Applications Development

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1 Two Steps to LIBNAME-Free Coding: Use of Macro Parameters and AUTOEXEC.SAS Zhengyi Fang, Social & Scientific Systems, Inc., Silver Spring, MD Paul Gorrell, IMPAQ International, LLC, Columbia, MD ABSTRACT Through the creation of a set of macro parameters, and the addition of an %INCLUDE statement in your AUTO- EXEC.SAS, you can automatically read SAS data files without looking up the dataset name and path, and without including any LIBNAME statements in your SAS programs. You can also automatically call common formats and variables. Once you have set up the tool described below, other staff members can use it to refer to those data files, formats, and variables. This tool not only saves programmers time, but it also can enhance quality control by enforcing version control. This ensures that each staff member uses only specified versions of data files, variables, and formats. INTRODUCTION When a SAS programmer needs to use 12 SAS datasets per survey year for 10 survey years (see a partial list below), the programmer needs to look up the file name, file extension, and location for each of the 120 input files. There could be 120 LIBNAME statements if each of the files is stored in different folders. When other programmers want to use these same data files, each of them has to repeat the same time-consuming process Inpatient IPDV3.SD2 INP97X.SD7 INP98V6.SD2 HOS99X.SAS7BDAT Outpatient OUTPV18.SD7 FINALOP.SD2 OPDATV8.SD2 OPXX.SAS7BDAT Dental DENTV4.SD2 DENTALX.SAS7BDAT DENT98V3.SD7 DENTX.SAS7BDAT Family FAM96V20.SD2 FAMXV4.SAS7BDAT FAMFIN.SD7 FAM.SAS7BDAT PARA PARA96.SD2 PARAV10.SAS7BDAT PARAOK.SD2 PARA99V3.SD7 LIBNAME IP96 V6 W:\PROJ_X\DATA1 ; LIBNAME IP97 T:\PROJ_Y\DATA2 SHORTFILEEXT; LIBNAME IP99 V9 S:\PROJ_Z\DATA3 ;.. We developed a tool that allows all staff members using common SAS files to refer to any of those data files without the repeated use of LIBNAME statements. For example, we are able to use &PARA1996 to read the PARA96.SD2 dataset and use &DENT1998 to read the DENT98V3.SD7 dataset. See sample code below. DATA P96; SET &PARA1996; TOOL SETUP The setup process is straightforward. The tool developer needs only two steps (Steps 1 and 2 below). Programmers using the tool need only Step 2. 1

2 STEP 1 CREATION OF MACRO PARAMETERS (BY THE TOOL DEVELOPER) Create a simple SAS program (e.g. PROJFILES.SAS) that uses %LET statements to generate macro parameters that refer to the common files that your team may use and then save those statements in a shared location such as W:\PROJALL\. Sample code is provided below. %LET PARA1996="W:\PROJ_X\DATA1\PARA96.SD2"; %LET PARA1997="T:\PROJ_Y\DATA2\PARAV10.SAS7BDAT"; %LET PARA1998="S:\PROJ_Z\DATA3\PARAOK.SD2"; LIBNAME TEMP1 "R:\PROJ_U\DATA4" SHORTFILEEXT; %LET PARA1999 =TEMP1.PARA99V3; For the last dataset listed (PARA99V3.SD7), note that SAS does not allow you to refer to the short file extension SD7 files directly. You have to first reference the directory in a LIBNAME statement using the SHORTFILE- EXT option, and then use the libref in the %LET statement. Whenever possible, a good practice is to create macro variable names that are meaningful and easily remembered, e.g. IPAT for inpatient data. For example, if new versions of datasets are used each year, include the year as part of the macro variable name. STEP 2 - CREATION OF AUTOEXEC.SAS (FOR ALL PROGRAMMERS) Save the code below as AUTOEXEC.SAS and store it under the same location as your SAS.EXE, for example C:\PROGRAM FILES\SAS\ SASFOUNDATION \9.2. OPTIONS NONOTES; %INCLUDE "W:\PUBLIC\PROJFILES.SAS"; OPTIONS NOTES; The NONOTES option will suppress LOG notes, i.e., prevent the listing of the all data files in the macro parameters in Step 1. The %INCLUDE statement points to the file containing the macro parameters. The NOTES option returns to the printing of SAS NOTES after suppressing the LOG notes. The function of the AUTOEXEC.SAS file is to include statements in your SAS programs. After SAS initializes, it first executes the configuration file. Then it executes the AUTOEXEX.SAS file and any statements found there. Finally, the user s own statements are executed. Given this sequence, it is important to avoid creating macro variables in your programs with the same name as any created in the PROJFILES.SAS program. HOW TO USE Once the dataset macro variables are created and made available for use, referencing them is the same as for any macro variable. In your SAS program, simply use an "&" followed by the macro variable name. For example, you can use &PARA1996, &PARA1997, &PARA1998, and &PARA1999 to refer PARA96.SD2, PARAV10.SAS7BDAT, PARAOK.SD2, and PARA99V3.SD7, respectively. DATA COMB; SET &PARA1996 &PARA1997 &PARA1998 &PARA1999; NOTE: There were 5457 observations read from the data set W:\PROJ_X\DATA1\PARA96.SD2 NOTE: There were 4036 observations read from the data set T:\PROJ_Y\DATA2\PARAV10.SAS7BDAT NOTE: There were 5494 observations read from the data set S:\PROJ_Z\DATA3\PARAOK.SD2 NOTE: There were 5045 observations read from the data set TEMP1.PARA99V3 NOTE: The data set WORK.COMB has observations and 115 variables. NOTE: DATA statement used (Total process time): real time 1.64 seconds cpu time 0.14 seconds 2

3 EXPANSIONS OF THE APPLICATION The following three expansions have been used in our project. EXPANSION 1 - SHARING COMMONLY USED FORMATS You may add commonly used formats such as Census region and greater than zero to PROJFILES.SAS. Once these format statements are included, the formats are available for use by individual programmers. Programmers could use these formats without including the format value statements. PROC FORMAT; VALUE REGION 1= 1 Northeast 2= 2 Midwest 3= 3 South 4= 4 West ; VALUE GTZERO LOW-<0= <0 0= 0 0<-HIGH= >0 ; EXPANSION 2 - ALIGNING VARIABLE NAMES AMONG DIFFERENT DATA FILES The naming of related variables may not be standardized among different years, e.g., weight variables are FINWGTX, PERSWT01, WEIGHT02, PERWT03, and PWEIGHT04 for years , respectively. It s not easy to remember these different variable names. If you add the following code to the PROJFILES.SAS file, users do not need to memorize or look up the weight names and can simply use &WEIGHT00, &WEIGHT01, &WEIGHT02, &WEIGHT03, and &WEIGHT04 for the five weight variables. %LET WEIGHT00=FINWGTX; %LET WEIGHT01=PERSWT01; %LET WEIGHT02=WEIGHT02; %LET WEIGHT03=PERWT03; %LET WEIGHT04=PWEIGHT04; These statements have the advantage of standardizing references for project use, as well as eliminating wasted time trying to remember what each weight variable was named in a particular year. EXPANSION 3 - REFERENCING COMMON INDEX VALUES When expenditures in earlier years need to be inflated to current year s dollars, a factor such as CPI is used to inflate the expenditures. If the tool developer includes the following statements in the PROJFILES.SAS file, the index values are stored in your system. You can then use &CPI2000 to refer to the 2000 annual CPI index (172.2). %LET CPI2000=172.2; %LET CPI2001=177.1; %LET CPI2002=179.9; %LET CPI2003=184.0; %LET CPI2004=188.9; %LET CPI2005=195.3; %LET CPI2006=201.6; %LET CPI2007=207.3; %LET CPI2008=215.3; As with the other uses described above, the advantage here is not only the time saved to locate the required information, but the standardization and version control that is enforced through the use of a single source. DISCUSSION This tool is particularly efficient when you need to run analyses involving multiple years of data. See sample 3

4 code below. Note you have to use && to reference the macro variables discussed above since they are inside another macro. In this example the set of easily-referenced "IPAT" datasets is used in successive macro invocations for multiple years. %MACRO TT (YEAR=); DATA TEST&YEAR; SET &&IPAT&YEAR; EXP&YEAR=EXP*(&CPI2008/&&CPI&YEAR); /*adjust expenditures to 2008 dollars using CPI*/ Title1 "Year=&YEAR"; Title2 Weighted by &&WEIGHT&YEAR ; PROC FREQ DATA=TEST&YEAR; TABLES REGION/LIST MISSING; WEIGHT &&WEIGHT&YEAR; FORMAT REGION REGION.; PROC MEANS DATA=TEST&YEAR N NMISS MIN MAX MEAN SUM; VAR EXP&YEAR; WEIGHT &&WEIGHT&YEAR; %MEND TT; %TT (YEAR=2005) %TT (YEAR=2006) %TT (YEAR=2007) %TT (YEAR=2008) The use of the existing macro variables inside the TT macro is another illustration of how the efficiency and version control benefits of this tool can be expanded for different project uses. The tool described in this paper makes use of the SAS AUTOEXEC program to execute standardized and mnemonic SAS code in individual programs. When a SAS program executes, the system executes the following components in this order: the configuration file, the AUTOEXEC.SAS program, and statements within the program. Because the AUTOEXEC.SAS program described here has a %INCLUDE statement to include PRO- JFILES.SAS, all statements in PROJFILES.SAS are executed before your own SAS statements are executed. If you do not want to include the AUTOEXEC.SAS program, you can use the system option NOAUTOEXEC to block its execution. The AUTOEXEC.SAS program can also include individually-specified code, but commonly used parameters, such as dataset names that are common across a project, should be included in the PROJFILES.SAS because it is maintained by the tool developer and enforcing version control becomes simple and effective. If individual programmers set their own macro parameters, not only do they waste time, but this also increases the likelihood of inconsistent references among users. This paper introduced an efficient way to read SAS files, reference common variables through name standardization, include formats and index values, as well as enforce version project control. Based on the ideas in this paper, we hope you can apply this method to meet your own needs so that it can save programming time and improve product quality. REFERENCES SAS Autoexec File hostwin/63285/html/default/a htm. 4

5 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS SAS and all other SAS Institute Inc. product or service names are registered trademarks or trademarks of SAS Institute Inc. in the USA and other countries. indicates USA registration. Other brand and product names are registered trademarks or trademarks of their respective companies. The authors would like to thank Kathy McMillan and Valerie Aschenbach of Social & Scientific Systems, Inc. for their helpful comments. CONTACT INFORMATION Your comments and questions are valued and encouraged. Please contact the authors at: Zhengyi Fang Social & Scientific Systems, Inc Georgia Avenue, Silver Spring, MD Web: Paul Gorrell IMPAQ International, LLC Little Patuxent Parkway, Suite 300, Columbia, MD Web: 5

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