Linux Tutorial #1. Introduction. Login to a remote Linux machine. Using vim to create and edit C++ programs
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1 Linux Tutorial #1 Introduction The Linux operating system is now over 20 years old, and is widely used in industry and universities because it is fast, flexible and free. Because Linux is open source, millions of researchers and software developers are continuously updating and extending the operating system and creating new applications. One major area of development has been in creating tools to create software, in particular text editors, program compilers, and debugging tools. In this lab, we will use a number of Linux applications to create, compile and run a simple C++ program. Login to a remote Linux machine In this class, we will be using turing our department s main Linux machine for all program development. This will give you a chance to learn more about Linux without having to go through the work to install Linux on your local machine. It will also guarantee that all of your programs are stored in a central location that is backed up daily and can be accessed from anywhere. To login to turing, you need to do the following: Open a terminal application on your Mac (the black square icon). You should see a command prompt at the top of the window. Type in the command ssh user_name@turing.csce.uark.edu where you replace user_name with your UofA user name. The computer should prompt you for your UofA password. Congratulations, you are now logged into a Linux machine and ready to start programming. If have a Mac laptop, you can use the terminal application to SSH into turing from home or anywhere with a good internet connection. If you have a PC, you will need to install a SSH client program like PuTTY or SSH Cryptonaut from and use this application to SSH into turing. Using vim to create and edit C++ programs A wide range of text editors has been written for Linux over the years. Vim was created in 1991 and is still being updated today. It is very fast, lightweight, and only requires a terminal to be used, which makes it great when SSH remote access is
2 required. However, vim does not have mouse support and you should therefore use the arrow keys to move the cursor from line to line. To create a new program, type vim hello.cpp at the command prompt and hit return. This will create an empty document. To start typing code in Vim first hit the letter i, to switch to insert mode. Upon pressing the i key, you should see INSERT at the bottom of the screen, which indicates that you are in insert mode. To exit insert mode and return to normal mode simply hit the escape key, in which case the INSERT should disappear. Type in the following C++ program exactly as shown (or use copy/paste): // Include statements #include < iostream > using namespace std; // Main function int main() { // Print message cout << "Hello, world!\n"; return 0 ; } To save the file enter in command mode by typing : and then type w and hit return. Now type :q to exit the Vim program. Congratulations, you have created and saved your first program. Using g++ to compile C++ programs Your next task is to compile your C++ program. This will translate the C++ commands you typed into the "hello.cpp" file into machine language that can be executed on the computer. The "g++" compiler the widely used C++ compiler for Linux. It was developed as part of the GNU compiler collection developed by Richard Stallman, one of the pioneers of the open software movement. To compile your program, type "g++ -Wall hello.cpp -o hello.exe" at the command prompt. There are three parts to this command. The "-Wall" part of the command tells g++ compiler to print out all possible warning messages. This will help you find bugs in your code. The "hello.cpp" part tells g++ the name of the program to compile. By convention, all C++ program files should end with a.cpp suffix. The "-o hello.exe" tells g++ the name of the output file. If you leave the third part off, the default output file name is "a.out".
3 If you have no errors, you will just get the Linux prompt again. Otherwise g++ will print out a list of error messages. For example, if you get the following messages hello.cpp:8:22: error: iostream : No such file or directory hello.cpp: In function 'int main()': hello.cpp:15: error: 'cout' was not declared in this scope it is because there should NOT be spaces before and after the word "iostream" in the program above. To correct this, run vim hello.cpp again, and modify the program to remove the extra spaces and save the file again. Now type "g++ -Wall hello.cpp -o hello.exe" to recompile your program. The error messages should be gone now. Run and extend the C++ program To run the program you just compiled type in "./hello.exe". You should see "Hello, world!" and then the Linux prompt again. Congratulations, you just ran your first C++ program! Before we can extend this program lets look at the code in more detail. At the top of the file, you can see the include statements. This is where we tell the C++ compiler what built-in commands we plan to use in the program. In this case, the "iostream" library contains the "cout <<" command for printing data to the screen and the "cin >>" command for reading data from the keyboard and storing it in variables. Edit your program using vim again and add the following three lines to your program just before the "return 0;" line: int number; cin >> number; cout << number << endl; The first line declares an integer variable called "number". The second line stops the program and waits for the user to type in an integer on the keyboard, and then stores this value in the variable number. The third line prints the value of the number variable out on the screen followed by a carriage return. Now type "g++ -Wall hello.cpp -o hello.exe" to compile your modified program. To run your new program type in "./hello.exe". This time you should see "Hello, world!" and but no Linux prompt because the program is waiting for input. Now type in the integer "42" and hit enter. Your program should now print this value and end. Run your program several more times and type in some different integer values. Your program should simply print
4 out the values you type in. What happens if you type in something other than an integer? Create a typescript You are expected to submit a typescript of your assignment along with the source code and the report. The typescript that we will create must contain the compilation and execution of the program. The script command allows a user to record a set of command and its output and save it into a file. To create a new typescript do the following: Type script to start recording your script Compile your program using the g++ command Run your program Type exit to stop recording Here is an example: user_name@turing:~$ script Script started, file is typescript user_name@turing:~$ g++ -Wall hello.cpp -o hello.exe user_name@turing:~$./hello.exe Hello, world! user_name@turing:~$ exit Copy files from remote machine Today, you have created, compiled and executed a simple C++ program (hello.cpp) on a remote Linux machine (turing.csce.uark.edu). This is great, but your file is currently being stored on the remote machine. In order to print the file, or upload it into the lab auto grader or into Blackboard, you need to get the file from the remote machine onto your local machines. There are several ways you could do this: Use copy/paste: If you open your C++ program using vim on turing, then you can create an empty document on your local machine, and use copy/paste to move your program. Depending on the software you are using, you may find that the editor automatically changes the double quotes around C++ strings into left quotes or right quotes. This is OK for printing, but the program will not compile with these fancy quotes. Use the scp command: If you open up a second terminal window on your local machine, you can use the scp command to perform a secure copy of your remote file onto your local machine. For example, on a mac you could type the following: scp user_name@turing.csce.uark.edu/hello.cpp. where you replace user_name with your UofA user name. This will prompt you for your UofA password, and copy hello.cpp from your home directory on turing into your home directory on your local machine.
5 Use the mail command: On some remote machines, you may be able to call the mail program from the command line. In this case you can run the command: mail < hello.cpp to send the hello.cpp file to your UofA mailbox. From there, you can print/save the file as needed. If you do this, remember to send only the source code (the cpp file) and not the executable file. Also, remember that you are NOT allowed to your code to other students in this class. Use Filezilla to FTP files: Not all machines are set up for scp or mail. To move files directly on these machines you can use Filezilla to FTP files. To do this you must first download the Filezilla client application from this web page, and install it on your local machine. After opening Filezilla, you will need to connect to Turing to access your files. Near the top of the window you should see a box labeled host. Type "sftp://turing.csce.uark.edu" (ignore the quotes) into that box. Then enter your UofA username and password. Add 22 as the port and press "Quickconnect". The list of files on the left side of the window is the files on your local machine. After connecting to Turing, you should see your files from Turing on the right side. You can drag and drop files to and from this window as needed. The next time you use Filezilla you can use the drop down arrow next to Quickconnect to access Turing without filling in all the boxes. Logout of Linux It is always a good idea to logout of ALL machines you are using when you have completed your task (or if you leave the room). To logout of turing, simply type the logout command. Then you can close your terminal application. When you SSH onto turing again next time, you will see all of the files you created today. Summary Command ssh vim terminal g++./program.exe scp mail logout Meaning Start using Linux machine Program for editing C++ programs Program that lets you execute Linux commands Program to compile C++ programs How we execute a C++ program Copy file from remote machine to local machine Mail file from remote machine to yourself Finish using Linux machine Author: jgauch@uark.edu, 2015, 2017
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