Objectives. Describe ways to create constants const readonly enum

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1 Constants

2 Objectives Describe ways to create constants const readonly enum 2

3 Motivation Idea of constant is useful makes programs more readable allows more compile time error checking 3

4 Const Keyword const used to indicate compile time constant applicable to local variables applicable to fields 4

5 Const local variable Local variable can be declared constant must be initialized inline value cannot be changed later constant local variable double Area(double radius) const double pi = 3.14; return pi * radius * radius; 5

6 Const field Field can be declared constant must be initialized inline value cannot be changed later constant fields public class Math public const double PI = ; public const double E = ;... 6

7 Const and static Field cannot be both declared both const and static not needed const field automatically static saves memory by generating single copy implicitly static public class Math public const double PI = ; public const double E = ;... double radius = 1.5; access using type name double area = Math.PI * radius * radius; 7

8 Compile time const const provides restrictive notion of constant value must be computable at compile time error, value must be compile time constant void Process(int width, int height) const int area = width * height;... 8

9 Limited const references Value for const reference must be compile time constant references can only be null too limited to be truly useful Works for strings since compile time literals exist ok error const Person p = null; const Person ann = new Person("Ann"); ok const string greeting = "hello"; 9

10 No const parameters Parameters cannot be const not value type parameters not reference type parameters parameter value is not determined at compile time error, const parameters not supported error, const parameters not supported double Average(const int a, const int b)... double Process(const Person p)... 10

11 Readonly Keyword readonly used to indicate runtime constant applicable only to fields 11

12 Readonly field Field can be declared readonly can only be initialized using variable initializer or in constructor value cannot be changed later compiler warning if not set value used for initialization can be determined at runtime readonly field class Person readonly DateTime dob; public Person(DateTime dob) this.dob = dob;... 12

13 Readonly and static Fields often made both readonly and static more flexible than const prevents write access allows runtime determination of value saves memory by generating single copy ok struct Point public static readonly Point origin = new Point(0, 0);... 13

14 Enum Keyword enum used to create new type with corresponding set of symbolic constants 14

15 Enum definition Can create enumeration value type use keyword enum specify type name give list of named constants define enum enum Day Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday 15

16 Enum use Can create variables of enum type use enum name as type name Can use values listed in enum values are scoped inside enum prefix with enum name for access create variable Day d; d = Day.Monday; if (d == Day.Saturday d == Day.Sunday) Console.WriteLine("weekend"); 16

17 Enum underlying type Enum uses an underlying type for representation default is int can use any integral type except char represented using int enum Day Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday represented using short enum ErrorCode : byte DomainError, RangeError 17

18 Enum values Enum constants have values default is sequential starting at 0 can explicitly specify any value and others follow in sequence default values enum Day Sunday, // 0 Monday, // 1 Tuesday, // 2 Wednesday, // 3 Thursday, // 4 Friday, // 5 Saturday // 6 specify value enum Day Sunday = 1, Monday, // 2 Tuesday, // 3 Wednesday, // 4 Thursday = 10, Friday, // 11 Saturday // 12 18

19 Enum and casting Must cast to convert between enum and underlying type cast needed in either direction helps reduce chance of assigning invalid value convert to Day convert to int Day d = (Day)3; int i = (int)d; 19

20 Enum inheritance hierarchy enum is part of type hierarchy ultimately descends from Object like all types automatically derived from the value type Enum Enum class provides many convenient utility methods Object ValueType Enum user enum 20

21 Boxing Enums are value types boxed when used as object value copied into box Day d = Day.Monday; boxed object o = d;... d Monday o Monday 21

22 Unboxing Can extract enum from box cast required System.InvalidCastException thrown if cast fails Day d = Day.Monday; object o = d; unbox Day e = (Day)o;... o Monday e Monday 22

23 Summary Three different techniques to create constants const readonly enum static often combined with readonly on field gives more flexible notion of constant than const keyword 23

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