Chapter 5 Proposed models for reconstituting/ adapting three stereoscopes

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1 Chapter 5 Propose moels for reconstituting/ aapting three stereoscopes

2 5. Propose moels for reconstituting/aapting three stereoscopes This chapter offers three contributions in the Stereoscopy area, which are escribe in the three following sections: Section 5.1 contains a escription of a metho to obtain stereo graphics using a two-monitor system an four mirrors. This metho is base on the ieas of the Cazes-type stereoscope. The result of this research is publishe in the 18th International Conference on Electronics, Communications an Computers CONIELECOMP, 008. (Aguilera, et al., 008) an Virtual Concept 006 (Aguilera, et al., 006). Section 5. escribes the construction of a virtual environment create using two parallel walls an two mirrors. This research is base on the ieas of the Wheatstone-type stereoscope. The result of this research is publishe in the Revista Iberoamericana e Computación. -Computación y Sistemas, (Mora, et al., 009). In Section 5.3 there is a metho to buil a boxe-type stereoscope. The result of this research is publishe in the journal CiBIyT of the Universia Autónoma e Tlaxcala (Mora, et al., 008-) In section 5.4 there is a chapter summary. 5.1 Cazes -type computer-base Stereoscope This section shows the esign an builing of a Cazes-type igital stereoscopic evice using a computer with two monitors an four mirrors. Let h, w, an be the height, with, an iagonal lengths of each monitor respectively. Two ientical monitors are use with an aspect ratio of 4:3, see Figure 5.1 w w h h 1) ) Figure 5.1. Two ientical monitors It has been emonstrate that a goo working eye-monitor istance for a Cazes-type stereoscope through the mirrors is roughly (Vali, 1966), that is, the same as the iagonal length of the screens. The first esign is for the left eye. For the right eye, a similar proceure is use. Therefore Figure 5. a represents the position for the left eye

3 Virtual Display w w w Mirror 1 b Mirror 1 w Mirror b c Mirror 1 w c a a Figure 5. 1)Eye position at from the monitor. ) Placement of a first mirror, efining a new eye position. 3) Placement of a secon mirror, efining the final eye position. 4) Location of a virtual monitor, as seen from the final eye position. Figure 5.. shows the placement of Mirror 1 at 45 0 ( 4 ) an at half of the eye-monitor istance from the monitor (that is, /), which efines point b to the right. Point b represents a new eye location, also at from the monitor through this mirror, but the image will be laterally inverte (this woul the basis for a Wheatstone-type stereoscope). Figure 5..3 shows the placement of Mirror at 45 0 ( 4 ) an at half of the monitor with from Mirror 1 to the right (that is, w/). This efines point c at w from Mirror, which represents the final position for the left eye. Figure 5..4 shows the position where the monitor will be seen from point c, as seen by the viewer, an labele as Virtual Display. Note that point c is a) at a istance from the monitor through both mirrors, b) at a istance w / to the right from the monitor center, in other wors, it is aligne at the right ege of the monitor. Figure 5.3 shows the Cazes-type stereoscope. screen screen w w Mirror 1 c Mirror 1 Mirror Figure 5.3 Cazes -type computer-base stereoscope The triangle forme by the screen with (w) an the position a allows computing the sizes of mirror 1 an mirror. See Figure 5.4, both mirrors are rotate the same egrees,

4 therefore, 1,, 1, an istance between them an position a. are the same values in both mirrors, the ifference is the 1 Mirror 1 1 Mirror 1 a Figure 5.4 Mirror_1 an Mirror_ a Mirror w The following equations calculate the size of both mirrors Mirror 1 an Mirror. Eq. 5.1 Eq. 5. Eq. 5.3 w a tan Eq. 5.4 Eq Eq. 5.6 Eq. 5.7 Eq. 5.8 sin( ) sin( ) m _1 with sin( ) sin( ) 3 m _ 1height m _ with Mirror m_ 1 1 m_1with height - 9 -

5 Eq. 5.9 Eq Eq Eq. 5.1 w sin( ) sin( ) m _ with sin( ) sin( ) 3 m _ height m _ 4 1 with Mirror m_ m_ with height Stereoscope structure As previously state, the set of mirrors for the right part of the stereoscope can be set up in an analogous, yet symmetrical way. Figure 5.5 shows two views of the full Cazes-type stereoscope set up. screens Left Display Right Display left eye right eye mirror Figure 5.5 A Cazes-type stereoscope. The system use is a Dell XPS computer with a 51 MB nviia GeForce 6800 vieo car, which inclues outputs to two monitors. Nevertheless, smaller computer systems can also be use 1. The following list elineates the actual sizes of the components use in this project. All of them are actually larger than neee for the given monitors size, as state in the previous section. However, bigger size components allowe us to more finely tune all istances an angles in a nice way, with no restriction at all. Table 5.1 Part listing of the Cazes-Type Stereoscope Part listing: Size Remarks Ientical 0 monitors (40 cm x 30 cm) with stan Large mirrors (44 cm x 35 cm) with stan Bicycle mirrors (1 cm x 6 cm) with clamp for hanlebars 1 Woo block (0 cm x 0 cm x cm) the stan base 1 For example, a laptop computer with an external monitor attache to it

6 1 Large wooen stick (50 cm x cm iameter) the stan column 1 Small wooen stick (15 cm x cm iameter) the stan arms Clamps (10 cm x 1 cm) to hol both sticks together Our monitors inclue a stan which is height ajustable; it also allows for ajustment of the horizontal an vertical viewing angles. This allowe for easier monitor orientation, but it is, of course, not an absolute necessity. Place both monitors next to each other forming no angle between them, as shown in Figure 5.6. Place both large mirrors in their position, see Figure 5.7. The mirrors nee to be kept in a vertical position. Each of the large mirrors has been attache to a stan which keeps it that way. For small mirrors bicycle mirrors were use, an a simple cross-like stan was constructe to allow for vertical ajustment. This stan is mae using the wooen parts an the clamps in the following way: 1) Take one of the two clamps an unravel it completely, then assemble it again chaine to the other clamp in an interlocking way, see Figure 5.6. Keep both clamps loose enough to insert an move both sticks freely until their final ajustment. ) Insert the small wooen stick horizontally into one of the clamps, half of its length, so that the clamp rests at the center of the stick. 3) Insert the large wooen stick vertically into the other clamp aroun half of its length too, however, its final position will be ajuste later. Figure 5.6 Interlocking clamps. 4) Drill a cm hole in the woo block center, then glue an insert one en of the large stick into this hole. 5) Mount both bicycle mirrors on both sies of the small wooen stick as if it were the hanlebars of a bicycle. These mirrors shoul be place close enough to touch each other s eges, forming a right angle. Place this mounting to put the small mirrors in their position, see Figure ) Start tightening up everything as you fine-tune the stereoscope. This fine-tuning process is explaine in the next section

7 Figure 5.7 : 1) Placement of the small mirrors. ) The Cazes-type igital stereoscope Fine-tuning the Stereoscope To use this stereoscope, the viewer shoul practically touch the small mirrors with his nose, so that each eye only looks through one mirror. Therefore, the vertical position of these mirrors shoul be ajuste along the large wooen stick using the corresponing clamp. Next, all mirrors shoul be oriente so that each eye sees its corresponing monitor in such a way that both monitors are perceive as one. In orer to accomplish this, it is very convenient to set the secon monitor to isplay the same image as the first one (clone monitor moe), so that both images will fuse as one. This can be one by right-clicking the esktop, selecting the properties item in the contextual menu, an clicking on the Settings tab, which brings the Display Properties winow, as shown in Figure 5.8. Select monitor by clicking on it (see the arrow in Figure 5.8.1), an uncheck the Exten my Winows esktop onto this monitor option (see the circle in Figure 5.8.1). Once all mirrors are correctly oriente, an each eye sees its corresponing monitor, be sure to check the Exten my Winows esktop onto this monitor option to set the ual monitor moe, see Figure ) Clone monitor moe. ) Dual monitor moe. Figure 5.8 The Display Properties winow

8 5.1.3 Software Implementation. Once the system an all mirrors are properly ajuste, have the left image of a stereo pair be isplaye on the whole screen of the left monitor, an the right image on the right monitor. There is an easy trick for oing this: maximize your winow to span both monitors, an let your software raw the left image of your stereo pair at the left half of the winow, an the right image at the right half, sie by sie. Thus each image will occupy one monitor exactly. This can be carrie out in eight steps, using OpenGL: 1) Clear the color an epth buffers. ) Define the (left) viewport as the left half of the winow. 3) Use glulookat() to set the camera at the left eye position. 4) Draw your OpenGL scene (without swapping or flushing buffers). 5) Define the (right) viewport as the right half of the winow. 6) Use glulookat() to set the camera at the right eye position. 7) Draw your OpenGL scene again. 8) Swap buffers. The following is a Pascal coe (using Delphi) which implements this. Note that proceure FormPaint is calle every time your winow nees to be rerawn. You can also call it every time your scene changes. Also, proceure FormResize is calle every time your winow is resize. This coe assumes some global variables, like ViewerFrom, ViewerAt, ViewerUp, an similar ones for the left an right eyes. Proceure CalcFromAtUp computes all the require vectors for the left an right eyes, in a way that the resulting lines of view for both eyes are parallel to the original From-At segment at a istance sep, an perpenicular to the Up irection. proceure TForm1.FormPaint(Sener: TObject); var w, h: Integer; // with an height viewports sep : Double; // (half of) amount of separation begin GetSeparation(sep); // user ajuste separation value CalcFromAtUp(sep, ViewerFrom, ViewerAt, ViewerUp, LeftEyeFrom, LeftEyeAt, LeftEyeUp, RightEyeFrom, RightEyeAt, RightEyeUp); glclear(gl_color_buffer_bit or gl_epth_buffer_bit); w := Form1.With iv ; // with for viewports h := Form1.Height; // height for viewports glviewport(0, 0, w, h); // set left viewport (Note 1) glloaientity; glulookat(lefteyefrom.x, LeftEyeFrom.y, LeftEyeFrom.z, LeftEyeAt.x, LeftEyeAt.y, LeftEyeAt.z, LeftEyeUp.x, LeftEyeUp.y, LeftEyeUp.z); DrawScene(); glviewport(w, 0, w, h); // set right viewport (Note ) glloaientity; glulookat(righteyefrom.x, RightEyeFrom.y, RightEyeFrom.z,

9 RightEyeAt.x, RightEyeAt.y, RightEyeAt.z, RightEyeUp.x, RightEyeUp.y, RightEyeUp.z); DrawScene(); SwapBuffers(FDC); en; proceure TForm1.FormResize(Sener: TObject); var aspect: Double; // aspect ratio begin glmatrixmoe(gl_projection); glloaientity; aspect := (Form1.With/)/ Form1.Height; gluperspective(45, aspect, near, far); glmatrixmoe(gl_moelview); glloaientity; FormPaint(Sener); en; Note that the call to glviewport() has been move from proceure FormResize an place twice into proceure FormPaint, since the scenario requires reefining the view port at the left an right positions every time the scene is upate. Also note that only one buffer swapping is performe after both halves are rawn, which prevents flickering Evaluating Cazes-type igital stereoscope A Cazes-type igital stereoscope built with two monitors an four mirrors was evaluate by a group of 0 stuents. Each user manipulate the stereoscope an watche four ynamic virtual worls an several stereoscopic photos. The trial uration for every user was 10 minutes. The topics evaluate were: Table 5. Topics for iscussion on evaluating the Cazes-type igital stereoscope System System-user interaction 3D images quality Stereoscope comfort 3D illusion on moving stereo scenes Ease in image fusion Environments with soli, wire an mixe (soli an wire) objects. Seasickness sensation

10 5.1.5 Results of the evaluation of the Cazes-type igital stereoscope The results of the evaluation are shown in Figure 5.9 an confirm that Cazes-type igital stereoscope shows high quality 3D images. Different virtual environments an photographs were evaluate, all users perceive epth. 95% of the users coul see epth in moving scenes, 100% of them perceive epth in soli object an 90% saw epth in wire objects. On evaluating the system-user interaction 95% of the users consiere comfortable the stereoscope. 90% of the users ha no ifficulty in fusing both images. 5% of the users ha seasickness sensation. Figure 5.9. Evaluation of Cazes-type igital stereoscope 5. Wheatstone-type computer-base Stereoscope This section shows the builing of a stereoscope, which is forme with two parallel walls. The builing of this stereoscope is base on the Wheatstone-type stereoscopic evice. Due to the incorporation of some characteristics, this stereoscope is consierate as a virtual environment. This section escribes the builing of stereoscopic environments in ifferent sizes, where each wall can be built with projection screens, TV screens, an/or computer-controller monitors connecte via network. Furthermore, in this section the incorporation of ifferent means to perform an unrestricte navigation in a 3D scene is propose, which can be controlle through several ifferent input evices incluing a keyboar, a tracker, an a remote control

11 5..1 Digital Stereoscope Design In section...1 it was mentione that Wheatstone built a stereoscope for seeing rawings mae on two paper cars. The iea in this section is the builing of a stereoscope using two monitors to see a virtual worl. The igital stereoscope uses the following equipment: 1) Two monitors (preferably ientical) ) Two flat mirrors, the mirrors structure escribe in section can be use. 3) A stereo environment generate by computer an/or stereo images such as photos, rawings, etc. In this section h, w, an also are the height, with, an iagonal lengths of each monitor, see Figure Generally, it is better to use two ientical monitors. When the monitors use are of ifferent sizes, it is necessary to take into consieration that the final image size on each monitor shoul be equal, that is, if one screen is larger, then some portion of it will be waste. It is possible to use the mirrors structure escribe in section or to buil a simple structure with two flat mirrors, which have to form an angle of 90 with each other an place vertically upon a horizontal boar, see Figure Figure ) A monitor with height h, with w an iagonal. ) Two fixe mirrors Section 5.1 mentione that a goo eye-monitor istance for a igital stereoscope through the mirrors is roughly (Vali, 1966). With this istance each eye shoul see roughly a whole screen, that is, neither more nor less. This implies that a goo istance in this stereoscope is twice. Figure 5.11 thick lines representing the monitors, the otte lines as mirrors, the horizontal lines inicating to us the istance between the mirrors an the screens an finally, the arrows inicating the eyes position

12 w Figure Wheatstone-type computer-base stereoscope The size of the Wheatstone-type computer base stereoscope using two monitors is: Eq Size W _ S w Figure 5.1 shows a stereoscope built with two laptops interconnecte via network, the monitors are of ifferent sizes, but both images are the same size. The laptops are set one in front the other an the mirror frame is in the mile of them. The viewer eyes shoul be set in front of the mirrors. The virtual environment is isplaye on both monitors an it is possible to navigate it. A remote control is propose to manipulate the worl movements when two laptops are use an a keyboar when the stereoscope is built with two PCs. Figure 5.1 Wheatstone-type igital stereoscope built with two monitors 5.. Virtual Environment Design It was alreay mentione in chapter. that the Wheatstone-type stereoscope allows us to work with big graphics. This facilitates the builing of a large stereoscope for creating a new type of environment. This environment allows us to see 3D images without any color loss, flickering or ghosting an using equipment of a mi-range cost. When builing the environment, it is important to consier the following: a) The walls of this environment can be built with monitors, projection screens or flat TVs. In this work, the wor screens will refer to any of these computer-controlle evices. The screens size coul be ifferent, but the walls size has to be similar. In Figure 5.13 the left wall is forme with four screens, which together are as large as the right wall. b) The number of screens on each wall epens on the virtual environment size. c) The viewer shoul see both images all the time, to avoi losing the 3D illusion

13 ) Every screen shoul be riven by a computer. Therefore, to rive all screens in the environment, a cluster of computers is neee. e) The left an right screens shoul isplay a stereoscopic worl, which has the characteristic of being slightly ifferent. f) Two mirrors have to be set on a large support, which coul be approximately of 1.80cm. The mirrors shoul be ajuste to the viewer height, see section Figure 5.13 shows the environment on four flat TVs an a projection screen. A careful proceure must be followe in orer to achieve a similar brightness level on both walls. Figure Wheatstone-Mora environment built with four plane screens an a projection screen 5..3 Wheatstone stereoscope using projectors Figure 5.14 shows the Wheatstone-type stereoscope built with two projectors. The mirrors (m 1 an m ) an projectors technique is use, see section with Mirror w w Mirror long Figure 5.14Wheatstone stereoscope using two projectors Using Eq an Eq. 5.15, it is possible to etermine the require space in a Wheatstone-type igital stereoscope. w Eq with cos (w ) W _ S

14 Eq long ( m sin( )) W _ S Eq size W _ S with W _ S long W _ S Where istance an can be changeable Interacting in the Stereoscopic Environment Figure 5.15 represents the interaction between a viewer an the stereoscopic environment. The black point is the viewer, who has two small mirrors; the thick lines represent two projections. To have a correct visualization, the viewer shoul see both walls at the same time an the small mirrors have to remain at the same istance of both walls. The left wall isplays the left stereo image, while the right wall isplays the right stereo image. Therefore, the viewer can walk forwars or backwars, epening on the walls size, but he shoul not move away from the mile imaginary line of the room, see Figure If he oes move away, the mirror woul reflect one wall smaller than the other one. In orer to see the worl with the movements allowe, two mobile viewports are suggeste, which shoul move in the same viewer irection an just when the viewer walks a few steps forwars or backwars. Figure shows an incorrect viewer movement; in this example the 3D effect is lost. Mirror Mirror Wall 1 Wall 1 Projector Projector viewer Projector Projector Wall Wall Mirror Mirror 1 Figure 5.15 Viewer interacting in the parallel worl. A) Correct movement. B) Incorrect movement Due to the fact that viewer movements are restricte within this environment; an unrestricte virtual navigation is suggeste. This combination of physical/virtual movements provies a great sense of immersion to the user. The virtual navigation inclues forwar, backwar, upwar, ownwar, leftwar, an rightwar isplacements, as well as rotations. The virtual worl can be controlle through several ifferent input evices incluing a keyboar, a tracker, or a remote control

15 5..5 Evaluating Wheatstone-type igital stereoscope In orer to evaluate this environment, two stereoscopes of ifferent size have been evaluate by a group of 50 non-expert users. - The first stereoscope was built with two laptops, see Figure The secon stereoscope was create using two projectors. This stereoscope was built of 3mX.5m an =3.75m, the istance between the projections was 7.5m. The trials consiste of the following. Each user manipulate the systems an watche a set of stereoscopic photos, images, an ynamic environments, which were soli, wire (one with lines), an mixe (soli an wire). The static images were presente with slies; the ynamic environments were one with an unrestricte virtual navigation. The trial uration for every user was 0 minutes, 10 minutes for each stereoscope. The following input evices were use: -The first stereoscope was evaluate using a remote control an a keyboar. -The secon stereoscope was evaluate using a hea-tracker, a remote control an a keyboar. In the trials some topics were focuse on the environment an others were focuse on the environment-user interaction, see Table 5.3. Table 5.3 Topics for iscussion on evaluating the Wheatstone-type igital stereoscope System System-user interaction 3D images quality 3D illusion on moving stereo scenes. Environments with soli, wire an mixe (soli an wire) objects. Input evices use in the environment: a hea-tracker, a remote control an a keyboar Stereoscope comfort. Viewer movements allowe an not allowe. Ease in image fusion Immersion level Seasickness sensation These topics were chosen to etermine the feasibility of seeing ifferent moving an static images with comfort, immersion an ease. In aition, the input evices preference use in the environment was evaluate

16 5..6 Results The results of the evaluation are shown in Figure Figure Results After analyzing the chart, it is conclue that the viewers ha no ifficulty in fusing both images. This stereoscope allows real-size high-resolution images to be seen. The viewers ha a clear epth perception in an environment with both moving an static images. When the ifferent objects were teste, the soli an mixe (soli an wire) objects were seen without any problem. The perception of the 3D illusion was somewhat more ifficult in the wire objects. The remote control an the keyboar use prove to be more comfortable for the users than the tracker, ue to the restricte user mobility. Due as a result of restricte movement, the viewers lost the 3D effect when they move to the right or to the left uring the tests. The viewers coul move forwar an backwars without noticing any loss of the 3D effect. Therefore, this stereoscope is comfortable an prouces high-level immersion

17 5.3 Boxe-type Digital Stereoscope This section escribes the construction of a boxe-type igital stereoscope with accessible materials for many people. This stereoscope allows us to see small stereo graphics on a monitor. The boxe-type stereoscope hies the image that correspons to the opposite eye, using a central wall. This section escribes how to buil special lenses that allow for seeing a 3D worl on a monitor. These lenses can be assemble an isassemble to facilitate its transportation Builing the Boxe-type Digital Stereoscope The materials use for oing these lenses are carboar sheets an the moel shown in Figure 5.17, which is to a scale 1:4. Figure shows the assemble lenses an their final measurements. Figure shows our Boxe-type igital stereoscope. With this stereoscope 3D images can be seen, such as: photos, soli an wire objects an moving scenes. It can be use for oing tests in prototypes that employ stereo graphics. Figure 5.17 Pattern of the lenses, scale 1:4 6cm 1.5cm 16cm.5cm 10.5cm 18.5cm 1 Figure 5.18 Boxe-type stereoscope

18 5.3. Evaluating Boxe-type igital stereoscope A Boxe-type igital stereoscope built with a monitor was evaluate by a group of 0 stuents. Each user manipulate the stereoscope an watche ifferent virtual worls an stereoscopic photos. The trial uration for every user was 5 minutes. The topics evaluate were: Table 5.4 Topics for iscussion on evaluating boxe-type igital stereoscope System System-user interaction 3D images quality Stereoscope comfort 3D illusion on moving stereo scenes Ease in image fusion Environments with soli, wire an mixe (soli an wire) objects. Seasickness sensation Results of the evaluation of the Boxe-type igital stereoscope The results of the evaluation are shown in Figure % of the users coul see high quality 3D images. 95% of the users coul see epth in moving scenes, 95% of them perceive epth in soli an wire objects; 100% of user saw epth in mixe objects. On evaluating the system-user interaction 95% of the users consiere comfortable the stereoscope. Noboy ha ifficulty in fusing both images or ha seasickness sensation. Figure Evaluation of Boxe-type igital stereoscope

19 5.4 Summary This chapter escribe the aaptation of three igital stereoscopic evices. It is conclue that although the original stereoscopes are antique, it is possible to use them with very goo results. Some important observations about our igital stereoscopes are: Cazes-type computer-base stereoscope It can be built with four mirrors an two PCs, which shows a 3D worl. This implementation enjoys bright colorful stereo images, an requires no ark room or special environments This igital stereoscope was evaluate an the results show the users perceive high quality 3D images. 95% of the users coul see epth in moving scenes an 90 of them perceive epth in wire objects. On evaluating the system-user interaction 95% of the users consiere it comfortable. 90% of the users ha no ifficulty in fusing both images. 5% (a user) ha seasickness sensation. Wheatstone-type igital stereoscope It has been built in ifferent sizes using ifferent igital evices an two mirrors. The Wheatstone-type stereoscope was analyze an is use for builing a large stereoscope. This igital stereoscope is consiere as a new virtual environment ue to the characteristics that it has. The environment size can be as large as the walls themselves can be built. The virtual environment oes not have any color loss. The construction of the environment can be carrie out with the equipment that any institution normally has; this is a iactic metho. If the environment is small, the cost ecreases. The number of viewers epens on the environment size. But the viewers shoul not cover the projection wall from other viewers. For example, in our first evaluate stereoscope only one viewer can use it at a time, while in the secon one, two viewers can use it, although only one of them can manipulate it. The walls can be built with ifferent screen sizes, such as the one shown in Figure 5.13, but the walls have to be totally built for experiencing a goo visualization. This means walls without any holes. This implementation prouces high quality stereo images, which can be static or in movement. This technique oes not use any overlappe image on the same screen. Due to this, it oes not prouce any ghosting or flickering; the color epens on the projectors, monitors or evices use. The isavantages inclue restricte movements an loss of the 3D illusion when the viewer oes not see both images. This worl can be use in teaching, in stereoscopic museums, in vieogames for enjoying 3D worls an for people that enjoy creating stereoscopic imagery. This stereoscope was built in two sizes an was evaluate by 50 users. The results show that it allows seeing real-size high-resolution images without any problem. Different input evices were teste, the remote control an the keyboar prove to be more comfortable for the users than the tracker, ue to the restricte user mobility

20 Finally a boxe-type igital stereoscope is shown in this chapter. This stereoscope allows us to see a small 3D environment, which can be static or in movement in an easy way. It also prouces high quality images an without any color loss. This stereoscope is very accessible for most people. This stereoscope was evaluate by 0 users an the results of the evaluation show the users coul see high quality 3D images. 95% of the users coul see epth in moving scenes an soli objects. All users saw epth in mixe objects. In the system-user interaction 95% of the users consiere comfortable the stereoscope. Noboy ha ifficulty in fusing both images or ha seasickness sensation

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