporation, Laurel Brook Road, Middlefield CT 6455, USA xcolonna@zygo.com Abstract. We model the measurement
More informationInk Volume Displacement In An Impulse Printhead With Bilaminar Transducer
Ink Volume Displacement In An Impulse Printhead With Bilaminar Transducer Hue Le and Ron Burr Tektronix, Inc., Wilsonville, Oregon Qiming Zhang and Qichang Xu Pennsylvania State University, University
More information