Lecture 2. Programs and Pseudocode. Daily Puzzle

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1 Lecture 2 Programs and Pseudocode Daily Puzzle A rope ladder hangs over the side of a boat near a dock. The fifth rung is just under water. The tide is rising at a steady rate of 30cm per hour. Each rung is 2cm thick, and the gap from one rung to the next is 20cm. How many rungs will be under water in 3 hours?

2 Announcements Pi-kit sales Wednesday 1-6 pm & Thursday 6-9 pm Main floor of Reynolds, just through the double wooden doors Can not use your student card to pay Textbook exercises are due the morning of lecture day. You do the exercises _before_ you go to the lecture. Academic Integrity Unit - password is **imhonest** Announcements Lecture notes and interesting stuff about programming is available (as well as pracniques) from my blog: craftofcoding.wordpress.com

3 Q&A Do you have a question? (I may have an answer) Programming is... A pastime similar to banging one's head against a wall, but with fewer opportunities for reward.

4 Humans vs. computers Humans and computers perceive things differently. Computers perform tasks precisely and in an identical manner every time, humans don t! The human brain multitasks well (in running your body), computers are trying to. Humans vs. computers Computers need rules. They can t think for themselves. They are not intuitive.

5 Computers vs. brains Kasparov beats Deep Blue, Deep Blue: 100,000,000 moves/sec. Kasparov: 3 moves per second. IBM Deep Blue

6 Computers vs. brains Deeper Blue beats Kasparov, ½ : 2½ Deeper Blue: 200,000,000 moves/sec. 50 billion positions. Computers vs. brains How did Kasparov win? Computers transfer data faster than humans. Human brain is highly adaptable. Deep Blue uses brute strength. Computers aren t intuitive.

7 Computers vs. brains No real AI, or Artificial Intelligence. Robots and computers still rely on instructions to operate. Some learned behaviors, often requiring extensive input. It s all about rules! Computers have a difficult time discerning ideas.

8 It s all about rules! 7 words You must unlearn what you have learned. The rule states a word is a series of characters surrounded by white space. It s all about rules! How many words? These aren t the droids you re looking for.

9 It s all about rules! 7 words These aren t the droids you re looking for. The rule states that a word can include apostrophes. It s all about rules! 8 words Do,or do not,there is no try. The rule states that a word can be delimited by punctuation (, :, ;).

10 It s all about rules! A word is a series of alphabetic characters possible containing an apostrophe. Words terminating a sentence may have a.! or? At the end. If a word ends with a, ; : or - separate the phrase into two or more words. Numbers (a series of digits) are not words. Computers think using algorithms Computers need instructions. Instructions are given through algorithms. Algorithms are translated into code using programming languages. Code is compiled into binary executables for computer to interpret.

11 What is programming? Programming is a problem-solving activity. Programming is more than just writing code. What is programming? Programming refers to the process of analyzing a problem and deriving a solution in the form of a program. A program is a set of instructions that is executed to perform some task. The process of writing the statements using a programming language is termed coding.

12 What is programming? There are many styles of programming Unstructured (spaghetti code) or structured Procedural (C, Pascal) Object-oriented (Smalltalk, C++, Java) Functional (Haskell) Spaghetti code

13 Spaghetti code Languages are... Just languages However Programming languages lack ambiguity and vagueness. Spoken languages are vague: I saw the man with a telescope.

14 Languages are... I saw the man with a telescope. I saw the man with a telescope I saw the man with a telescope...strict about syntax. area πr2 Produces an error in the syntax of the language if used in code. Syntax is the set of allowable lexical elements

15 ...strict about syntax. You can t make up weird words in Scrabble. You can t use syntax that you make up in a programming language. area = * radius * radius; (C) area = * radius ^ 2.0 (Lua) area := * radius * radius;(pascal) Many different languages C - systems programming, embedded systems Objective C - programming apps, IOS/OSX Ada - real-time systems, aerospace, defense Cobol - business processing Fortran - scientific, parallel programming C++ - game programming Python - scientific programming

16 Programs are software Program designed to derive information from data. Software is designed for the user. Programs must be usable

17 Programs have limitations Software is only limited by human ambition and expectation. We'll always find new algorithms, new applications, and new users. What programs are not!

18 Programs can t do it all Liverpool Train Station 1280 by 960 pixels = 1.3MP Programs can t do it all 5x magnification 10x magnification enhance it!

19 Programs can t do it all Programs can be complex

20 Programs can be expensive Programs require problem solving

21 No panacea for every problem Programs are not so intuitive

22 Programs are a bunch of 1 s & 0 s = hello Why programs? Humans aren t so good at binary, so programming languages were developed. The first ones were simple languages to do math.

23 Programs can do cool things Take a snapshot of a Sudoku game, and solve it. How is Sudoku solved? Number regions are extracted from the puzzle Number regions are processed to extract actual numbers Puzzle is solved using an algorithm of some sort.

24 Original image Adjust brightness Find edges Extract contours Extract Sudoku grid Find vertical lines Convert to binary Process to make lines distinct Reduce noise Adjust brightness Adjust brightness same process for horizontal lines Extract vertical lines

25 Extract grid points Refine points Warp image ss Extract numbered regions ss

26 Solving the puzzle ss Complex programs Fleischmann Z21 model train controller

27 Algorithms Programs consist of algorithms. An algorithm is just a well-outlined method for completing a task. This high-level abstraction is not actual code. However, it does express the ideas of a program, and is called pseudo-code. It is a verbal description. Algorithms Algorithms are designed using languages which are easy for humans to understand but can be easily translated into a programming language.

28 Pseudocode A detailed, yet readable description of what an algorithm must do. It must be easily understood. Uses a natural language. Does not use syntax of any particular language. Pseudocode A bridge between the abstract algorithm and the code itself. For example: INPUT distance in miles CALCULATE conversion to kilometres OUTPUT distance in kilometres

29 What makes a good programmer? A photographic knowledge of a language? More likely skill and a bag of tricks Achieved through experience. You can t become a programmer through osmosis.

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