C Programming for Electronic Engineers

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Darrell Underwood
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1 C Programming for Electronic Engineers Keith Jackson BSc CEng MIEE with acknowledgement to Gavin Eamshaw MEng School of Electronic, Communication and Electrical Engineering University of Plymouth MACMILLAN

Preface xni 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Origins of C 1 1.3 Advantages and disadvantages of C 1 1.4 Binary numbers 2 1.5 Self-assessment test - Binary 4 1.6 Binary arithmetic 4 1.

2 Preface xni 1 Introduction Introduction Origins of C Advantages and disadvantages of C Binary numbers Self-assessment test - Binary Binary arithmetic Hexadecimal notation Octal notation Self-assessment test - Number bases Summary 9 2 Programming Concepts Introduction Computer hardware Operating systems Memory structure Machine code High- and low-level languages Compilers and linkers Structure of a C program Generalised program layout Preprocessor ANSI standard Summary Exercises 21 3 Representation of Data Introduction Basic data types Integer types Two's complement Self-assessment exercise - Integers Short and long integers Arithmetic overflow Floating point representation Double and long double representation Character representation 28 vii

Vlll 3.11 3.12 Summary Exercises 29 30 4 Variables and Constants 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Variables 4.3 Variable definition 4.4 Identifiers 4.5 A brief note on printf and scanf 4.

3 Vlll Summary Exercises Variables and Constants 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Variables 4.3 Variable definition 4.4 Identifiers 4.5 A brief note on printf and scanf 4.6 Case study - Resistor calculation 4.7 Numerical constants 4.8 Character and string constants 4.9 Defining constants with tfdefine 4.10 Self-assessment test - Variables 4.11 Summary 4.12 Exercises 5 Arithmetic Operations 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Integer expressions 5.3 Floating point expressions 5.4 Assignment statements 5.5 Arithmetic operators 5.6 Unary + and - operators 5.7 Operator precedence 5.8 Self-assessment test - Integer expressions 5.9 Mathematical functions 5.10 Case study - Complex numbers 5.11 Arithmetic overflow 5.12 Mixed type expressions 5.13 Type casting 5.14 Self-assessment test - Mixed expressions 5.15 Increment and decrement operators 5.16 Summary 5.17 Exercises 6 Control of Program Flow 6.1 Introduction 6.2 The if statement 6.3 Boolean expressions 6.4 if-else statement 6.5 Self-assessment test - Boolean expressions 6.6 /orlloop 6.7 do-while loop

6.8 6.9 6.10 6.11 6.12 6.13 while loop Choice of loop type Indentation Case study - Guessing game Summary Exercises ix 65 66 67 67 70 70 7 Input and Output 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Data types 7.

4 while loop Choice of loop type Indentation Case study - Guessing game Summary Exercises ix Input and Output 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Data types 7.3 Output using printf 7.4 printf format codes 7.5 Width and precision 7.6 Escape sequences 7.7 Self-assessment test printf 7.8 Input using scanf 7.9 Self-assessment test - scanf 7.10 Problems with scanf 7.11 Reading characters with getchar 7.12 Detecting key strokes 7.13 Keyboard buffering 7.14 Detecting invalid input 7.15 Case study - Diode table 7.16 Summary 7.17 Exercises 8 Functions 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Simple procedural functions 8.3 Parameterised functions 8.4 Self-assessment test - Functions 8.5 Functions with return values 8.6 Function prototypes 8.7 Case study - Oscillator design table 8.8 Local variables 8.9 Global variables 8.10 The main function 8.11 Self-assessment test - Variable scope 8.12 Summary 8.13 Exercises Arrays Introduction The concept of arrays 114

5 X Array definitions Array subscripts Self-assessment test - Arrays Passing arrays to functions Case study - Statistical analysis Algorithm design Sorting arrays Summary Exercises Strings 10.1 Introduction 10.2 String variables 10.3 Input and output of strings 10.4 String assignment 10.5 String comparison 10.6 Case conversion 10.7 String library functions 10.8 String value conversions 10.9 Self-assessment test - Strings Case study - Resistor calculator Summary Exercises 11 File Input and Output 11.1 Introduction 11.2 File structure 11.3 Opening and closing files 11.4 Writing to files 11.5 Reading from files 11.6 Opening user-specified files 11.7 Case study - Data post-processing 11.8 Summary 11.9 Exercises 12 Pointers 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Pointer concepts 12.3 Defining pointers 12.4 The & operator 12.5 Assigning pointers 12.6 Pointer indirection 12.7 Self-assessment test - Pointers 12.8 NULL pointers

12.9 Pointers as parameters 12.10 Arrays as parameters 12.11 Pointers as return values 12.12 Absolute addressing 12.13 Self-assessment test - Pointer parameters 12.14 Summary 12.

6 12.9 Pointers as parameters Arrays as parameters Pointers as return values Absolute addressing Self-assessment test - Pointer parameters Summary Exercises 13 Advanced Data Types 13.1 Introduction 13.2 The concept of structures 13.3 Declaring new types 13.4 Declaring a structure 13.5 Defining structured variables 13.6 Accessing structure members 13.7 Self-assessment test - Structures 13.8 Arrays of structures 13.9 Passing records to functions Returning structures from functions Case study - Telephone directory Summary Programming exercises 14 Low-level Operations 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Input and output ports 14.3 Controlling ports 14.4 in and out functions 14.5 The low-level operators 14.6 The NOT operator 14.7 The AND operator 14.8 The OR operator 14.9 The XOR operator The shift operators Case study - Temperature monitor Summary 15 Graphics 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Display hardware 15.3 Physical coordinates 15.4 Graphics library functions 15.5 Coordinate mapping 15.6 Case study - Fourier composition XI

Xll 15.7 Summary 15.8 Exercises 16 Software Engineering 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Software life-cycle 16.3 Indentifying requirements 16.4 System design 16.5 Implementation 16.6 Testing 16.

7 Xll 15.7 Summary 15.8 Exercises 16 Software Engineering 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Software life-cycle 16.3 Indentifying requirements 16.4 System design 16.5 Implementation 16.6 Testing 16.7 Documentation and maintenance 16.8 Software engineering using C 16.9 Separate file compilation Makefiles Summary Appendix A Appendix B Appendix C Appendix D Index Glossary ASCII codes Errors in C Keywords

C-LANGUAGE CURRICULAM

C-LANGUAGE CURRICULAM Duration: 2 Months. 1. Introducing C 1.1 History of C Origin Standardization C-Based Languages 1.2 Strengths and Weaknesses Of C Strengths Weaknesses Effective Use of C 2. C Fundamentals