Design of Surface Seismic Programs for CO2 Storage Monitoring. WesternGeco North America Geophysics Manager Houston
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1 Design of Surface Seismic Programs for CO2 Storage Monitoring Mark S. Egan WesternGeco North America Geophysics Manager Houston
2 Objectives Baseline seismic program Structure & stratigraphy of the storage tank & overburden Volume of the storage tank Is the storage tank is sealed? Barriers within the tank Repeat seismic programs Where is the CO2 going? Is it escaping? Objectives of the survey design Survey design required to meet the above objectives Permitting restrictions
3 Agenda Deliverables Image of the subsurface Rock properties (porosity, etc.) Geophysical issues Illumination Resolution Repeatability Signal-to-Noise ratio Survey design parameters 2D vs. 3D Shooting direction Narrow azimuth vs. wide azimuth Aperture Source-receiver distances Sampling
4 Imaging Seismic 35 Hz Ultrasound 3,500,000 Hz
5 The Seismic Method Arrival times Amplitudes seismic source geophone groups ρ, I p, I s ρ, I p, I s ρ, I p, I s
6 The Seismic Method 2 km 7 km km 6 km
7 The Seismic Method
8 The Seismic Method
9 The Seismic Method
10 The Seismic Method
11 The Seismic Method 2D survey
12 The Seismic Method
13 The Seismic Method
14 The Seismic Method
15 The Seismic Method
16 The Seismic Method
17 The Seismic Method
18 The Seismic Method 3D survey
19 Illumination
20 Illumination
21 Imaging analogy
22 Illumination problems from complex overburdens
23 Imaging analogy
24 Imaging analogy Shooting direction All azimuths needed? d
25 Illumination problems from complex overburdens Narrow azimuth 3D survey
26 Illumination problems from complex overburdens Wide azimuth 3D survey
27 Illumination problems from complex overburdens Wide azimuth 3D survey
28 Survey Design Ray tracing (Requires an earth model)
29 Survey Design Ray tracing (Requires an earth model)
30 Survey Design Ray tracing (Requires an earth model) Low Hit Count High
31 Illumination maps from a survey design study Dip Shooting Strike Shooting 45 Shooting (A top-salt boundary) Low Hit Count High In some surveys, a single shooting direction is not sufficient.
32 Illumination maps from another study (A base-salt boundary) Low 1-azimuth Hit Count All azimuths High
33 Illumination Data courtesy of BHP Billiton, Hess Corporation and Repsol YPF Narrow-azimuth 3D Wide-azimuth 3D
34 Illumination So we see that illumination requirements impact the width of the geophone spread and/or the number of source points seismic survey? what about the size of the survey? Aperture
35 Illumination seismic survey Aperture
36 Aperture 15,000-ft aperture 34,000-ft aperture
37 So we see that aperture decisions impact the size of the seismic survey what about the influence of aperture on resolution?
38 Lateral resolution
39 Lateral resolution
40 Lateral resolution 300 m 400 m 20 m
41 Lateral resolution 300 m 400 m 20 m
42 Lateral Resolution in Imaged Section Imaging aperture 300 m 20 m gap Imaging aperture 1000 m
43 Faults and Fracture Networks Acoustic Impedance Poisson s Ratio
44 Faults and Fracture Networks Acoustic impedance Poisson s Ratio
45 An example of monitoring from the North Sea Started production in 1997 Gas and water injection Seismic surveys in 1992, 2001, 2003, The 1992 survey used conventional technology Subsequent surveys used better repeatable technology
46 Comparison of the 2001 & 2003 seismic programs
47 Comparison of the 2001 & 2003 seismic programs Water injection OWC movement 2003 velocity pull-down 2003 Difference
48 Comparison of monitoring differences full DP difference final DP difference 4 years production 2 years production
49 An additional way to improve resolution - denser sampling
50 The Seismic Method seismic source geophone groups ρ, I p, I s ρ, I p, I s ρ, I p, I s
51 The Seismic Method with denser sampling seismic source geophone groups ρ, I p, I s ρ, I p, I s ρ, I p, I s
52 Example from Texas 0 Feet Q-Land single-sensor data (Decimated) ~3000 Horizontal slice ~1300 ft depth
53 Example from Kuwait Producer Injector Conventional data interpretation shows the fluids should flow freely Producer Injector Q-Land single-sensor data interpretation shows baffles impeding flow
54 The Seismic Method Arrival times Amplitudes seismic source geophone groups ρ, I p, I s ρ, I p, I s ρ, I p, I s
55 The Seismic Method Arrival times Amplitudes seismic source geophone groups ρ, I p, I s ρ, I p, I s ρ, I p, I s
56 The Seismic Method Arrival times Amplitudes seismic source geophone groups ρ, I p, I s Reservoir Properties Lithology Porosity Fluids Saturation ρ, I p, I s ρ, I p, I s
57 Reflection Amp Log Data Φ Porosity R = I p1 I p2 ΔI p 2 I pavg I P di I P P = ln ( I ) P
58 Reflection Amp Single-sensor survey Log Data Porosity Φ porosity I P 0% 32%
59 Summary Survey design parameters 2D vs. 3D Shooting direction Narrow azimuth vs. wide azimuth Aperture Source-receiver distances Sampling
60 Summary Survey design parameters 2D vs. 3D Shooting direction Narrow azimuth vs. wide azimuth Aperture Source-receiver distances Sampling
61 Summary Survey design parameters 2D vs. 3D Shooting direction Narrow azimuth vs. wide azimuth Aperture Source-receiver distances Sampling
62 Summary Survey design parameters 2D vs. 3D Shooting direction Narrow azimuth vs. wide azimuth Aperture Source-receiver distances Sampling
63 Summary Survey design parameters 2D vs. 3D Shooting direction Narrow azimuth vs. wide azimuth Aperture Source-receiver distances Sampling
64 Summary Survey design parameters 2D vs. 3D Shooting direction Narrow azimuth vs. wide azimuth Aperture Source-receiver distances Sampling
65 Summary Survey design parameters 2D vs. 3D Shooting direction Narrow azimuth vs. wide azimuth Aperture Source-receiver distances Sampling
66 Summary Survey design parameters 2D vs. 3D Shooting direction Narrow azimuth vs. wide azimuth Aperture Source-receiver distances Sampling
67 Summary Noise!!! Survey design parameters 2D vs. 3D Shooting direction Narrow azimuth vs. wide azimuth Aperture Source-receiver distances Sampling Modeled shot record
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