Today CISC124. Building Modular Code. Designing Methods. Designing Methods, Cont. Designing Methods, Cont. Assignment 1 due this Friday, 7pm.

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1 CISC124 Today Assignment 1 due this Friday, 7pm. QWIC Tutorial Tonight at 8pm in Mac-Corry D201. Building modular code at the method level. Start Numeric Representation. Fall 2018 CISC124 - Prof. McLeod 1 Fall 2018 CISC124 - Prof. McLeod 2 Building Modular Code You should already know the advantages to modularity: Easier to build. Easier to test. Easier to debug. Easier to modify. Easier to share. Building objects just takes modular design to the next level. But for now, let s focus on methods (or functions). Designing Methods Methods are written to avoid repeating code. So, make sure you only have one method to do the one thing. Methods should be short: How short is short? One to ten lines? If you can satisfy all the other rules and the code still explains itself, then the method is short enough. Fall 2018 CISC124 - Prof. McLeod 3 Fall 2018 CISC124 - Prof. McLeod 4 Methods should only do one thing and do it well. Yah, but how can we define one thing? Write the most abstract description of what the method does does it still have the word and in it? Look for loosely coupled sections within a method if it seems too large these are natural dividing points. Sometimes the coder puts an empty line between sections as an unconscious admission of loose coupling. Keep all code within the method at the same level of abstraction. If you find yourself writing detailed code right beside high level code, you are not following this rule. Your program should be readable as a top-down narrative. The most abstract methods will be at the top of the program, leading to the least abstract methods further down. (BTW, I m bad and I don t always follow this rule.) Fall 2018 CISC124 - Prof. McLeod 5 Fall 2018 CISC124 - Prof. McLeod 6

2 Use less than three parameters wherever possible the best number is zero! Try to use parameters for input only. Flag parameters are ugly they are saying that the method does at least two things. If needed, multiple parameters can be grouped into an object or list, provided they share a theme. For example: drawcircle(point centrepoint, int radius) is better than drawcircle(int centrex, int centrey, int radius) Fall 2018 CISC124 - Prof. McLeod 7 Check to see how readable the method name is when it has its parameter list does it read like a sentence? (verb then noun?). Fall 2018 CISC124 - Prof. McLeod 8 The method should not spawn any side effects. Such as changing the contents of variables passed by reference. Or spawning off another process that is at the same level of abstraction as the method itself. The method should only invoke methods that are at a lower level of abstraction than itself. A method should either do something or answer something, not both. How to Write Good Methods It is not easy to do, especially if you are used to writing much larger methods. Be prepared to write and then re-write your code several times. Each time, you will probably be breaking larger methods into smaller ones. Each time you re-write (or refactor) the code it gets better (tidier, easier to read, and often shorter!). Will a multiple method program be faster than a single method version that does the same thing? Fall 2018 CISC124 - Prof. McLeod 9 Fall 2018 CISC124 - Prof. McLeod 10 Assignment 1 Lectures have covered everything you need to know for the assignment. Start the assignment before your lab this week Numeric Representation - Topics Base 10 numbers in binary and hexadecimal. Two s complement and IEEE754, for the storage of numbers in RAM. Source and effects of roundoff error. Convergence and increasing the accuracy of summations. Fall 2018 CISC124 - Prof. McLeod 11 Fall 2018 CISC124 - Prof. McLeod 12

3 Numeric Representation In base 2 (digits either 0 or 1): r=2, a binary number: ( ) 2 = =53.75 (in base 10) r is the radix or the base of the number Hexadecimal Numbers: a base-16 system with 16 digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, and F: For example: r = 16, a hex number: (B65F) 16 = = Fall 2018 CISC124 - Prof. McLeod 13 Fall 2018 CISC124 - Prof. McLeod 14 The above series show how you can convert from binary or hex to decimal. How to convert from decimal to one of the other bases?: integral part: divide by r and keep the remainder. decimal part: multiply by r and keep the carry r is the base - either 2 or 16 Fall 2018 CISC124 - Prof. McLeod 15 For example, convert to binary: So, is Divisor(r) Dividend Remainder (quotient) least significant digit most 0 1 significant digit Fall 2018 CISC124 - Prof. McLeod 16 For the part: So, is is: ( ) 2 Multiplier(r) Multiplicand Carry (product) Fall 2018 CISC124 - Prof. McLeod Aside - Roundoff Error Consider 0.1, for example: (0.1) 10 = ( ) 2 What happens to the part of a real number that cannot be stored? It is lost - the number is either truncated or rounded. The lost part is called the Roundoff Error. Fall 2018 CISC124 - Prof. McLeod 18

4 Converting between binary and hex is much easier - done by grouping the numbers: For example: And going from binary to hex: ( ) 2 = (?) 16 (2C6B.F06) 16 = (?) 2 ( 2 C 6 B. F 0 6 ) 16 ( ) 2 ( 5 9 D. D 8 ) 16 ( ) 2 Fall 2018 CISC124 - Prof. McLeod 19 Fall 2018 CISC124 - Prof. McLeod 20 Storage of Integers An un-signed 8 digit (one byte) binary number can range from to is 0 in base is 1x x x x2 7 = 255, base 10. So, how can a negative binary number be stored? One way is to use the Two s Complement system of storage: Make the most significant bit a negative number: So, the lowest signed binary 8 digit number is now: , which is -1x2 7, or -128 base 10. Fall 2018 CISC124 - Prof. McLeod 21 Fall 2018 CISC124 - Prof. McLeod 22 Two s Complement System for 1 byte: binary base For example, the binary number is 1x x x2 4-1x2 7 = = -107 base 10 Now you can see how the primitive integer type, byte, ranges from -128 to 127. Fall 2018 CISC124 - Prof. McLeod 23 Fall 2018 CISC124 - Prof. McLeod 24

5 Suppose we wish to add 1 to the largest byte value: This would be equivalent to adding 1 to 127 in base 10 - the result would normally be 128. In base 2, using two s compliment, the result of the addition is , which is -128 in base 10! So integer numbers wrap around, in the case of overflow - no warning is given in Java! An int is stored in 4 bytes using two s complement. An int ranges from: to or to in base 10 Fall 2018 CISC124 - Prof. McLeod 25 Fall 2018 CISC124 - Prof. McLeod 26 Storage of Integers - Example Example calculate n! as an int and as a long. What happens when overflow occurs? How do you calculate a large factorial? How about the BigInteger class! See FactorialDemo.java Fall 2018 CISC124 - Prof. McLeod 27 Storage of Real Numbers The system used to store real numbers in Java complies with the IEEE standard number 754. Like an int, a float is stored in 4 bytes or 32 bits. These bits consist of 23 bits for the mantissa, 8 bits for the exponent, with one sign bit: exponent mantissa sign bit Fall 2018 CISC124 - Prof. McLeod 28 The sign bit, s, can be 0 for positive and 1 for negative. The exponent, e, is unsigned. The standard says the exponent is biased by 127 and that the values 0 and 255 are reserved. So the exponent can range from -126 to E is the unbiased value and e is the biased value (E = e - 127). If e is not a reserved value then assume that there is a 1 to the left of the decimal point, which is followed by the mantissa, f to yield the significand. The mantissa is always less than 1 this way. Fall 2018 CISC124 - Prof. McLeod 29 So a value is stored as: value = (-1) s 1.f 2 E For example if s = 0, e = 125 and f = E = = -2 The significand is value = Fall 2018 CISC124 - Prof. McLeod 30

6 Or, value = 0.011, which is The maximum float would be for : s = 0 e = 254 f = We can use a calculator like: Gives: E38, which is the constant: Float.MAX_VALUE. Changing s to 1 gives E38 The smallest, non-zero normalized value has e = 1 and f = , which gives E-38, which is Float.MIN_NORMAL. Fall 2018 CISC124 - Prof. McLeod 31 Fall 2018 CISC124 - Prof. McLeod 32 These are all normalized numbers because we are not using the reserved exponent values, 0 and 255. A denormalized (or subnormal ) number has e = 0. This implies a 0 to the left of the decimal point. So: value = (-1) s 0.f Fall 2018 CISC124 - Prof. McLeod 33 This allows the range of float values to be extended to slightly lower values (to , Float.MIN_VALUE). If e and f are 0, then you get -0 or +0 depending on s. If e is 255 and f is 0 then you get Infinity or +Infinity depending on s. (Displayed to the console as inf or inf. If e is 255 and f is not 0, then you get NaN. Shown as nan. Fall 2018 CISC124 - Prof. McLeod 34 Aside Why Denormalized Numbers? Without these small numbers, if you made a float any smaller than 1.2E-38, you would flush to zero. The smaller increments of denormalized numbers allows a more gradual underflow. So they say Fall 2018 CISC124 - Prof. McLeod 35

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