OpenMP - Introduction

Transcription

1 OpenMP - Introduction Süha TUNA Bilişim Enstitüsü UHeM Yaz Çalıştayı

2 Outline What is OpenMP? Introduction (Code Structure, Directives, Threads etc.) Limitations Data Scope Clauses Shared, Private Work-sharing constructs Synchronization

3 What is OpenMP? An Application Program Interface (API) that may be used to explicitly direct multithreaded, shared memory parallelism Three main API components Compiler directives Runtime library routines Environment variables Portable & Standardized API exist both C/C++ and Fortan 90/77 Multi platform Support (Unix, Linux etc.)

4 OpenMP Specifications Version 3.1, Complete Specifications, July 2011 Version 3.0, May 2008 Version 2.5, May 2005 (C/C++ & Fortran) Version 2.0 C/C++, March 2002 Fortran, November 2000 Version 1.0 C/C++, October 1998 Fortran, October 1997 Detailed Info:

5 Intel & GNU OpenMP Intel Compilers OpenMP 2.5 conforming Nested parallelisim Workqueuing extension to OpenMP Interoperability with POSIX and Windows threads OMP_DYNAMIC support GNU OpenMP (OpenMP+gcc) OpenMP 3.0 Support (gcc 4.4 and later)

6 OpenMP Programming Model Explicit parallelism Thread based parallelism; program runs with user specified number of multiple thread Uses fork & join model Synchronization Point ( barrier, critical region, single processor region )

7 Limitations of OpenMP Shared Memory Model Each thread must be reach a shared memory (SMP) Intel compilers use the POSIX threads library to implement OpenMP.

8 Terminology and Behavior OpenMP Team = Master + Worker Parallel Region is a block of code executed by all threads simultaneously (has implicit barrier) The master thread always has thread id 0 Parallel regions can be nested If clause can be used to guard the parallel region A Work-Sharing construct divides the execution of the enclosed code region among the members of the team. (Loop, Section etc.)

9 OpenMP Code Structure C/C++ #include <omp.h> main () () {{ int var1, var2, var3; /* /* Serial code */ */ /* /* Beginning of of parallel section. Fork a a team of of threads.specify variable scoping */ */ #pragma omp parallel private(var1, var2) \\ shared(var3) {{ Parallel section executed by by all threads.... All threads join master thread and disband }} /* /* Resume serial code */ */.... }} Fortran PROGRAM MYCODE USE omp_lib C C Or Or USE omp_lib.h INTEGER var1, var2, var3 C C Serial code C C Beginning of of parallel section. Fork aa C C team of of threads.specify variable C C scoping $OMP PARALLEL PRIVATE(var1, var2) && SHARED(var3) Parallel section executed by by all threads.. $OMP BARRIER.. All threads join master thread and disband $OMP END PARALLEL C C Resume serial code.... END

10 OpenMP Directives Format in C/C++: #pragma omp directivename [clause,...] \ Format in Fortran 77: C$OMP directivename [clause,...] & Format in Fortran 90:!$OMP directivename [clause,...] & #pragma omp: Required for all OpenMP C/C++ directives. directivename: A valid OpenMP directive. Must appear after the pragma and before any clauses. [clause,...] : Optional. Clauses can be in any order, and repeated as necessary unless otherwise restricted.

11 OpenMP Directives Example: #pragma omp parallel default(shared) private(beta,pi) General Rules: Directives follow conventions of the C/C++ standards for compiler directives. Case sensitive Only one directivename may be specified per directive Each directive applies to at most one succeeding statement, which must be a structured block. Long directive lines can be "continued" on succeeding lines by escaping the newline character with a backslash ("\") at the end of a directive line.

12 OpenMP Directives PARALLEL Region Construct: A parallel region is a block of code that will be executed by multiple threads. This is the fundamental OpenMP parallel construct. #pragma omp parallel [clause...] newline if (scalar_expression) private (list) shared (list) default (shared none) firstprivate (list) reduction (operator: list) copyin (list) structured_block

13 OpenMP Directives C/C++ OpenMP structured block definition. #pragma omp parallel [clause...] { structured_block } Fortran OpenMP structured block definition.!$omp PARALLEL [clause...] structured_block!$omp END PARALLEL

14 OpenMP Directives Parallel region construct supported clauses

15 When a thread reaches a PARALLEL directive It creates a term of threads and becomes the master of the team The master is a member of that team, it has thread number 0 within that team (THREAD ID) Starting from the beginning of this parallel region, the code is duplicated and all threads will execute that code (different path of exec.) There is an implied barrier at the end of a parallel section Only the master thread continues execution past this point

16 OpenMP Constructs

17 Data Scope Attribute Clauses C/C++ shared (list) Fortran SHARED (list) SHARED Clause: It declares variables in its list to be shared to each thread. Behavior The pointer of the object of the same type is declared once for each thread in the team All threads reference to the original object The default clause is SHARED for all variables in OpenMP

18 Data Scope Attribute Clauses C/C++ private (list) Fortran PRIVATE (list) PRIVATE Clause: It declares variables in its list to be private to each thread. Behavior A new object of the same type is declared once for each thread in the team All references to the original object are replaced with references to the new object Variables declared PRIVATE are uninitialized for each thread (FIRSTPRIVATE can be used for initialization of variables)

19 Data Scope Attribute Clauses C/C++ default (private/shared) Fortran DEFAULT (private/shared) DEFAULT Clause: It declares the default scope attribute for the variables in parallel region. If not declared the default value is SHARED If declared, the default value will be defined in the specific data scope only. You should not be courage to change the default value to PRIVATE. Changing DEFAULT to PRIVATE overhead the parallelization.

20 Lab: Helloworld INTEL bash: $ ifort -openmp hi-omp.f -o hi-omp.x hi-omp.f(3) : (col. 6) remark: OpenMP DEFINED REGION WAS PARALLELIZED. GCC bash: $ gcc -fopenmp hi-omp.c -o hi-omp.x LSF submition bash: $ bsub -a openmp q short -o %J.out -e %J.err -n 4 -x./hi-omp.x

21 Lab: Helloworld Optional Exercise: 1 - set OMP_NUM_THREADS to an higher value (such as 10) 2 - uncomment critical section 3 - repeat example. Set environment variables (setenv, export) bash: $ export OMP_NUM_THREADS=4 Run your OpenMP compile bash: $./hi-omp.x Hello OpenMP! Hello OpenMP! Hello OpenMP! Hello OpenMP!

22 Work-Sharing Constructs A work-sharing construct divides the execution of the enclosed code region among the members of team that encounter it. Must be enclosed in a parallel region otherwise it is simply ignored. Work-sharing constructs do not launch/create new threads. There is no implied barrier upon entry to a work-sharing construct. However there is an implicit barrier at the end of a work-sharing construct.

23 Work-Sharing Constructs Types Only available in Fortran Parallelize the array Operations. For example, A(:,:)=B(:,:)+C(:,:)

24 Work-Sharing Constructs shares iterations of a loop across the team. Represents a type of "data parallelism". breaks work into separate, discrete sections. Each section is executed by a thread. Can be used to implement a type of "functional parallelism". serializes a section of code

25 Work-Sharing Constructs DO directive (Fortran)!$OMP DO [clause...] SCHEDULE (type [,chunk]) ORDERED PRIVATE (list) FIRSTPRIVATE (list) LASTPRIVATE (list) SHARED (list) REDUCTION (operator intrinsic : list) do_loop!$omp END DO [ NOWAIT ]

26 Work-Sharing Constructs for directive (C/C++) #pragma omp for [clause...] newline schedule (type [,chunk]) ordered private (list) firstprivate (list) lastprivate (list) shared (list) reduction (operator: list) nowait { for_loop }

27 Work-Sharing Constructs schedule clause: schedule(kind [,chunk_size]) static: less overhead, default on many OpenMP compilers dynamic & guided: useful for poorly balanced and unpredictable workload. In guided the size of chunk decreases over time. runtime: kind is selected according to the value of environment variable OMP_SCHEDULE. Larger chunks are desirable because they reduce the overhead Load balancing is often more of an issue toward the end of computation

28 Work-Sharing Constructs When a thread finishes one chunk, it is dynamically assigned another. The default chunk size is 1. schedule clause: describes how iterations of the loop are divided among the threads in the team Loop iterations are divided into pieces of size chunk statically The chunk size is exponentially reduced with each dispatched piece of the iteration space. The default chunk size is 1.

29 Work-Sharing Constructs schedule clause: runtime: If this schedule is selected, the decision regarding scheduling kind is made at run time. The schedule and (optional) chunk size are set through the OMP_SCHEDULE environment variable. NO WAIT (Fortran) / nowait (C/C++) clause: If specified, then threads do not synchronize at the end of the parallel loop. Threads proceed directly to the next statements after the loop.

30 Work-Sharing Lab 1 bash: $ icc -openmp omp_workshare1.c -o omp_workshare1.x bash: $./omp_workshare1.x Example steps: Examine the code for schedule ( static schedule ), compile and run Change and work with dynamic schedule. What did change? The iterations of the loop will be distributed dynamically in chunk sized pieces. Add nowait at the end of omp for clause. What did change? Threads will not synchronize upon completing their individual pieces of work (nowait).

31 Work-Sharing Lab 2 SECTIONS construct: Easiest way to get different threads to carry out different kinds of work Each section must be a structured block of code that is independent of the other sections If there are fewer code blocks than threads, the remaining threads will be idle If there are fewer threads than code blocks, some or all of the threads execute multiple code blocks Depending on the type of work, this construct might lead to a loadbalancing problem

32 Work-Sharing Lab 2 SECTIONS construct for 2 functions (or threads) #pragma omp parallel { #pragma omp sections { #pragma omp section { FUNCTION_1(MAX) } #pragma omp section { FUNCTION_2(MIN) } } // Sections Ends Here } // Parallel Ends Here

33 Work-Sharing Lab 2 bash: $ icc -openmp omp_workshare2.c -o omp_workshare2.x bash: $./omp_workshare2.x This example demonstrates use of the OpenMP SECTIONS worksharing construct Note how the PARALLEL region is divided into separate sections, each of which will be executed by one thread. Run the program several times and observe any differences in output. Because there are only two sections, you should notice that some threads do not do any work. You may/may not notice that the threads doing work can vary. For example, the first time thread 0 and thread 1 may do the work, and the next time it may be thread 0 and thread 3.

34 Work-Sharing Constructs SINGLE Constructs: It specifies that the enclosed code is to be executed by only one thread in the team. The thread chosen could vary from one run to another. Threads that are not executing in the SINGLE directive wait at the END SINGLE directive unless NOWAIT is specified. C/C++ #pragma omp single [clause...] structured_block Fortran!$OMP SINGLE [clause...] structured-block!$omp END SINGLE [NOWAIT]

35 Work-Sharing Constructs SINGLE Constructs: Only one thread initializes the shared variable a

36 Work-Sharing Constructs SINGLE Constructs: It specifies that the enclosed code is to be executed by only one thread in the team. The thread chosen could vary from one run to another. Threads that are not executing in the SINGLE directive wait at the END SINGLE directive unless NOWAIT is specified. C/C++ #pragma omp single [clause...] structured_block Fortran!$OMP SINGLE [clause...] structured-block!$omp END SINGLE [NOWAIT]

37 Work-Sharing Constructs SINGLE Constructs: Only one thread initializes the shared variable a

38 Synchronization (BARRIER) C/C++ #pragma omp barrier newline structured_block Fortran!$OMP BARRIER newline structured_block Example: Check barrier.f and barrier.c example code. BARRIER Directive: Synchronizes all threads in the team. When a BARRIER directive is reached, a thread will wait at that point until all other threads have reached that barrier. All threads then resume executing in parallel the code that follows the barrier.

39 Synchronization (BARRIER) BARRIER Directive Important restrictions Each barrier must be encountered by all threads in a team, or by none at all The sequence of work-sharing regions and barrier regions encountered must be the same for every thread in the team. Without these rules some threads wait forever (or until somebody kills the process) for other threads to reach a barrier

40 Synchronization (MASTER) C/C++ #pragma omp master newline Statement_or_expression Fortran!$OMP MASTER newline Statement_or_expression!$OMP END MASTER MASTER Directive: Specifies a region that is to be executed only by the master thread of the team. All other threads on the team skip this section of code It is similar to the SINGLE construct

41 Synchronization (ORDERED) C/C++ #pragma omp ordered newline structured_block Fortran!$OMP ORDERED newline structured_block!$omp END ORDERED Example: Check ordered.c example code. ORDERED Directive: allows one to execute a structured block within a parallel loop in sequential order The code outside this block runs in parallel if threads finish out of order, there may be an additional performance penalty because some threads might have to wait.

42 Synchronization (CRITICAL) C/C++ #pragma omp critical (name) structured_block Fortran!$OMP CRITICAL (name) structured_block!$omp END CRITICAL (name) Example: Correct critical.f90 and critical.c example code. CRITICAL Directive: It provides a means to ensure that multiple threads do not attempt to update the same shared data simultaneously. An optional name can be given to a critical construct. Name must be global and unique When a thread encounters a critical construct, it waits until no other thread is executing a critical region with the same name. race condition

43 Synchronization (ATOMIC) C/C++ #pragma omp atomic newline Expression_statement Fortran!$OMP ATOMIC newline Expression_statement Example: Check atomic.c example code. ATOMIC Directive: Specifies that a specific memory location must be updated atomically, rather than letting multiple threads attempt to write to it. In essence, this directive provides a mini-critical section. It is an efficient alternative to the critical region

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