CSC231 C Tutorial Fall 2018 Introduction to C

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1 mith College CSC231 C Tutorial Fall 2018 Introduction to C Dominique Thiébaut dthiebaut@smith.edu

2 Learning C in 4 Installments!

3 Dennis Ritchie 1969 to 1973 AT&T Bell Labs Close to Assembly Unix Standard Many languages based on C. (C++, Obj. C, C#) Many influenced by C (Java, Python, Perl)

4 C Lacks Exceptions Garbage collection OOP Polymorphism But

5 C Lacks Exceptions Garbage collection OOP Polymorphism But it is usually faster!

6 Example: N-Queens Problem

7 Example: N-Queens Problem Language Execution Time Python 48 sec C 1.4 sec C with -O3 optimization 0.4 sec

8 Good Reference Essential C, by Nick Parlante, Stanford U. EssentialC.pdf

9 JAVA C

10 OOP JAVA C (simplification) POINTERS

11 Hello World! Library Strings Block-structured language main() #include <stdio.h> void main() { } printf("\nhello World\n");

12 Hello World! Library getcopy C/hello.c Strings Block-structured language main() #include <stdio.h> void main() { } printf("\nhello World\n");

13 gcc Gnu compiler man gcc for help Compiling on Marax [~/handout]$ gcc hello.c [~/handout]$./a.out Hello World [~/handout]$ gcc -o hello hello.c [~/handout]$./hello Hello World

14 GNU Founder

15 Files

16 Exercise Write your own Hello World! program Make it print something like: ************ * C Rocks! * ************

17 Good Reference on C Compiler

18 Printing printf( "string with %-operators", list of vars); %d int %f float %s string printf( "%3d %1.3f %s\n", 2, , "CSC231 Assembly" );

19 Simple types Variables No string type! No booleans (only 0 for false and!0 for true) No classes, no objects, no OOP! int -> integer variable short -> short integer long -> long integer float -> single precision real (floating point) variable double -> double precision real (floating point) variable char -> character variable (single byte)

20

21

22 Comments

23 Strings Use " " for strings Use 'x' for characters

24 Strings

25 Strings

26 Strings

27 Strings

28 Strings [~/handout/c]$ gcc strings.c [~/handout/c]$./a.out sentence = hello world! [~/handout/c]

29 A Few String Functions strcpy( dest, src ) copies the string pointed to by src to dest strcat( dest, src ) concatenate the string pointed to by src to dest strlen( src ) returns the number of characters in the string more at

30 Strings end with \0 ~/handout/c]$./a.out sentence = Hello world! sentence = Hello [~/handout/c]$

31 Strings end with \0 '\0' 'o' 'l' 'l' 'e' 'h' ~/handout/c]$ a.out sentence = Hello world! sentence = Hello [~/handout/c]$ Strings are Mutable

32 Exercise make the program store the sum of a and b into c, and then print your full name and the value in c. getcopy C/exercise1.c

33 We stopped Here, Last time

34 Exercise make the program store the sum of a and b into c, and then print your full name and the value in c. getcopy C/exercise1.c

35 #include <stdio.h> #include <string.h> Solution void main() { int a = 3; int b = 5; int c = 0; char firstname[] = "Mickey"; char lastname[] = "Mouse"; char fullname[100]; c = a + b; strcpy( fullname, firstname ); strcat( fullname, " " ); strcat( fullname, lastname ); } printf( "\nc = %d Full name = %s\n\n", c, fullname );

36 For-Loops

37 While-Loops

38 Infinite Loops

39 Exercise, Part 1 Write a program that displays the first 10 fibonacci terms. Use a loop! You may use this code to get started. You can start printing 1, 2, 3 or 1, 1, 2, 3 Both solutions are fine. int fibn=1, fibn1=1, fibn2=0; fibn = fibn1 + fibn2; printf( "%d\n", fibn );

40 Exercise, Part 2 Take the solution for the previous exercise (getcopy C/fibonacci0.c) and replace the for-loop with while loop, so that it prints all the terms less than 1000.

41 Symbolic Constants

42 After preprocessing Symbolic Constants

43 Conditionals

44 Conditionals && and or! not

45 Conditionals (cont d)

46 Conditionals (cont d) ints or chars, something countable

47 Pointers

48 Concept

49 Example: Initialize an Array Using indexing

50 Example: Initialize an Array Using pointers

51 ./a.out p=0x7fff88d54560 A[0] = 0.00 *p = 0.00 p=0x7fff88d54564 A[1] = 1.00 *p = 1.00 p=0x7fff88d54568 A[2] = 2.00 *p = 2.00 p=0x7fff88d5456c A[3] = 3.00 *p = 3.00 p=0x7fff88d54570 A[4] = 4.00 *p = 4.00 p=0x7fff88d54574 A[5] = 5.00 *p = 5.00 p=0x7fff88d54578 A[6] = 6.00 *p = 6.00 p=0x7fff88d5457c A[7] = 7.00 *p = 7.00 p=0x7fff88d54580 A[8] = 8.00 *p = 8.00 p=0x7fff88d54584 A[9] = 9.00 *p = 9.00

52 Arrays

53 Arrays The name of an array is a pointer to the first cell of the array. name is the same as &(name[0])

54 * and & * has two meanings, depending on context Pointer to Contents of & means the address of

55 * and &

56 Write a C program that copies Exercise Array A into Array B using indexing first, and then using pointers. getcopy C/copyArrays.c

57 Solution getcopy C/copyArraysSol.c

58 Write a C program that finds the largest integer in Array A, Exercise using pointers.

59 getcopy C/findLargestUsingPointers.c Solution

60 We stopped here last time

61 Functions Functions are normally declared before they are used Functions can return values of simple types (int, char, floats), and even pointers. Functions get parameters of simple types, and pointers. Passing by value is automatic. Passing by reference requires passing a pointer.

62 Example 1 z = 30 z = 11 sum( 11, 22) = 33

63 Example 2 (Incomplete code Add missing elements!) Pass by Reference! z = 30 x = 11

64 Class Exercise Complete the code shown here

65 Solution Complete the code shown here getcopy C/decrementArray.c

66 Input/Output IO

67 Input From User

68 (cont d) a.out Enter your name, please: Mickey Enter your age: 21 Enter your version of pi: Mickey is 21 years old, and thinks pi is

69 Exercise Write a C program that uses functions to find the largest integer in A. The result is passed back using a return statement.

70 Exercise Write another program that does the same thing but the max is passed back via a parameter passed by reference.

71 Dynamic Variables

72 Dynamic: think "new" in Java Memore Allocation for New Data Structure = malloc()

73 Program RAM malloc

74 Program RAM malloc Operating System

75 dyn Program RAM malloc Operating System

76 dyn Program RAM malloc Operating System (void*) p

77 dyn Program RAM p malloc Operating System (void*) p

78 Malloc getcopy C/malloc1.c

79 sizeof() can be tricky

80 sizeof ()

81 sizeof () sizeof(a) = 20 sizeof(a[0]) = 4 sizeof(b) = 8 sizeof(b[0]) = 4 sizeof(p) = 8 sizeof(*p) = 4 sizeof(name) = 14 strlen(name) = 13 sizeof(a) = 4 sizeof(x) = 4

82 sizeof () Different! sizeof(a) = 20 sizeof(a[0]) = 4 sizeof(b) = 8 sizeof(b[0]) = 4 sizeof(p) = 8 sizeof(*p) = 4 sizeof(name) = 14 strlen(name) = 13 sizeof(a) = 4 sizeof(x) = 4

83 File IO

84 We stopped here Last time

85 File I/O: Output C/fileIOOutput.c

86 File I/O: Input C/fileIOInput.c

87 File I/O: Reading Ints [~handout] cat fileofints.txt

88 File I/O: Reading Ints C/fileIOReadNumbers.c

89 File I/O: Reading Ints [~handout] gcc fileioreadnumbers.c [~handout] a.out 1, 2, 3 4, 5, 6 7, 8, 9 10, 11, 12

90 At the Bash prompt type: cat > data.txt ^D Exercise (that's control-d) Write a program that reads the file data.txt, which has the number of ints it contains on the first line, then one int per line for the rest of the file. Your program must use a dynamic array to store the numbers, and find the max of the array, and print it.

91 Function Prototypes and Multi-File Projects

92 Original

93 myfuncs.h myfuncs.c smallestlargestsum3.c

94

95 Summary C has a lot in common with Java C programmers must know how to use memory (malloc, pointers) No garbage collector: free dynamic structures yourself! Explicitly pass arguments by value or by reference to functions

96 Linked-Lists in C

97 head Alpha Zero Beta Apple

98 head Alpha Zero Beta Apple NULL ((void *)0)

99 The Node in C Alpha

100 C Structs Early attempt at encapsulating data Members are accessed using the dot notation:

101 Struct Example

102 Struct Example

103 Struct Example getcopy C/structExample.c

104 The Head of the List head

105 The Head of the List head That s an empty list!

106 head Displaying the List Alpha Zero Beta Apple

107 head Creating the List Beta Apple

108

109

110 getcopy C/linkedListStrings.c

111 Exercise Add code to the linkedliststrings.c program that will remove all the nodes from the list, one by one (and free them). Make your code display the list after each deletion

112 Exercise Use functions for adding and removing nodes Main Program Calling Functions

113 getcopy C/linkedListStrings2.c Exercise Use functions for adding and removing nodes Main Program Calling Functions

114 List of Files in handout/c

115 Accessing All The Files in cs231a

116 Final Exam CSC231_Final_Exam_Fall_2018

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