Optics. a- Before the beginning of the nineteenth century, light was considered to be a stream of particles.
|
|
- Randall Dickerson
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Optics 1- Light Nature: a- Before the beginning of the nineteenth century, light was considered to be a stream of particles. The particles were either emitted by the object being viewed or emanated from the eyes of the viewer. Newton was the chief architect of the particle theory of light. He believed the particles left the object and stimulated the sense of sight upon entering the eyes. b- Christian Huygens argued that light might be some sort of a wave motion. Thomas Young (in 1801) provided the first clear demonstration of the wave nature of light. He showed that light rays interfere with each other. Such behavior could not be explained by particles. c- In view of these developments, light must be regarded as having a dual nature. Light exhibits the characteristics of a wave in some situations and the characteristics of a particle in other situations. This chapter investigates the wave nature of light. λ = h/p Where λ is the wavelength, h is Planck s constant, and P is the momentum
2 2- The electromagnetic spectrum - The electromagnetic spectrum is a continuum of all electromagnetic waves arranged according to frequency and wavelength. - The sun, earth, and other bodies radiate electromagnetic energy of varying wavelengths. - Electromagnetic energy passes through space at the speed of light in the form of sinusoidal waves. 3- Measurements of the Speed of Light Fizeau s Method. This was the first successful method for measuring the speed of light by means of a purely terrestrial technique. It was developed in 1849 by Armand Fizeau. He used a rotating toothed wheel. The distance between the wheel (considered to be the source) and a mirror was known.
3 d is the distance between the wheel and the mirror. Δt is the time for one round trip. Then Fizeau found a value of c = 3.1 x 10 8 m/s. 4- Reflection of Light - A ray of light, the incident ray, travels in a medium. - When it encounters a boundary with a second medium, part of the incident ray is reflected back into the first medium. - This means it is directed backward into the first medium. - For light waves traveling in three-dimensional space, the reflected light can be in directions different from the direction of the incident rays.
4 - There are two types of reflection: a- Specular reflection is reflection from a smooth surface. The reflected rays are parallel to each other. All reflection in this text is assumed to be specular. b- Diffuse reflection is reflection from a rough surface. The reflected rays travel in a variety of directions. A surface behaves as a smooth surface as long as the surface variations are much smaller than the wavelength of the light. Law of Reflection - The normal is a line perpendicular to the surface. - It is at the point where the incident ray strikes the surface. - The incident ray makes an angle of θ 1 with the normal. - The reflected ray makes an angle of θ 1 with the normal. - The angle of reflection is equal to the angle of incidence. - θ 1 = θ 1 - This relationship is called the Law of Reflection.
5 - The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal are all in the same plane. - Because this situation happens often, an analysis model, wave under reflection, is identified. - Notation note: - The subscript 1 refers to parameters for the light in the first medium. - If light travels in another medium, the subscript 2 will be associated with the new medium. - - Ex: In the following Figure, find the angle of reflection at the surface M 2.
6 5- Refraction of Light - When a ray of light traveling through a transparent medium encounters a boundary leading into another transparent medium, part of the energy is reflected and part enters the second medium. - The ray that enters the second medium changes its direction of propagation at the boundary. - This bending of the ray is called refraction. - The incident ray, the reflected ray, the refracted ray, and the normal all lie on the same plane. - The angle of refraction depends upon the material and the angle of incidence. - v 1 is the speed of the light in the first medium and v 2 is its speed in the second medium. - The path of the light through the refracting surface is reversible. - For example, a ray travels from A to B. - If the ray originated at B, it would follow the line AB to reach point - A. sin sin θ θ v v Note: - Light may refract into a material where its speed is lower. - The angle of refraction is less than the angle of incidence. - The ray bends toward the -
7 normal. - Light may refract into a material where its speed is higher. - - The angle of refraction is greater than the angle of incidence. - The ray bends away from the normal Light in a Medium - The light enters from the left. - The light may encounter an electron. - The electron may absorb the light, oscillate, and reradiate the light. - The absorption and radiation cause the average speed of the light moving through the material to decrease. - The Index of Refraction: - The speed of light in any material is less than its speed in vacuum. - The index of refraction, n, of a medium can be defined as speed of light in a vacuum c n speed of light in a medium v For a vacuum, n = 1 We assume n = 1 for air also For other media, n > 1 n is a dimensionless number greater than unity. n is not necessarily an integer.
8 As light travels from one medium to another, its frequency does not change. Both the wave speed and the wavelength do change. The wavefronts do not pile up, nor are they created or destroyed at the boundary, so the frequency ƒ must stay the same. The frequency stays the same as the wave travels from one medium to the other. v = ƒλ ƒ 1 = ƒ 2 but v 1 v 2 so λ 1 λ 2 The ratio of the indices of refraction of the two media can be expressed as various ratios. c λ v n n λ v c n n The index of refraction is inversely proportional to the wave speed. As the wave speed decreases, the index of refraction increases. The higher the index of refraction, the more it slows downs the light wave speed.
9 The previous relationship can be simplified to compare wavelengths and indices: λ 1 n 1 = λ 2 n 2 In air, n 1 = 1 and the index of refraction of the material can be defined in terms of the wavelengths. λ λin vacuum n λn λin a medium - Snell s Law of Refraction: n 1 sin θ 1 = n 2 sin θ 2 θ 1 is the angle of incidence θ 2 is the angle of refraction The experimental discovery of this relationship is usually credited to Willebrord Snell and is therefore known as Snell s law of refraction.
10 Example: A beam of light traveling in air is incident on a slab of transparent material. The incident beam makes an angle of 40.0 with the normal, and the refracted beam makes an angle of 26.0 with the normal. Find the index of refraction of the material. Solution: Critical angle: The maximum possible angle of refraction is 90-degrees. If you think about it (a practice that always helps), you recognize that if the angle of refraction were greater than 90 degrees, then the refracted ray would lie on the incident side of the medium - that's just not possible. So in the case
11 of the laser beam in the water, there is some specific value for the angle of incidence (we'll call it the critical angle) that yields an angle of refraction of 90-degrees. - Total Internal Reflection: Total internal reflection (TIR) is the phenomenon that involves the reflection of all the incident light off the boundary. TIR only takes place when both of the following two conditions are met: the light is in the more dense medium and approaching the less dense medium. the angle of incidence is greater than the so-called critical angle. Total internal reflection will not take place unless the incident light is traveling within the more optically dense medium towards the less optically dense medium. TIR will happen for light traveling from water towards air, but it will not happen for light traveling from air towards water. TIR would happen for light traveling from water towards air, but it will not happen for light traveling from water (n=1.333) towards crown glass (n=1.52). TIR occurs because the angle of refraction reaches a 90-degree angle before the angle of incidence reaches a 90-degree angle. - Fiber Optics - An application of internal reflection - Plastic or glass rods are used to pipe light from one place to another. - Applications include:
12 Medical examination of internal organs Telecommunications Construction of an Optical Fiber: The transparent core is surrounded by cladding. The cladding has a lower n than the core. This allows the light in the core to experience total internal reflection. The combination is surrounded by the jacket.
13 Definition in mirrors and lenses 7- Mirrors and lenses Principal axis: The principal axis is a line passing through the center of the sphere and attaching to the mirror in the exact center of the mirror. Center of Curvature: The point in the center of sphere from which the mirror was sliced is known as the center of curvature C Vertex: The point on the mirror's surface where the principal axis meets the mirror is known as the vertex,a The vertex is the geometric center of the mirror. Focal Point: Midway between the vertex and the center of curvature is a point known as the focal point; F. Radius of Curvature:
14 The distance from the vertex to the center of curvature is known as the radius of curvature, R. The radius of curvature is the radius of the sphere from which the mirror was cut. Focal Length: the distance from the mirror to the focal point is known as the focal length f. the focal length would be one-half the radius of curvature. Sign (rules) conventions for Mirrors Object distance is + if the object is in front of the mirror (real object). Object distance is - if the object is in back of the mirror (virtual object). Image distance is + if the image is in front of the mirror (real image). Image distance is - if the image is in back of the mirror (virtual image). Both F and R are + if the center of curvature is in front of the mirror (concave mirror). Both F and R are - if the center of curvature is in back of the mirror (convex mirror).
15 - Forming images with a plan mirror - The image formed by a plane mirror has the following properties: - 1. The image is as far behind the mirror as the object is in front The image is unmagnified, virtual, and erect. - Images Formed by Spherical Mirrors a- Concave Mirrors - A spherical mirror, has the shape of a section of a sphere. - This type of mirror focuses incoming parallel rays to a point. - In a concave mirror the light is reflected from the inner. Concave Mirrors forms a real image
16 b- Images Formed by Convex Mirrors (diverging mirror ) - The light is reflected from the outer, convex surface. - The image formed by convex mirror for a real object is virtual and upright and smaller than the object. - This type of mirror is often used in stores to foil shoplifters. - A single mirror can be used to survey a large field of view because it forms a smaller image of the interior of the store. - Ray tracing: - A- Ray tracing for concave mirror -
17 - Ray 1 is drawn from the top of the object parallel to the principal axis and is reflected through the focal point F. - Ray 2 is drawn from the top of the object through the focal point and is reflected parallel to the principal axis. - Ray 3 is drawn from the top of the object through the center of curvature C and is reflected back on itself. - B- Ray tracing for convex mirror - - Ray 1 is drawn parallel to the principal axis and is reflected away from the focal point F. - Ray 2 is drawn toward the focal point on the back side of the mirror and is reflected parallel to the principal axis. - Ray 3 is drawn toward the center of curvature C on the back side of the mirror and is reflected back on itself. - ============================================= - The mirror equation - Mirror equation in terms of radius of curvature
18 Mirror equation in terms of focal length The magnification of the image is Example: Assume that a certain concave spherical mirror has a focal length of 10.0 cm. Locate the image for an object distance of 5 cm and describe the image s characteristics. 1 f d i 1 do 1 d i d i d i = -10 cm di M 5 M = 2x Characteristics: VIRTUAL (opposite side) Enlarged Upright
19 8- Lenses - Sign Conventions for thin lenses: - - Object distance is + if the object is in front of the lens. - Object distance is - if the object is in back of the lens. - Image distance is + if the image is in back of the lens. - Image distance is - if the image is in front of the lens. - R1 and R2 are + if the center of curvature for each surface is in back of the lens. - R1 and R2 are - if the center of curvature for each surface is in front of the lens. - f is + for a converging lens. - f is - for a diverging lens. - Types of Lenses:
20 - Ray diagrams for thin lenses - A: Bi-convex lens. The first ray is drawn parallel to the principle axis. After being refracted by the lens, this ray passes through one of the focal points. The second ray is drawn through the center of the lens. This ray continuous in straight line. The third ray is drawn through the focal point, F, and emerges from the lens parallel to the principle axis. The image is real and inverted. -=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= B- Bi-Concave lens: The object is outside the front focal point of a diverging lens the image is virtual and erect.
21 Thin-lens equation: - The lens maker s equation: 1 f 1 ( n 1) R 1 1 R 2 Example: Find the focal length of a plano-convex lens, the radius of the curved surface being 10 cm, n= 1.5). [Ans: f=20 cm] The power of a lens is the measure of its ability to produce convergence of a parallel beam of light. The unit of power of a lens is measured is called a diopter (D). A convex lens of focal length 1 m has a power = + 1 diopter A convex lens of focal length 2 m has a power = diopter.
22 - law of refraction through lenses - A convex lens produces a real or virtual image depending on the location of the object. - Concave lens always produces virtual images of real objects.
23 First principal focal length f 1 = Second principal focal length, f 2 = =-=-=-=-=-=-==-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- =-=-=-=-=-=
Chapter 35. The Nature of Light and the Laws of Geometric Optics
Chapter 35 The Nature of Light and the Laws of Geometric Optics Introduction to Light Light is basic to almost all life on Earth. Light is a form of electromagnetic radiation. Light represents energy transfer
More informationIntroduction to Light
Introduction to Light Light is basic to almost all life on Earth. Light is a form of electromagnetic radiation. Light represents energy transfer from the source to the observer. Images in mirrors Reflection
More informationChapter 33. The Nature of Light and Propagation of Light (lecture 1) Dr. Armen Kocharian
Chapter 33 The Nature of Light and Propagation of Light (lecture 1) Dr. Armen Kocharian The Nature of Light Before the beginning of the nineteenth century, light was considered to be a stream of particles
More informationHW Chapter 20 Q 2,3,4,5,6,10,13 P 1,2,3. Chapter 20. Classic and Modern Optics. Dr. Armen Kocharian
HW Chapter 20 Q 2,3,4,5,6,10,13 P 1,2,3 Chapter 20 Classic and Modern Optics Dr. Armen Kocharian Electromagnetic waves and matter: A Brief History of Light 1000 AD It was proposed that light consisted
More informationChapter 22. Reflection and Refraction of Light
Chapter 22 Reflection and Refraction of Light Nature of Light Light has a dual nature. Particle Wave Wave characteristics will be discussed in this chapter. Reflection Refraction These characteristics
More informationOptics II. Reflection and Mirrors
Optics II Reflection and Mirrors Geometric Optics Using a Ray Approximation Light travels in a straight-line path in a homogeneous medium until it encounters a boundary between two different media The
More informationChapter 24. Geometric optics. Assignment No. 11, due April 27th before class: Problems 24.4, 24.11, 24.13, 24.15, 24.24
Chapter 24 Geometric optics Assignment No. 11, due April 27th before class: Problems 24.4, 24.11, 24.13, 24.15, 24.24 A Brief History of Light 1000 AD It was proposed that light consisted of tiny particles
More informationChapter 26 Geometrical Optics
Chapter 26 Geometrical Optics 26.1 The Reflection of Light 26.2 Forming Images With a Plane Mirror 26.3 Spherical Mirrors 26.4 Ray Tracing and the Mirror Equation 26.5 The Refraction of Light 26.6 Ray
More informationAlgebra Based Physics
Slide 1 / 66 Slide 2 / 66 Algebra Based Physics Geometric Optics 2015-12-01 www.njctl.org Table of ontents Slide 3 / 66 lick on the topic to go to that section Reflection Spherical Mirror Refraction and
More informationLight: Geometric Optics
Light: Geometric Optics The Ray Model of Light Light very often travels in straight lines. We represent light using rays, which are straight lines emanating from an object. This is an idealization, but
More informationLight: Geometric Optics
Light: Geometric Optics 23.1 The Ray Model of Light Light very often travels in straight lines. We represent light using rays, which are straight lines emanating from an object. This is an idealization,
More informationChapter 7: Geometrical Optics. The branch of physics which studies the properties of light using the ray model of light.
Chapter 7: Geometrical Optics The branch of physics which studies the properties of light using the ray model of light. Overview Geometrical Optics Spherical Mirror Refraction Thin Lens f u v r and f 2
More informationLight: Geometric Optics (Chapter 23)
Light: Geometric Optics (Chapter 23) Units of Chapter 23 The Ray Model of Light Reflection; Image Formed by a Plane Mirror Formation of Images by Spherical Index of Refraction Refraction: Snell s Law 1
More informationLIGHT. Speed of light Law of Reflection Refraction Snell s Law Mirrors Lenses
LIGHT Speed of light Law of Reflection Refraction Snell s Law Mirrors Lenses Light = Electromagnetic Wave Requires No Medium to Travel Oscillating Electric and Magnetic Field Travel at the speed of light
More informationReflection & Mirrors
Reflection & Mirrors Geometric Optics Using a Ray Approximation Light travels in a straight-line path in a homogeneous medium until it encounters a boundary between two different media A ray of light is
More informationLight & Optical Systems Reflection & Refraction. Notes
Light & Optical Systems Reflection & Refraction Notes What is light? Light is electromagnetic radiation Ultra-violet + visible + infra-red Behavior of Light Light behaves in 2 ways particles (photons)
More informationChapter 26 Geometrical Optics
Chapter 26 Geometrical Optics 1 Overview of Chapter 26 The Reflection of Light Forming Images with a Plane Mirror Spherical Mirrors Ray Tracing and the Mirror Equation The Refraction of Light Ray Tracing
More informationRefraction of Light. This bending of the ray is called refraction
Refraction & Lenses Refraction of Light When a ray of light traveling through a transparent medium encounters a boundary leading into another transparent medium, part of the ray is reflected and part of
More informationChapter 35. The Nature of Light and the Laws of Geometric Optics
Chapter 35 The Nature of Light and the Laws of Geometric Optics Introduction to Light Light is basic to almost all life on Earth. Light is a form of electromagnetic radiation. Light represents energy transfer
More informationChapter 26 Geometrical Optics
Chapter 26 Geometrical Optics The Reflection of Light: Mirrors: Mirrors produce images because the light that strikes them is reflected, rather than absorbed. Reflected light does much more than produce
More informationPhysics 1202: Lecture 17 Today s Agenda
Physics 1202: Lecture 17 Today s Agenda Announcements: Team problems today Team 10, 11 & 12: this Thursday Homework #8: due Friday Midterm 2: Tuesday April 10 Office hours if needed (M-2:30-3:30 or TH
More informationLecture Notes (Reflection & Mirrors)
Lecture Notes (Reflection & Mirrors) Intro: - plane mirrors are flat, smooth surfaces from which light is reflected by regular reflection - light rays are reflected with equal angles of incidence and reflection
More informationNicholas J. Giordano. Chapter 24. Geometrical Optics. Marilyn Akins, PhD Broome Community College
Nicholas J. Giordano www.cengage.com/physics/giordano Chapter 24 Geometrical Optics Marilyn Akins, PhD Broome Community College Optics The study of light is called optics Some highlights in the history
More informationLecture Ray Model of Light. Physics Help Q&A: tutor.leiacademy.org
Lecture 1201 Ray Model of Light Physics Help Q&A: tutor.leiacademy.org Reflection of Light A ray of light, the incident ray, travels in a medium. When it encounters a boundary with a second medium, part
More informationRay Optics. Physics 11. Sources of Light Rays: Self-Luminous Objects. The Ray Model of Light
Physics 11 Ray Optics Ray Model of Light Reflection Plane Mirrors Spherical Mirrors Ray Tracing Images from a Concave Mirror Images from a Convex Mirror Slide 18-3 The Ray Model of Light Sources of Light
More informationPHYSICS. Chapter 34 Lecture FOR SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS A STRATEGIC APPROACH 4/E RANDALL D. KNIGHT
PHYSICS FOR SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS A STRATEGIC APPROACH 4/E Chapter 34 Lecture RANDALL D. KNIGHT Chapter 34 Ray Optics IN THIS CHAPTER, you will learn about and apply the ray model of light Slide 34-2
More informationChapter 32 Light: Reflection and Refraction. Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 32 Light: Reflection and Refraction Units of Chapter 32 The Ray Model of Light Reflection; Image Formation by a Plane Mirror Formation of Images by Spherical Mirrors Index of Refraction Refraction:
More informationAP Physics: Curved Mirrors and Lenses
The Ray Model of Light Light often travels in straight lines. We represent light using rays, which are straight lines emanating from an object. This is an idealization, but is very useful for geometric
More informationPHYS 219 General Physics: Electricity, Light and Modern Physics
PHYS 219 General Physics: Electricity, Light and Modern Physics Exam 2 is scheduled on Tuesday, March 26 @ 8 10 PM In Physics 114 It will cover four Chapters 21, 22, 23, and 24. Start reviewing lecture
More informationspecular diffuse reflection.
Lesson 8 Light and Optics The Nature of Light Properties of Light: Reflection Refraction Interference Diffraction Polarization Dispersion and Prisms Total Internal Reflection Huygens s Principle The Nature
More informationGeneral Physics (PHY 2130)
General Physics (PHY 2130) Lecture XIII Refraction of light Snell s law Dispersion and rainbow Mirrors and lens Plane mirrors Concave and convex mirrors Thin lenses http://www.physics.wayne.edu/~apetrov/phy2130/
More informationLecture Outline Chapter 26. Physics, 4 th Edition James S. Walker. Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Lecture Outline Chapter 26 Physics, 4 th Edition James S. Walker Chapter 26 Geometrical Optics Units of Chapter 26 The Reflection of Light Forming Images with a Plane Mirror Spherical Mirrors Ray Tracing
More informationThe Law of Reflection
If the surface off which the light is reflected is smooth, then the light undergoes specular reflection (parallel rays will all be reflected in the same directions). If, on the other hand, the surface
More informationChapter 23. Geometrical Optics (lecture 1: mirrors) Dr. Armen Kocharian
Chapter 23 Geometrical Optics (lecture 1: mirrors) Dr. Armen Kocharian Reflection and Refraction at a Plane Surface The light radiate from a point object in all directions The light reflected from a plane
More informationGeometrical Optics INTRODUCTION. Wave Fronts and Rays
Geometrical Optics INTRODUCTION In this experiment, the optical characteristics of mirrors, lenses, and prisms will be studied based on using the following physics definitions and relationships plus simple
More informationUnit 11 Light and Optics Holt Chapter 14 Student Outline Light and Refraction
Holt Chapter 14 Student Outline Light and Refraction Variables introduced or used in chapter: Quantity Symbol Units Speed of light frequency wavelength angle Object Distance Image Distance Radius of Curvature
More informationCh. 22 Properties of Light HW# 1, 5, 7, 9, 11, 15, 19, 22, 29, 37, 38
Ch. 22 Properties of Light HW# 1, 5, 7, 9, 11, 15, 19, 22, 29, 37, 38 Brief History of the Nature of Light Up until 19 th century, light was modeled as a stream of particles. Newton was a proponent of
More informationGEOMETRIC OPTICS. LENSES refract light, so we need to know how light bends when entering and exiting a lens and how that interaction forms an image.
I. What is GEOMTERIC OPTICS GEOMETRIC OPTICS In geometric optics, LIGHT is treated as imaginary rays. How these rays interact with at the interface of different media, including lenses and mirrors, is
More informationChapter 7: Geometrical Optics
Chapter 7: Geometrical Optics 7. Reflection at a Spherical Surface L.O 7.. State laws of reflection Laws of reflection state: L.O The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal all lie in the same
More informationCh. 26: Geometrical Optics
Sec. 6-1: The Reflection of Light Wave Fronts and Rays Ch. 6: Geometrical Optics Wave front: a surface on which E is a maximum. Figure 5-3: Plane Wave *For this wave, the wave fronts are a series of planes.
More informationOutline The Refraction of Light Forming Images with a Plane Mirror 26-3 Spherical Mirror 26-4 Ray Tracing and the Mirror Equation
Chapter 6 Geometrical Optics Outline 6-1 The Reflection of Light 6- Forming Images with a Plane Mirror 6-3 Spherical Mirror 6-4 Ray Tracing and the Mirror Equation 6-5 The Refraction of Light 6-6 Ray Tracing
More informationLecture Notes (Geometric Optics)
Lecture Notes (Geometric Optics) Intro: - plane mirrors are flat, smooth surfaces from which light is reflected by regular reflection - light rays are reflected with equal angles of incidence and reflection
More informationLight and Mirrors MIRRORS
Light and Mirrors MIRRORS 1 Polarized Sunglasses- How do they work? light waves vibrate in more than one plane light waves can be made to vibrate in a single plane by use of polarizing filters. 2 polarizing
More informationPhysics 1C. Lecture 22A. "There are two ways of spreading light: to be the candle or the mirror that reflects it." --Edith Wharton
Physics 1C Lecture 22A "There are two ways of spreading light: to be the candle or the mirror that reflects it." --Edith Wharton The Nature of Light An interesting question developed as to the nature of
More informationGeneral Physics II. Mirrors & Lenses
General Physics II Mirrors & Lenses Nothing New! For the next several lectures we will be studying geometrical optics. You already know the fundamentals of what is going on!!! Reflection: θ 1 = θ r incident
More informationTextbook Reference: Glencoe Physics: Chapters 16-18
Honors Physics-121B Geometric Optics Introduction: A great deal of evidence suggests that light travels in straight lines. A source of light like the sun casts distinct shadows. We can hear sound from
More information2/26/2016. Chapter 23 Ray Optics. Chapter 23 Preview. Chapter 23 Preview
Chapter 23 Ray Optics Chapter Goal: To understand and apply the ray model of light. Slide 23-2 Chapter 23 Preview Slide 23-3 Chapter 23 Preview Slide 23-4 1 Chapter 23 Preview Slide 23-5 Chapter 23 Preview
More informationPhysics 1C Lecture 26A. Beginning of Chapter 26
Physics 1C Lecture 26A Beginning of Chapter 26 Mirrors and Lenses! As we have noted before, light rays can be diverted by optical systems to fool your eye into thinking an object is somewhere that it is
More informationLight. Form of Electromagnetic Energy Only part of Electromagnetic Spectrum that we can really see
Light Form of Electromagnetic Energy Only part of Electromagnetic Spectrum that we can really see Facts About Light The speed of light, c, is constant in a vacuum. Light can be: REFLECTED ABSORBED REFRACTED
More informationWinmeen Tnpsc Group 1 & 2 Self Preparation Course Physics UNIT 9. Ray Optics. surface at the point of incidence, all lie in the same plane.
Laws of reflection Physics UNIT 9 Ray Optics The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal drawn to the reflecting surface at the point of incidence, all lie in the same plane. The angle of incidence
More informationPhysics 11 Chapter 18: Ray Optics
Physics 11 Chapter 18: Ray Optics "... Everything can be taken from a man but one thing; the last of the human freedoms to choose one s attitude in any given set of circumstances, to choose one s own way.
More informationGeometric Optics. The Law of Reflection. Physics Waves & Oscillations 3/20/2016. Spring 2016 Semester Matthew Jones
Physics 42200 Waves & Oscillations Lecture 27 Propagation of Light Hecht, chapter 5 Spring 2016 Semester Matthew Jones Geometric Optics Typical problems in geometric optics: Given an optical system, what
More informationThe Reflection of Light
King Saud University College of Applied Studies and Community Service Department of Natural Sciences The Reflection of Light General Physics II PHYS 111 Nouf Alkathran nalkathran@ksu.edu.sa Outline Introduction
More informationLight. Electromagnetic wave with wave-like nature Refraction Interference Diffraction
Light Electromagnetic wave with wave-like nature Refraction Interference Diffraction Light Electromagnetic wave with wave-like nature Refraction Interference Diffraction Photons with particle-like nature
More informationChapter 18 Ray Optics
Chapter 18 Ray Optics Chapter Goal: To understand and apply the ray model of light. Slide 18-1 Chapter 18 Preview Looking Ahead Text p. 565 Slide 18-2 Wavefronts and Rays When visible light or other electromagnetic
More informationConceptual Physics 11 th Edition
Conceptual Physics 11 th Edition Chapter 28: REFLECTION & REFRACTION This lecture will help you understand: Reflection Principle of Least Time Law of Reflection Refraction Cause of Refraction Dispersion
More informationReflection and Refraction of Light
PC1222 Fundamentals of Physics II Reflection and Refraction of Light 1 Objectives Investigate for reflection of rays from a plane surface, the dependence of the angle of reflection on the angle of incidence.
More informationPart Images Formed by Flat Mirrors. This Chapter. Phys. 281B Geometric Optics. Chapter 2 : Image Formation. Chapter 2: Image Formation
Phys. 281B Geometric Optics This Chapter 3 Physics Department Yarmouk University 21163 Irbid Jordan 1- Images Formed by Flat Mirrors 2- Images Formed by Spherical Mirrors 3- Images Formed by Refraction
More informationAll forms of EM waves travel at the speed of light in a vacuum = 3.00 x 10 8 m/s This speed is constant in air as well
Pre AP Physics Light & Optics Chapters 14-16 Light is an electromagnetic wave Electromagnetic waves: Oscillating electric and magnetic fields that are perpendicular to the direction the wave moves Difference
More informationLight, Lenses, Mirrors
Light, Lenses, Mirrors Optics Light is Dual in nature- has both particle and wave properties. Light = range of frequencies of electromagnetic waves that stimulates the eye s retina Facts About Light It
More informationPhys102 Lecture 21/22 Light: Reflection and Refraction
Phys102 Lecture 21/22 Light: Reflection and Refraction Key Points The Ray Model of Light Reflection and Mirrors Refraction, Snell s Law Total internal Reflection References 23-1,2,3,4,5,6. The Ray Model
More informationINTRODUCTION REFLECTION AND REFRACTION AT BOUNDARIES. Introduction. Reflection and refraction at boundaries. Reflection at a single surface
Chapter 8 GEOMETRICAL OPTICS Introduction Reflection and refraction at boundaries. Reflection at a single surface Refraction at a single boundary Dispersion Summary INTRODUCTION It has been shown that
More informationLecture Outlines Chapter 26
Lecture Outlines Chapter 26 11/18/2013 2 Chapter 26 Geometrical Optics Objectives: After completing this module, you should be able to: Explain and discuss with diagrams, reflection and refraction of light
More informationThe Ray model of Light. Reflection. Class 18
The Ray model of Light Over distances of a terrestrial scale light travels in a straight line. The path of a laser is now the best way we have of defining a straight line. The model of light which assumes
More informationLIGHT-REFLECTION AND REFRACTION. It is a form of energy which is needed to see things around us. It travels in a straight line.
LIGHT-REFLECTION AND REFRACTION Class: 10 (Boys) Sub: PHYSICS NOTES-Reflection Light: It is a form of energy which is needed to see things around us. It travels in a straight line. Nature of Light: Light
More informationLight travels in straight lines, this is referred to as... this means that light does not bend...
SNC 2DI - 10.2 Properties of Light and Reflection Light travels in straight lines, this is referred to as... this means that light does not bend... Reflection : Light travels in a straight line as long
More informationThe image is virtual and erect. When a mirror is rotated through a certain angle, the reflected ray is rotated through twice this angle.
1 Class XII: Physics Chapter 9: Ray optics and Optical Instruments Top Concepts 1. Laws of Reflection. The reflection at a plane surface always takes place in accordance with the following two laws: (i)
More informationWillis High School Physics Workbook Unit 7 Waves and Optics
Willis High School Physics Workbook Unit 7 Waves and Optics This workbook belongs to Period Waves and Optics Pacing Guide DAY DATE TEXTBOOK PREREADING CLASSWORK HOMEWORK ASSESSMENT M 2/25 T 2/26 W 2/27
More informationPhysics 11. Unit 8 Geometric Optics Part 1
Physics 11 Unit 8 Geometric Optics Part 1 1.Review of waves In the previous section, we have investigated the nature and behaviors of waves in general. We know that all waves possess the following characteristics:
More informationHomework Set 3 Due Thursday, 07/14
Homework Set 3 Due Thursday, 07/14 Problem 1 A room contains two parallel wall mirrors, on opposite walls 5 meters apart. The mirrors are 8 meters long. Suppose that one person stands in a doorway, in
More informationPhys 102 Lecture 17 Introduction to ray optics
Phys 102 Lecture 17 Introduction to ray optics 1 Physics 102 lectures on light Light as a wave Lecture 15 EM waves Lecture 16 Polarization Lecture 22 & 23 Interference & diffraction Light as a ray Lecture
More informationReflections. I feel pretty, oh so pretty
Reflections I feel pretty, oh so pretty Objectives By the end of the lesson, you should be able to: Draw an accurate reflective angle Determine the focal length of a spherical mirror Light Review Light
More informationReflection and Refraction
Reflection and Refraction Theory: Whenever a wave traveling in some medium encounters an interface or boundary with another medium either (or both) of the processes of (1) reflection and (2) refraction
More informationPHY 171 Lecture 6 (January 18, 2012)
PHY 171 Lecture 6 (January 18, 2012) Light Throughout most of the next 2 weeks, we will be concerned with the wave properties of light, and phenomena based on them (interference & diffraction). Light also
More informationThe branch of physics which studies light
Mr.V The branch of physics which studies light Geometric model XVI century by W Snell Wave Model XIX century by JC Maxwell Photon Model XX century by Planck, Einstein Models of Light Basic Concept Laws
More informationLet s review the four equations we now call Maxwell s equations. (Gauss s law for magnetism) (Faraday s law)
Electromagnetic Waves Let s review the four equations we now call Maxwell s equations. E da= B d A= Q encl ε E B d l = ( ic + ε ) encl (Gauss s law) (Gauss s law for magnetism) dφ µ (Ampere s law) dt dφ
More informationChapter 23. Light Geometric Optics
Chapter 23. Light Geometric Optics There are 3 basic ways to gather light and focus it to make an image. Pinhole - Simple geometry Mirror - Reflection Lens - Refraction Pinhole Camera Image Formation (the
More informationReflection and Refraction. Geometrical Optics
Reflection and Refraction Geometrical Optics Reflection Angle of incidence = Angle of reflection The angle of incidence,i, is always equal to the angle of reflection, r. The incident ray, reflected ray
More informationChapter 12 Notes: Optics
Chapter 12 Notes: Optics How can the paths traveled by light rays be rearranged in order to form images? In this chapter we will consider just one form of electromagnetic wave: visible light. We will be
More informationReview: 22.4: Dispersion. Refraction in a Prism. Announcements
Announcements The second midterm exam is coming Monday, Nov 8 Will cover from 18.1 thru 22.7 Same format as Exam 1 20 multiple choice questions Room assignments TBA QUESTIONS? PLEASE ASK! Review: Light
More informationRecap: Refraction. Amount of bending depends on: - angle of incidence - refractive index of medium. (n 2 > n 1 ) n 2
Amount of bending depends on: - angle of incidence - refractive index of medium Recap: Refraction λ 1 (n 2 > n 1 ) Snell s Law: When light passes from one transparent medium to another, the rays will be
More informationWhat is it? How does it work? How do we use it?
What is it? How does it work? How do we use it? Dual Nature http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dfpeprq7ogc o Electromagnetic Waves display wave behavior o Created by oscillating electric and magnetic fields
More information2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 23: Geometric Optics
2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 23: Geometric Optics Reading Question 23.1 What is specular reflection? A. The image of a specimen. B. A reflection that separates different colors. C. Reflection by
More informationOptics Course (Phys 311) Geometrical Optics Refraction through Lenses
Optics Course (Phys ) Geometrical Optics Refraction through Lenses Lecturer: Dr Zeina Hashim Slide 1 Objectives covered in this lesson : 1. Refraction through single spherical refracting surfaces. 2. Lenses:
More informationReflection and Image Formation by Mirrors
Purpose Theory a. To study the reflection of light Reflection and Image Formation by Mirrors b. To study the formation and characteristics of images formed by different types of mirrors. When light (wave)
More informationLight and Lenses Notes
Light and Lenses Notes Refraction The change in speed and direction of a wave Due to change in medium Must cross boundary at an angle other than 90 o, otherwise no change in direction I R (unlike reflection)
More informationHuman Retina. Sharp Spot: Fovea Blind Spot: Optic Nerve
Chapter 35 I am Watching YOU!! Human Retina Sharp Spot: Fovea Blind Spot: Optic Nerve Human Vision An optical Tuning Fork Optical Antennae: Rods & Cones Rods: Intensity Cones: Color Where does light actually
More informationChapter 5 Mirrors and Lenses
Chapter 5 Notes: Mirrors and Lenses Name: Block: The Ray Model of Light The ray model of light represents light as a line, or ray, indicating the path of a beam of light. Light travels in straight lines
More informationChapter 36. Image Formation
Chapter 36 Image Formation Apr 22, 2012 Light from distant things We learn about a distant thing from the light it generates or redirects. The lenses in our eyes create images of objects our brains can
More informationPSC20 - Properties of Waves 3
PSC20 - Properties of Waves 3 The speed of light is in a vacuum. it travels 299 972 458 m/s. (rounded to m/s). Speed of light is given the symbol comes from the word meaning. How far do you think light
More informationChapter 23. Geometrical Optics: Mirrors and Lenses and other Instruments
Chapter 23 Geometrical Optics: Mirrors and Lenses and other Instruments HITT1 A small underwater pool light is 1 m below the surface of a swimming pool. What is the radius of the circle of light on the
More information3/10/2019. Models of Light. Waves and wave fronts. Wave fronts and rays
Models of Light The wave model: Under many circumstances, light exhibits the same behavior as material waves. The study of light as a wave is called wave optics. The ray model: The properties of prisms,
More informationHistory of Light. 5 th Century B.C.
History of Light 5 th Century B.C. Philosophers thought light was made up of streamers emitted by the eye making contact with an object Others thought that light was made of particles that traveled from
More informationLight and the Properties of Reflection & Refraction
Light and the Properties of Reflection & Refraction OBJECTIVE To study the imaging properties of a plane mirror. To prove the law of reflection from the previous imaging study. To study the refraction
More informationRay Optics. Ray model Reflection Refraction, total internal reflection Color dispersion Lenses Image formation Magnification Spherical mirrors
Ray Optics Ray model Reflection Refraction, total internal reflection Color dispersion Lenses Image formation Magnification Spherical mirrors 1 Ray optics Optical imaging and color in medicine Integral
More informationLIGHT. Descartes particle theory, however, could not be used to explain diffraction of light.
1 LIGHT Theories of Light In the 17 th century Descartes, a French scientist, formulated two opposing theories to explain the nature of light. These two theories are the particle theory and the wave theory.
More informationONE MARK QUESTIONS GEOMETRICAL OPTICS QUESTION BANK
ONE MARK QUESTIONS 1. What is lateral shift? 2. What should be the angle of incidence to have maximum lateral shift? 3. For what angle, lateral shift is minimum? 4. What is Normal shift? 5. What is total
More informationConceptual Physics Fundamentals
Conceptual Physics Fundamentals Chapter 14: PROPERTIES OF LIGHT This lecture will help you understand: Reflection Refraction Dispersion Total Internal Reflection Lenses Polarization Properties of Light
More informationReflection and Mirrors
Reflection and Mirrors 1 The Law of Reflection The angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection. 2 The Law of Reflection When light strikes a surface it is reflected. The light ray striking the surface
More informationPhysics 102: Lecture 17 Reflection and Refraction of Light
Physics 102: Lecture 17 Reflection and Refraction of Light Physics 102: Lecture 17, Slide 1 Today Last Time Recall from last time. Reflection: q i = q r Flat Mirror: image equidistant behind Spherical
More information