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1 Chapter 1 : C programs Programming Simplified C Programming Examples This page contains a collection examples on basic concepts of C programming like: loops, functions, pointers, structures etc. Feel free to use the source code on your system. You can quickly build an app from scratch with less lines of code, and there is no hard rule on how to write things to behave in the way you want them to. JavaScript Not to be confused with Java, JavaScript is primarily a client-side scripting language used for front-end development. JavaScript is compatible across all browsers and is used to create interactive web apps, often through libraries such as jquery and front-end frameworks such as AngularJS, Ember. JavaScript can also be used as a server-side language through the Node. Two years ago, Node. However, JavaScript is also known as a difficult language because it is untyped and, thus, difficult to debug. Ruby Ruby was developed so developers can have fun and be productive at the same time. Ruby was made popular by the Ruby on Rails framework, a full-stack web framework optimized for programming happiness. Ruby is mostly used for back-end development, and popular sites such as Airbnb, Shopify, Bloomberg, Hulu, Slideshare, and more, were all built with Ruby on Rails. Python Python is another highly recommended language for beginners, and is the most popular introductory language at Top U. Developers have used Python to build desktop apps and web apps alike, and it has great tools for data mining. In addition, Python is particularly popular in academic communities for scientific computing, data analysis, and bioinformatics. Most websites have been built with PHP because the language is heavily specialized for the web. Statically Typed Languages Apps built with statically typed languages are known to be more scalable, stable, and maintainable. Static languages are usually more strict in catching errors through type checking, and it takes more code to build a prototype. Game engines, mobile apps, and enterprise-level back-ends are usually built with statically typed languages. Java As a general-purpose language, Java is used to build Android apps, desktop apps, and games. Java is also commonly used as a server-side language for enterprise-level back-end development - 90 percent of Fortune companies use Java. Furthermore, Hadoop is a popular Java-based framework used for storing and processing big data, and is implemented by enterprises such as Yahoo, Facebook, and Amazon Web Services. C C is often used to program system software and is the lingua franca of Operating Systems. Since C takes more complex code to perform simple tasks, beginners may find it tough to stay motivated if this is their first language. However, knowledge of C will definitely help you as a programmer in the long run. With that said, it can also be used for dynamic typing. Inspired by Python, Swift is designed for coding newbies to pick it up easily and is aimed at fixing some of the issues of Objective-C. NET framework, which runs primarily on Microsoft Windows. C is used for web development, game development, and general Microsoft development. Although Microsoft has not been known for being cross-platform compatible in the past, Xamarin has been working on an open-source project called Mono, which aims to port C to other platforms and bring better development tools to Linux developers. You Might Also Want to Read: With that said, not all languages have the same demand or salary. Based on the salaries estimations from indeed. Job Trends How likely are you to get a job based on the programming language you know? However, if your goal is to work at a startup, then perhaps the job trends from indeed. Again, JavaScript turns out to be the most demanded skill, but startups seem to favor Python and Java it was Ruby on Rails 2 years ago! Of course, this is by no means an accurate depiction of the actual market, but it should give you a good idea of developer supplies. As you can see, even though the mobile app business has been booming for some time now, Objective-C experts are still mighty scarce. With a scarce supply of good Objective-C developers, their compensations would naturally be higher. PHP, on the other hand, seems to have a healthy amount of supply in the workforce, which means employers would have more options, and thus, more bargaining power in terms of salary. Therefore, PHP developers generally earn less. JavaScript is a pretty special case. The data comes from gooroo. JavaScript Frameworks Merely comparing the JavaScript language against other programming languages is an inaccurate outlook on how much you can earn if you know JavaScript. As mentioned in the overview of programming languages, JavaScript is a huge category. Being a part of a supportive community will definitely make your development life easier. Language Page 1

2 Popularity Based on the tag followers on StackOverflow, we can see the overall popularity of a language: JavaScript is now the most used tag in StackOverflow, superseding Java. Interesting how Stanford University recently decided to replace Java with JavaScript in its introductory programming course! SQL, Ruby, and Swift have the least followers, though this is likely because Ruby is almost strictly used for web development, while Swift is a relatively new language. SQL, on the other hand, is not used to build things. Since Python and Ruby are the most recommended languages for beginners, there are significantly more questions about these two languages. As we hinted at earlier, beginners usually have trouble asking their questions correctly. On the other hand, PHP, while being quite a widely-followed language, has one of the lowest answer rates. This means a lot of people are asking about PHP, but not many are getting their questions answered. Users can star projects they like, and the more stars a project has, the more useful it is likely going to be. Thus, from examining data from GitHub, we can also determine the relative ease in developing projects using different types of languages. We can also have an idea of how fast a language is innovating new technologies. Without further ado, here is a simple chart to visualize the distribution of popular GitHub projects: Clearly, JavaScript has the most shiny new tools, even when we exclude all the style-guides, learning resources, and tutorials. JavaScript is known for being an extremely fast-moving language with a high churn rate for frameworks and new technologies â developers may sometimes find it difficult to keep up with the constant innovations. Additionally, other than the Node. With that in mind, it is not surprising that there is such a large gap between JavaScript and other programming languages. Ruby and Objective-C, on the other hand, also have a lot of tools and resources for development. Contrary to StackOverflow, developers have generally found the open source projects in GitHub quite useful. Nonetheless, you can learn a lot from these open source projects. Finally, SQL and Swift are lagging behind in terms of resources available. The Future of Each Programming Language How relevant will a specific programming language be in the future? Based on current known trends, we can draw the following conclusions: JavaScript JavaScript is, without a doubt, just going to become increasingly popular, especially because it can now be used for back-end development and can even potentially build native mobile apps through React Native. JavaScript continues to get more tools and updates at a fairly fast pace, so you can expect it to remain extremely important in the future. Want to learn JavaScript? Many famous websites, such as Airbnb, Twitch, Hulu, etc. That said, the rise of Node. Moreover, a new trend for "isomorphic" apps will likely affect Rails adoption, a practice that is said to improve web app performance. Since isomorphic apps pretty much need to run on the Node. The appeal of only having to be well-versed in one language JavaScript may also shift some potential new blood away from learning Ruby. However, since Rails continues to get frequent updates, it will still remain relevant for a while. Not to mention, it has a tremendously loyal community with tons of useful tools to help make development easier. Thus, despite a decline in popularity, Ruby will still be sticking around. Want to Learn Ruby on Rails? Here are some great resources! Python Python is popular among academic researchers and data scientists, and as mentioned before, many schools choose to introduce beginners to coding through Python. This means Python will continue to grow steadily and remain relevant. Want to Learn Python? In fact, many developers apparently hate it. Though some had hoped that PHP7 would revitalize the community, it is still known to be quite fragmented. Java Android has been a big boost in keeping Java the most popular programming language, and most enterprises also love Java for its relative stability and scalability. The same can be said about the Java programming language in general, as Java has excellent tools for back-end development and is much more established for enterprise development. Thus, Java will continue strong as one of the most relevant programming languages in the next few years. Swift, on the other hand, will of course be relevant for the years to come, as long as people continue to use Apple products. Want to build ios apps? Learn Swift with our favorite mentors! Many people were howling about how SQL was dying. Apparently not any more. With the rise of big data and the difficulty of managing it, SQL is hotter than ever as you already know from the job trends. Google has also recently updated its BigQuery service so it can now ingest up to, rows per second per table, and BigQuery uses SQL. Read more about how Rust compares to other languages here. Not to mention, C is the primary language for Unity 3D, a rather popular game engine that could also works on ios, Linux, etc. Since VR is a big thing, and will continue to be a big thing, C is sure to have a pretty bright future. Page 2

3 Besides, C is also pretty popular for enterprise development in countries other than the U. Obviously, Microsoft will keep C alive for a while and keep it relevant for the. Page 3

4 Chapter 2 : C, C++ Programming Tutorials - blog.quintoapp.com C Program to print Fibonacci Series using recursion!!">c Program to Multiply two Matrices using Recursion!! 2 C Program to calculate sum of numbers 1 to N using recursion. What Should I Make? Beginner Programming Project Ideas After learning the basics of programming, the typical advice is to start making programs yourself, to further your learning. But what should you make? Stick to Text-Based Programs, for Now For beginners, text-based programs are the most achievable type of software to create. The problem is that nice GUIs are usually really hard to create. If you enjoy it, keep going. Once you have a good understanding of data structures, control flow, and the features of your chosen programming language, you can attempt to tackle something more complicated. Text-based programs can still be fun! You might be thinking that nobody actually uses text-based programs. This is true for the average computer user, but professional programmers tend to use a lot of text-based programs. Some programmers will spend the majority of their workday using a command-line interface CLI, running text-based programs. In fact, this website and the Programming for Beginners book were both created in Vim, a command-line text editor. This will give you the full software development experience â from analysing requirements to user testing, and maintenance. At work, the types of useful programs you could make depends on what your job is. Anything that involves repetitive manual steps on a computer can be automated â number crunching, moving files around, sending , that sort of thing. Al Sweigart has a great book called Automate the Boring Stuff with Python about this topic, which you can read online. If your area of study is more artistic, maybe try a random text generator for inspiration. Some people find it motivating to have complete freedom in their programming projects, and making a game gives you that freedom. The beauty of programming a game is that it can be adjusted to fit your situation. It can be simple or complicated, depending on your skill level. It can be long or short, depending on how much time you put into it. Try to make a text adventure. For inspiration, have a look at A Dark Room. It is a very poplar, mostly text-based game. Try making a quiz, or a choose-your-own-adventure type of story. This is a nice and simple project that you can get other people to play. You can even make simple 2D graphics with text, like the Game of Life example from earlier in the article: As your programming skill level increases, you can start making 2D games. Learn to use a very simple 2D graphics library, like Gosu, Processing, or Pygame, and it will open up a whole new world of possibilities. It just pressed the F1 key every ten seconds, which would bring up the help window. I tried to make an IRC chat bot. I never got it working properly, but I did learn a lot about networking from it. All of these projects are pretty silly, but the point is that they were interesting to me at that time. And because teenage me found them interesting, I kept writing code. Experiment with a few different types of projects to find one that suits you. Lists of Project Ideas. Page 4

5 Chapter 3 : Basic C Programs : C Programs A-Z - Basic C Programs C Programming Examples C++ is a middle-level programming language developed by Bjarne Stroustrup starting in at Bell Labs. C++ runs on a variety of platforms, such as Windows, Mac OS, and the various versions of UNIX. This tutorial adopts a simple and practical approach to describe the concepts of C++. What is C Programming Language? C is a general-purpose programming language used for wide range of applications from Operating systems like Windows and ios to software that is used for creating 3D movies. C programming is highly efficient. Standard C programs are portable. The source code written in one system works in another operating system without any change. If you know C programming, you will not just understand how your program works, but will also be able to create a mental picture on how a computer works. More information on C Language. Assembly languages are low-level programming languages that are specific to a particular computer architecture. They are hard to write and understand. Johnson decided to rewrite the system in B language. A large part of Unix was then rewritten in C. By, C was powerful enough to be used in Unix Kernel. Dennis Ritchie and Stephen C. Johnson made further changes to the language for several years to make it portable in Unix Operating system. The first edition of the book provided programmers informal specification of the language. This version is commonly popular as C This is commonly known as C It will help you learn the language the way it was intended. Features of C Programming Language A procedural language. In procedural languages like C, a list of predefined instructions are carried out step by step. A typical C program may contain one or more procedures functions to perform a task. If you are new to programming, you might think this is the only way all programming languages work. However, there are other programming paradigms as well. One of the commonly used paradigms is Object-oriented programming OOP which allows developers to create objects to solve the given task. If you are interested, check out the differences between procedural and object oriented languages. C programs are fast. Newer languages like Python and Java offer more features garbage collection, dynamic typing than C programming. However, the performance lowers due to additional processing. C language trusts programmers and allows direct manipulation of the computer hardware. This is not possible in most high-level programming languages. Well-written standard C programs are portable, meaning, programs written in one system e. Windows 7 can be compiled in another system e. Mac OS without any change. You can store sections of C code in the form of libraries for future use. This concept is known as modularity. C itself can do very little on its own. The power of C language comes from its libraries. C comes with standard libraries to solve common problems. C is a statically typed language. This means that the type of a variable is checked during the compile time but not in the run-time. This helps in detection of errors during the software development cycle. Also, the statically typed languages are faster than dynamically typed language in general. Despite being old, C is used in variety of applications from system programming to photo editing softwares. Some of the applications where C programming is used are as follows: Personally speaking, I love C programming. It is a good language to start your programming journey if you are a newbie. Even if you are an experienced programmer, I recommend you to learn it at some point; it will certainly help. What will you gain if you learn C? Sure, your application works fine and all. You will understand how a computer works. If you know C, you will not only know how your program works but, you will be able to create a mental model on how a computer works including memory management and allocation. You will learn to appreciate the freedom that C provides unlike Python and Java. Understanding C allows you to write programs that you never thought were possible before or at the very least, you will have a broader understanding of computer architecture and programming as a whole. C is the lingua franca of programming. Almost all high-level programming languages like Java, Python, JavaScript etc. Opportunity to work on open source projects that impact millions of people. At first, you may overlook the fact that C is an important language. Then, where is C programming? Python is used for making wide range for applications. And, C is used for making Python. If you want to contribute to Python, you need to know C programming to work on Python interpreter that impacts millions of Python programmers. This is just one example. A large number of softwares that you use Page 5

6 today is powered by C. You will write better programs. To be honest, this statement may not be true all the time. However, knowing how computer works and manage memory gives you insight on how to write efficient code in other programming languages. You will find it much easier to learn other programming languages. Reasons not to learn C programming You can create awesome softwares without knowing C programming at all. Jeff Atwood, one of the creators of Stackoverflow. Also, if you are a newbie and want to start learning programming with an easier language C is not the easiest of language to learn, you can start with Python. Verdict on whether to learn C programming or not For newbie: For many, C programming is the best language to start learning programming. However, if you want to start with an easier language which is clean and easier to grasp, go for Python. You can learn it when you have free time and want to expand your programming skills. However, you should learn C eventually. Compile and run C programming on your OS There are numerous compilers and text editors you can use to run C programming. These compilers and text editors may differ from system to system. Run C program Online There are several sites that allows you to run C programming online. The one I prefer is ideone. To run C programming in Ideone. Click the download Xcode link. When download is completed, open Xcode and follow the wizard to install it. You might want to put the Xcode in Applications for future use. Provide the Product Name, for example: And, choose C under Language section. Choose the location where you want to save the project in your Mac. You can uncheck Create Git repository button and click create. Change the code as you wish. By default you will see the output at the bottom of your screen. Or, you can download text editor of your choice. Open the terminal and issue the following command. For Ubuntu and Debian distribution: To verify if gcc compiler is installed, issue the command. Open the text editor of your choice and save a file with. If you are a Linux wizard, feel free to use vim or emacs. Switch to the directory where the file is located. And, issue the following command. And, name-of-your-choice can be any name you prefer. In my case, I issued the following command. Page 6

7 Chapter 4 : Learn C# for Beginners â Microsoft Virtual Academy C is a programming language invented in the early s by Dennis Ritchie as a language for writing operating systems. Here is a short overview of C. The purpose of C is to precisely define a series of operations that a computer can perform to accomplish a task. Kernighan and Dennis M. This book is considered to be the best C programming book because it is written by inventors of C language. The book explains the concept of C language in an easy manner and covers every concept in detail. This book will be really helpful for people looking to study computer concepts and C programming. The Complete Reference C: The Complete Reference is written by Herbert Schildt. It is a popular book among all other books written by Herbert Schildt. The book also includes hundreds of examples and sample applications. I personally recommend you to start learning from this book because I learned all basic concepts of C using it. This book is one of the best and most popular C programming book in India. The author has given simple examples after every concept that will help you to learn C language in an easy way. He is a well know and popular author in India. This is another book that helped me to clear my C programming concepts. The best part of the book is, there are so many examples at the end of each chapter that really helps in improving C skills. Let Us C is another best selling and popular C programming book in India. Head First C provides a complete learning experience for C language and structured imperative programming. The book helps you understand how to be a great programmer. You will learn basics as well as advanced topics in easy manner with good programming examples. If you know about any other popular and good C programming book then please mention it by commenting below. I will surely add it to this list. You May Also Like: Chapter 5 : How to Learn to Program in C: 12 Steps (with Pictures) - wikihow C Programming Language is the most popular computer language and most used programming language till now. It is very simple and elegant language. 1) This is by far the most comprehensive C. Chapter 6 : C Programming Basics - Learn C & C programs from basics Fresh2Refresh C is a powerful general-purpose programming language. It is fast, portable and available in all platforms. If you are new to programming, C is a good choice to start your programming journey. Chapter 7 : What Should I Make? Beginner Programming Project Ideas - Programming for Beginners So you should learn C programming basics and start making programs. Learning data structures such as stacks, queues, linked lists, etc. using C programming provides you a greater understanding as you learn everything in detail. Chapter 8 : fun, easy programs for beginners - C++ Forum Learn C# programming from an expert in the industry. Get the tools, see how to write code, debug features, explore customizations, and more. For Beginners Game. Chapter 9 : C Programming Examples Programiz Want to make powerful games, Windows and Mac software or mobile applications? Then this course is a great place to start. Difficulty of lesson: Novice. Page 7