The Foundation of C++: The C Subset An Overview of C p. 3 The Origins and History of C p. 4 C Is a Middle-Level Language p. 5 C Is a Structured

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1 Introduction p. xxix The Foundation of C++: The C Subset An Overview of C p. 3 The Origins and History of C p. 4 C Is a Middle-Level Language p. 5 C Is a Structured Language p. 6 C Is a Programmer's Language p. 8 The Form of a C Program p. 9 The Library and Linking p. 10 Separate Compilation p. 12 Understanding the.c and.cpp File Extensions p. 12 Expressions p. 13 The Five Basic Data Types p. 14 Modifying the Basic Types p. 15 Identifier Names p. 16 Variables p. 17 The const and volatile Qualifiers p. 23 Storage Class Specifiers p. 25 Variable Initializations p. 31 Constants p. 32 Operators p. 35 Expressions p. 52 Statements p. 57 True and False in C and C++ p. 58 Selection Statements p. 59 Iteration Statements p. 70 Declaring Variables Within Selection and Iteration Statements p. 81 Jump Statements p. 82 Expression Statements p. 88 Block Statements p. 88 Arrays and Null-Terminated Strings p. 89 Single-Dimension Arrays p. 90 Generating a Pointer to an Array p. 92 Passing Single-Dimension Arrays to Functions p. 92 Null-Terminated Strings p. 94 Two-Dimensional Arrays p. 96 Multidimensional Arrays p. 101 Indexing Pointers p. 102 Array Initialization p. 105 A Tic-Tac-Toe Example p. 108 Pointers p. 113

2 What Are Pointers? p. 114 Pointer Variables p. 115 The Pointer Operators p. 115 Pointer Expressions p. 116 Pointers and Arrays p. 121 Multiple Indirection p. 123 Initializing Pointers p. 125 Pointers to Functions p. 126 C's Dynamic Allocation Functions p. 129 Problems with Pointers p. 131 Functions p. 137 The General Form of a Function p. 138 Scope Rules of Functions p. 138 Function Arguments p. 139 argc and argv--arguments to main() p. 144 The return Statement p. 147 Recursion p. 153 Function Prototypes p. 155 Declaring Variable-Length Parameter Lists p. 158 Old-Style Versus Modern FunctionParameter Declarations p. 158 Structures, Unions, Enumerations, and User-Defined Types p. 161 Structures p. 162 Arrays of Structures p. 166 Passing Structures to Functions p. 167 Structure Pointers p. 169 Arrays and Structures Within Structures p. 173 Bit-Fields p. 174 Unions p. 176 Enumerations p. 180 Using sizeof to Ensure Portability p. 183 typedef p. 184 C-Style Console I/O p. 187 An Important Application Note p. 188 Reading and Writing Characters p. 189 Reading and Writing Strings p. 192 Formatted Console I/O p. 195 printf() p. 195 scanf() p. 203 File I/O p. 211 C Versus C++ File I/O p. 212 Streams and Files p. 212

3 Streams p. 212 Files p. 213 File System Basics p. 214 fread() and fwrite() p. 227 fseek() and Random-Access I/O p. 229 fprintf() and fscanf() p. 230 The Standard Streams p. 232 The Preprocessor and Comments p. 237 The Preprocessor p. 238 #define p. 238 #error p. 241 #include p. 242 Conditional Compilation Directives p. 242 #undef p. 246 Using defined p. 247 #line p. 248 #pragma p. 248 The # and ## Preprocessor Operators p. 248 Predefined Macro Names p. 250 Comments p. 250 Single-Line Comments p. 252 C++ An Overview of C++ p. 255 The Origins of C++ p. 256 What Is Object-Oriented Programming? p. 257 Some C++ Fundamentals p. 259 Old-Style vs. Modern C++ p. 267 Introducing C++ Classes p. 270 Function Overloading p. 275 Operator Overloading p. 278 Inheritance p. 278 Constructors and Destructors p. 283 The C++ Keywords p. 287 The General Form of a C++ Program p. 288 Classes and Objects p. 289 Classes p. 290 Structures and Classes Are Related p. 293 Unions and Classes Are Related p. 295 Friend Functions p. 297 Friend Classes p. 302 Inline Functions p. 303

4 Parameterized Constructors p. 307 Static Class Members p. 310 When Constructors and Destructors Are Executed p. 317 The Scope Resolution Operator p. 319 Nested Classes p. 319 Local Classes p. 320 Passing Objects to Functions p. 320 Returning Objects p. 323 Object Assignment p. 324 Arrays, Pointers, References, and the Dynamic Allocation Operators p. 325 Arrays of Objects p. 326 Pointers to Objects p. 329 Type Checking C++ Pointers p. 332 The this Pointer p. 332 Pointers to Derived Types p. 334 Pointers to Class Members p. 337 References p. 339 A Matter of Style p. 347 C++'s Dynamic Allocation Operators p. 347 Function Overloading, Copy Constructors, and Default Arguments p. 359 Function Overloading p. 360 Overloading Constructors p. 362 Copy Constructors p. 366 Finding the Address of an Overloaded Function p. 370 The overload Anachronism p. 371 Default Function Arguments p. 371 Function Overloading and Ambiguity p. 378 Operator Overloading p. 383 Creating a Member Operator Function p. 384 Operator Overloading Using a Friend Function p. 391 Overloading new and delete p. 398 Overloading Some Special Operators p. 407 Overloading the Comma Operator p. 414 Inheritance p. 417 Base-Class Access Control p. 418 Inheritance and protected Members p. 420 Inheriting Multiple Base Classes p. 425 Constructors, Destructors, and Inheritance p. 426 Granting Access p. 434 Virtual Base Classes p. 437 Virtual Functions and Polymorphism p. 443

5 Virtual Functions p. 444 The Virtual Attribute Is Inherited p. 448 Virtual Functions Are Hierarchical p. 450 Pure Virtual Functions p. 453 Using Virtual Functions p. 455 Early vs. Late Binding p. 458 Templates p. 459 Generic Functions p. 460 Applying Generic Functions p. 468 Generic Classes p. 472 The typename and export Keywords p. 484 The Power of Templates p. 485 Exception Handling p. 487 Exception Handling Fundamentals p. 488 Handling Derived-Class Exceptions p. 497 Exception Handling Options p. 498 Understanding terminate() and unexpected() p. 503 The uncaught_exception() Function p. 505 The exception and bad_exception Classes p. 506 Applying Exception Handling p. 506 The C++ I/O System Basics p. 509 Old vs. Modern C++ I/O p. 510 C++ Streams p. 511 The C++ Stream Classes p. 511 Formatted I/O p. 513 Overloading [double left angle bracket]and[double right angle bracket] p. 526 C++ File I/O p. 539 [left angle bracket]fstream[right angle bracket] and the File Classes p. 540 Opening and Closing a File p. 540 Reading and Writing Text Files p. 543 Unformatted and Binary I/O p. 545 More get() Functions p. 551 getline() p. 551 Detecting EOF p. 553 The ignore() Function p. 555 peek() and putback() p. 556 flush() p. 556 Random Access p. 557 I/O Status p. 561 Customized I/O and Files p. 563 Run-Time Type ID and the Casting Operators p. 567

6 Run-Time Type Identification (RTTI) p. 568 The Casting Operators p. 578 dynamic_cast p. 578 Namespaces, Conversion Functions, and Other Advanced Topics p. 591 Namespaces p. 592 The std Namespace p. 601 Creating Conversion Functions p. 603 const Member Functions and mutable p. 607 Volatile Member Functions p. 609 Explicit Constructors p. 610 The Member Initialization Syntax p. 611 Using the asm Keyword p. 616 Linkage Specification p. 617 Array-Based I/O p. 618 Summarizing the Differences Between C and C++ p. 626 Introducing the Standard Template Library p. 629 An Overview of the STL p. 630 The Container Classes p. 633 General Theory of Operation p. 634 Vectors p. 635 Lists p. 645 Maps p. 658 Algorithms p. 664 Using Function Objects p. 675 The string Class p. 683 Final Thoughts on the STL p. 695 The Standard Function Library The C-Based I/O Functions p. 699 The String and Character Functions p. 723 The Mathematical Functions p. 737 Time, Date, and Localization Functions p. 747 The Dynamic Allocation Functions p. 757 Utility Functions p. 761 The Wide-Character Functions p. 775 The Wide-Character Classification Functions p. 776 The Wide-Character I/O Functions p. 779 The Wide-Character String Functions p. 779 Wide-Character String Conversion Functions p. 779 Wide-Character Array Functions p. 782 Multibyte/Wide-Character Conversion Functions p. 783 The Standard C++ Class Library

7 The Standard C++ I/O Classes p. 787 The I/O Classes p. 788 The I/O Headers p. 790 The Format Flags and I/O Manipulators p. 791 Several Data Types p. 793 Overload [double left angle bracket]and[double right angle bracket] Operators p. 794 The General-Purpose I/O Functions p. 795 The STL Container Classes p. 811 The Container Classes p. 812 The STL Algorithms p. 839 STL Iterators, Allocators, and Function Objects p. 861 Iterators p. 862 Function Objects p. 872 Allocators p. 879 The String Class p. 881 The basic_string Class p. 882 The char_traits Class p. 894 The Numeric Classes p. 897 The complex Class p. 898 The valarray Class p. 902 The Numeric Algorithms p. 920 Exception Handling and Miscellaneous Classes p. 925 Exceptions p. 926 auto_ptr p. 928 The pair Class p. 930 Localization p. 931 Other Classes of Interest p. 931 Applying C++ Integrating New Classes: A Custom String Class p. 935 The StrType Class p. 936 The Constructors and Destructors p. 938 I/O on Strings p. 939 The Assignment Functions p. 941 Concatenation p. 942 Substring Subtraction p. 945 The Relational Operators p. 947 Miscellaneous String Functions p. 948 The Entire StrType Class p. 949 Using the StrType Class p. 958 Creating and Integrating New Types in General p. 961 A Challenge p. 961

8 Parsing Expressions p. 963 Expressions p. 964 Parsing Expressions: The Problem p. 965 Parsing an Expression p. 966 The Parser Class p. 968 Dissecting an Expression p. 969 A Simple Expression Parser p. 971 Adding Variables to the Parser p. 978 Syntax Checking in a Recursive-Descent Parser p. 988 Building a Generic Parser p. 989 Some Things to Try p. 997 The.NET Managed Extensions to C++ p. 999 The.NET Keyword Extensions p Preprocessor Extensions p The attribute Attribute p Compiling Managed C++ p C++ and the Robotics Age p Index p Table of Contents provided by Blackwell's Book Services and R.R. Bowker. Used with permission.

Writing an ANSI C Program Getting Ready to Program A First Program Variables, Expressions, and Assignments Initialization The Use of #define and

Writing an ANSI C Program Getting Ready to Program A First Program Variables, Expressions, and Assignments Initialization The Use of #define and #include The Use of printf() and scanf() The Use of printf()