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Transcription

1 :! "#$,!, % &! '() * +,-. /0 (, "#$!8 9! :5% & $$ <&1 2 (/.,=,. 1> 2!(? $,@! 7* ' : (A 79'!B,,&$ 7*.C!, DEF$G*,7H!I 2 &J 7, -,=, LML *, N$ = O P $( * $* 7*!QR. 1> 2 D STU VJ WL!T 7 (? ($, C &X+$ 7 $ C = $ V T [ \, \T* 7,7H!I( S SF$ 2 (#$ LM: ^ #$$ SQ, = Y, &, _. au =,, $ \ T ' L 2 U*-F Db- _cd B e VOH< _,fg,_6_ 7*.. JG G. ' L O7. T Db. 9V 1 ($, 344d <.) 2 'j7 (',, 34_3) _3f j$" * \. l$ V 9 _3d _3: /L O7 TJ B, V ) N$9 7 T*-\!.C m j$", 1 2,-. T L + = ($ l$ V $ 7* 1.> + D+ k k &$ ', 1 2, l$ $ S$7 1 (!"#$, %&#, '(,!), '*+,, -)-$,, /, ' 0*) 2 34

2 C &X+$ 7n.\. 345: = o 79Q. S' $*0!B,.C! / /, DEF$G* &X ( p$. /q+ 79' l$ 7! "#$ T* ' $ 7* 1.> 2,mG* 7 r /0 $ "#$ l$ * 7* (. s 7*L 7* t, 1.> 2? $ V ST u$ ' /(= ST ' "#$ rl: Y ( Q. 7< 1 2 T $ J ' k $? S> 7*,-. ' 1. 2,mG* T 7@$*! +, 1 2 'v<w LM+ < Bt@ 7, s /$ ' 1.> 2 $. 9/x$! 1B+ 7Z /7 7( * $ = (#$ DEF$ 2 $ =? V =yh 79' 1 2 =yh au, z =yh, z =yh /7 VO =yh D\ /( 79' , (+,.+,,T, +!,, $$ * ^ #$$ SQ, = Y, &! VV* 7( * (&1 2 D=yH $.! 1B+ VV* 7 /$ 79' _ ^ #$ SQ! V "#$ SQ 7 /$ S{. + ( Q(. l$ 7 s( U Q. S' 1 2.\ 344c/ l$ 7= "#$! $ + W 7 ' /$?.\ & W' 1 2 _.\ 344c/ = B 7,(! "#$ =' 1 2 2

3 _: k 7 "#$ SQ 7 344c/ 34_ d6 34f6 34: "#$ ff d5 _g _8 d_ c3 _3d z: 7(A (3443:dg) k 7 (.\ 344c/ -3456) _,( 34f6 7@ "#$ G G ( Q. ff 344c )/ (, d5 ( 34_6), _g ( 3436), _6 ( 34d6) d_ (34f6) L : /&J (: 1 SW 7$,}"#$ ($ S{ / 7 &!Y ' 34:6 7 "#$ 77 7(!8 c3 ( $ 2 34:6 7 VB!/!(, (/=, 1&$/1&, (, ~, <,, ((&H, &+, DB,!p,," 7, }, =H$, }, ( + X+ T, +, + L (,"[, " =, V$Q!,T\L!. 9$&, 7+, (R,, 7, &T, S, DH$, (*+ V)? UV L 7 $ ( /, 345:) S' 7 &,.C " ~$ p$ ($ "#$ ST V,T ( ( /V d_ B ' _3d (7 1> ' HB+,!.H+, S1,!- +,!(+, V( *+,.=, (@+, HHT(+ 78+? &J L $ 7 -? U &J UV Q Q.?? 1(. UV 79( $ 7 p$. 2! = (7), (9$, Ss9$, 7&7<, }, =, H}+,,!,,, T(+, G"(+, (, }QH!9$? $ 7 L 7( * $ 2 =.! ƒ&+, $+, +,! (( &J! 1( ( $ 7. 2 $ L 79' T. LML $ ( 1Hw, &$ N$ <Q. 2 _ 344c = 2! :;< = > /-? =-@ AB2 -?C 4 3 D =@ *EFC G! +!) ;@ H2 =@+ I 3J3J/ =@ *$K F B 4 4 D 8* =@ )? L*EFC *$K MN;OI P#'2 34 3

4 7 =' "#$?,- ) =D /$ 79' 1 2 १४० १२० १०० भ ष सय ८० ६० ४० २० ० २००९/११ २०१८ २०२८ २०३८ २०४८ २०५८ २०६८ न प लक वभन जनगणन म म त भ =VJ _: k 7 "#$ /$7 79 V "#$ SQ 7 /$ 'j7 s( U : <. /L 'j7 "#$ _35 W' $ 2 34_3 <., C &X+$ 7 <&B $(B,G ^ Bt, ('S<', ) + (QRSTUTVW) 7+ /L 7 'j7 _3f / j$" * 7 1 (',, 34_3) 2 } (_c6c <.)! (_cc3 <.) g4 B D}= 7 ( (344:<.:3) _4c B V-M! _f4 B,( 7 1> 2 $,(! J$* r (/. V ' 1 2 N$,.C &J 7 79'! "#$ _:4 & 1 2 <Q,, (, s9$, A, VO$ A, u$u*$ &J 1 2 9/x$ T* (#$ 9!T7@$ < 2 $? ST k "#$ (: 34f6 7 + SDQ1 2 V?. (#$ ST!<( *1 2 4

5 3.3 ST ((&H? 1H 34: D}= '? V 9!Q &1: +, V-M!, S$+ X!H 2 3 () 34:6 7,( 99 7, % "#$? =<' 1 2 3(): 99 7, % "#$ (34:6) 9 "#$ % "#$ % /L _. + d4 _,63,fc,f % 3. V-M! :6 f3,f6,5fc _6.56% d. S$+ 3 f_6d: 4._c% f. X!H _ 36,5_: 4._d% :. ' _ 6g 4.44% D}= ' _,56,df4 4.gf% c3 3,3g,d5,cdf _44% z: l$ 7 (34:6) 3 (=) D}= ' 99 7, "#$ % "#$? =' 1 2 3(=): 99 7, % "#$ (3456) 9 "#$ % "#$ % /L _. + fc 3_,g,::,d4 63. % 4 3. V-M! g0 f:,65,:d6 _g.d_% d. S$+ 3 :44c5 4._c% f. X!H _ dd,5:_ 4._d% :. ' _ %,&$ 3_,_gd 4.4g% D}= ' fg,g_6 4._6% _33 3,5f,cf,:4 f _44% z: l$ 7 (3456) 5

6 3 () (=)!V ( 7* "#$ ST V-M! 9 (B!+ U) V* <&1 2 % "#$ % &!8+ =&1 2 $ "#$,-!I. 7' 1 2 % "#$ ST ( "#$ 63._34% (7,3456) + 9 (#$ $ S$*!} 7 <&1 2 34:6 7 ( "#$ _,56,df4 (4.gf%)!} +?,C L *J =' U "#$ 3_, g (4.4g) fg,g_6(4._6%) rl:,&$ D}= ' L * =' <&1 (, 34g4 ) 2,u$$, +. V-M! 9 + ) < 1. 2 ((&H,@ < ' &1 2 V-M! 9 % "#$ 7 & ~ =' 1: 3_.6 (344c/ ), _c.35 (34_6), _g._5 (3436) _3.45 (34d6) 2 $1 7 rlš!8:_5.g5 (34f6) _c (34:6) =' 1 ( /, 345:) 2 % "#$ 34:6 7 & Y ' % /L ST ~ =&1 2 S$+ 9 (&H L= (Db+ (&H U &+ (&H U =H$) XH 9 (DQ/ -Q7H/TQ7H) % "#$ Y ' % /L =. Y ' <Q c/ 7=. &+ % "#$! + W<Q. S<' 1 2,( % "#$ rlš 4.34 (344c/ ), 4.d_ (34_6), 4.3_ (3436), 4._c (34d6), 4._6 (34f6) 4._6 (3456) :6 7 VB S+ 9 =H$ % (_:g: (4.4_%)) "#$ ~B 3d6 (4.44%) (7 1 2 ' (language isolate) V ((&H 34:6 7 ( % "#$ 6g ( % "#$ 36 =<' 1 2 $.7+ 7 < 34:6 7 ( % "#$ gcf ( % "#$ 7*. :4 J =<' ' <.C "#$ ' &!8+ <' $ 2 5 \ ]^ M2 ) 8"C L :;< _ ` ) \, /(, ` ( ) _,, D ad, ( _) )D, D( #'2 b-c M * # $ dec * #!(K ec B 0KB 2]I f ]e =@ B * L *EFC (\\,D (.\%) P#'2 34 6

7 3.d,u$$,(&T!. J.C,u$$ ' 1 2 d L ' 79'.C (),,= (,), LML * (L), \0 U* N$ = (N$) ST9 STU P $( * () /@ - =<' 1 2 d:,u$$,(&t /@ - 7, L N$ _. + dd g g _ V-M! :5 _5 3: dd _6 d. S$+ (&+ =H$) 3 f. X!H ( DQ) _ :. ' (((&H) cd 3d d3 f5 3f z:,! (344f <.) (34_3<.) d,( + 9J 77 dd.c () < <&1 2.+, +,!B,, H7O,, =, H $+,!-" 7,!(+,!.H+,,1, V( *+, (+,,T, (,!\L, (9$, V, 7&7?,, QH, -,!p, s9$, (,?, VO$, 7+,," 7, (@+ +, V? *1> 2 $ 9 J g,= (!\L, (, -, (,?,!B, ), g LML * (+,.+, (+,,T,, HB+,!\L); _3 \0 U* N$ = (+,.+, (+,,T!\L, (, 7+, (,?, (X+),!-" 7,,1); 5 ST9 STU P $( * (.+, (+,,T,,!\L,!B) $* ' 1> 2 V-M! 9 J :5.C (, ŒV, V, $t=, (, 7 <, 1((,, 7 (8(B), M$Q,, DB, =, 1&$, 7(A, (, $, T, V, (, ((, 19, (,?,,, (" +, Ss, G"(+, ((,!&, V@, +, T(+,

8 /A, $(, (, L*, }, U,!, (, 1&, A, 7, U 7,, (@ M! (" 7), _5,= ((, (,, V, 1&$,, 1&, 1, +, (, $(, M$Q, G"(S+ ((7+),!,!9$, < ); 3: LML * (,, 7(A,!&, L*, V@, V, ((, =(7), ", $t=, =, }, $@G(, (,, 1&$, $(, $, M$Q,!); dd \0 U* N$ = (,, 7(A,!&, V@, V, = (7), ", (, $t=, }, $@G(, (, Ss9$, V, 1&$, A, +, V, $(,!, M$Q,,!,!9$, < ); _6 ST9 STU P $( * (,, 7(A,!&, V@, V, ((, (, $t=, L*,!, ŒV) $* ' 1> 2 S$+ 9 &+ =H$ X!H 9 DQ.C < 1 2 ' ((&H.C. /@ N$ =' $,u$$ < 1 2 $! (. $* ' UV f + J Y 1 2 +,.+, M!, L*, (+,,T ŒV (#$ 1> 2 T S{,(&T 7 r =&1> 2 + P $( * 7 /$ 7 7+? SF$,(,(U 7+ /$7 79' 1 2 f /$7? /( 79' 1 2 f: /$7 r. \. _. 7+ +,.+, (+,,T,, \L, 7,, 3. /(.+ d...+ M!, L*,, }, : g. 9" 8

9 6. ŒV c.,t= 7 _4. 7(A(= &!.,! D( * _3. }$B/ &+, 7(A _d. V/ VR/ &+ _f. = 7(A _:.!"!" $+ 3.: z: /, 345: 7,u$$?, T*!V 9,&r$!B * $- T*- J$ \V 9' <&1 ( /, 345:) 2.\ ,( 9! _4 (J,!( (H),, s(+,, &$, 7<,!+, =, /8+) +? ' - /$7 7 <&1 9! :d S-S{.!} 7, 1 2 :? =D /$ 79' 1 2 r.\. / \V :: 9 "#$ _. T. ' - _ ' ' :d d. ' ' &!8+ f. ',( k :. V 7* ' : f4 _g z: l$ 7 (3456).+, (+,,T :,( ' ' ',, L*, ~ /(, (, \L, ((, -, (, H, / &, -Q7H/TQ7H, 7&7?,, T,!B, $t=, <, 9$,

10 , V, ŒV, &!/=,,, M$Q/O, $(, V, (, (&H, DB, }, ((&H, }, ((, ~, 19, Ss9$,!&!, H}, ((,!, }, ", =, Œ 7, A *1> 2 9! : ' &!8+ 1> 2 7 (=, <, <, 7 (8(B)); V (V,!9$); 7(A (7(A, ~) (, H7w, =)? *1> 2 ',( k (.+, (+,,T) ' $, +, V, <+/(L, (, T(, (, (, B,!((?), s!$,, }, /s(, (, (T,, }<, (, $,!Q,!+,, T,,!, 78+, V8, +, H,,, B(, TQ+, T&, T!, +,!9$,,, *1> 2 + V 7* ', 1 2 H}, Œ 7!,&$ &$ 'DB. ' <&1 2!( + (/. ($ rl:,l ( Q. 7', V ) (=*?. /$* +?. /$7 ( Q. S' <& & (< < (34_4<.) 9* 7 9 (& ~B r (Expanded Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale) & U}$" 7 H ST _3d &? 7* 9! d4 B /, :_ B \Bk, B,L, 5 B /$, _ B ( (0, _ B <, (7 =&1 :d(fd.4c%) B J ( =&1> 2 5 & =<' : & (, 34_g <.) & "#$ ( \Bk,L /$ ( (0 :d : 5 /L fd.4c% f_.f5% 6.cf% f.6g% 4.6% 4.6% z: 'j7 (',, 34_3) $( (34_4) =VJ 3!B =D &1 2 6 =@ "))!h?-) - MN;OI P#'

11 न प लक भ ष ह/क ज वतत क 1थ3त 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% स र$%त स कट पन अपसरणश ल म त+ य स ष,त ल प ज वतत क =VJ 3: & d. d._ 7 /$ \7 '\ N$%7 7 + /$ ' <&1 2 Dk<w LM+ $ */ + B-!+ ( LM UV. $ T. = *,G '$B <B+,G!" $,," 1' <&1 2 [$* (_6c6-_c3g<.) $ r &+, =H$, B$, 7, M$", VO", $t=, $(, V, ((&H, ( (!), +, (ŒV), BB,!,!+, 1&, A"1&!(, (" +, V@, 19, ((, ((, VO$ D@!(, =, (, 7(A, (, t$, ((, 7, +,!H V, (H( Q= DDQ,.+, A.+, 7+, (+, A (+, \L,,T, = ( + ( }+) 7 ' 2D % 1B $ 9V$, O7, J!+, % "#$, 7 j$", = Y, ST9 /%, n>, (#$ /L, *, D V, N$ BB, r$ +, ( ), ( s,(, $ = [!$,!. 7 UV, _56 LM ' ( LM+, 9 D 7 W' ' 2 11

12 <&B $(B,G ^ Bt ('S<'),&*l$ \ _c5: <. = L * 3_ B,u$$ 7D(. LMUV, *.C \L, s, 1B+ N$.C j$"! }$' $ 2,&**, LMUV, N$ UV, +, + STU t$.c /q ST! = L@(V&X VOT+ +,o, 7 7 ( / D}= 79' 1 2 $. ST + QVB T* 79' $ 2 VUH!&T( sš L,&$ (,o,, -, (, +, = B 79' $ 2 _cg_ <. HL LM UV ST d4 B B!+ ( 7 7( *. + U H _44 LM+ ( /L 7 1> 2. }$&H, L /@ 7(A 7 ' 2 * &B LM UV (3:4 LM), t$ N$, LM N$ +.C UVG* * 9V* D& S* $7 U*o J!B (A '? H (. f6 _c6_ = _c6f <.!V 7 $ 2 $. 7+!<H =< R (_c66 <.), T =,,B ($! $7 D}#$ 1 2 C &X+$ 7 b 7 $ 9' LTJ, 1& -(,= 9$,!,= 9$ <&B $(B,G ^ Bt G*!B 79' +.C," 7 œu* 1> 2 $ (. /$ * V(O 7* $7 ( = '> 2 $ /$ 'G*!. B' '>,*G* $*0,= ( $ *$ '\ D$7 ( t, '> 2 d.3 /&J (* 1 B 9? u$ 7+ 34:4 l$ (- S$7 7s 79$ 2 $! ) V 7.C N$ 7( * (- W$ 2 $! 34:6 7 T B (.? () 7 <$ 2,&9 \T (345d) + 79? O,T,T? &$ W$ 2,T? ( / 7+ * 12

13 V(O 7* $7 ( $D (A 7( * B SF$ ( 79$ 2 345: l$ $ =( / Sž 79$ 2 Sž! J( Ÿ$,&7* C &X+$ 7 7* \0 / 7 7? / W<$ 2,= 7 = Y, / /O8 L U T*, (,,}"#$ V,= L /T 7( 7( * /(= (E? / &X&( = / l$ $ S$7 79$ 2 S$7!B / '1 345: V.J 36 J,( C &X+$ 7? W<' $ 2 345: G}7( 3d (( 344c V* 5 9=) W 9$ D B 79' $ 2 $ 7 9$G* 345: V.J=.C $* 79 <&1 2 d.3._ x$ DEF$ ((. au!. + 79? l [!B L 7 7+,T / 7* ST $ 7( * x$ <&1 2$ x$ /0 7 (#$ QVB DEF$ = $ 2 DEF$ $ / 1>: ()!. t L '.C $ ; LB N$9 = Y, N$,, J LM*UV /L STU * $ ; (7).C UV, N$ UV, O= = s LM+ ( L ' U* HB! * o 7; (~) l$ L /+ P $r 7*,- +!( u$ (ev9,ov9) L /$7! $ ; ( ) 7T 7(+$ = Ÿ($ [ /L 7 2 d.3.3 $* Y.C (A. 7 $*,<$ 2 /$ 7? V ( -,, = 7, 13

14 7,, + $, M!, V) DU(,? (V DU) 7+ O U 79' 1 2 $. +,.+, (+,! SW!},T\L /$7 J, &(=, 1> 2 - U /T ( 7+,&(= &(=? / = 7,@! 79$ 2.C 7 U: V /,(&T T..C /q+, LMUV, H* 79' s + )RTT(, t$ (b + )SRT( V$ 79' 1> 2.C /q+? =yh 79' 1 2 =yh /$7 UV S{ ' [,!( /, /$7, &, &,b UV " 7 79&1 2 =yh = 7U T ST9 1 2 /$7, 7 T*,!( /L\U T= UV " 7 =yh = /$7 79&1 2 $.7+ S{ 7,$& ( S&,7() 7DQ (=$ V k =yh 7 /$7 79&1 2 %!B <' LMUV ST U? k /L 'R 7 LM ST &( T* 7* LMUV /$7 79&1 2 U!V!T7@$ T* 7 H* 79' s + )Recorded Text Test /$7 79&1 ( 2 t$ (b + )Sentence Repetition Test( SGU!(- B D V. L(YQ7 $D t. k &$ ST9 1 2!} J? U!B (U U*, (U, (U Db (U 7+ QV 7!QH 79' 1 2 d.3.d N$ C &X+$ 7? l$ $ S$7!B W vv < 1 345: ~ _4 7 W 7,&7* /. H. $7&X/ $ L, /.H. VUH!&T(, /.H. \, /.H. T/ =, /.H. L?, H.,, H. *[, BG B* $ /. * (T $-V N$ 7s ' =& a 3 N$ *$,( 7 -/u$ H.? $ $ 79$ 2 (A W= L SD(' /.H. $7&X/ $ 3455 *= D,$*,L D($ 2 14

15 3455 * _5 7 N$!.s 7 7$ 7 H.? -L!D *$ 7 $ 2 /.H. $7&X/ $ 7Z SD( ' + ~ L L L!B. W'1 + $ WL+ ( ($ 2 > 34_4 V* _! N$!.s H.?. L!D *$ 71 (: 7 Q. S W@ S' c O 1 /.H. $7&X/ $ $!B W' =&1 2 N$ <&B $(B,G "Bt G*!B /T 7 $ /T G!!,!. $>. + ' <&1 2 d.3.f!b N$ l$ $ S$7,!B / 7*,T * ( (!B.A. ff,:6,fc,344 (V H,&sDk = D&V (? $) / 79' $ l$ $ S$7 /@!B N$. 7<W O= -+ ' $ 2 S&9 N$ 7*. L J \!B $7 (B<W -+ ' ( (A W= D( ' /. * (T + 7D( ' 1 2 / * 7*!!B \ &J$G* B O = z B =!B N$ 79$ 2 (A * SW l$ D /ag*? VB 7+ 9! Vb = DMT 7<' <&1 2 $1 /a!b (. SD 2 (A * L &J$!B (? S* * 7+ 9!! = DMT 7<' $ 2 <&B $(B,G "Bt (Summer Institute of Linguistics)!B (A=. /T, S* 7$ k = B $7 /0 < 1 2 S..345:/55 = S.. SW D l$ /a, <&B $(B,G "Bt, \ &J$, L &J$ J( Ÿ$!B 7 /0 ' S.. =V* g W<'

16 g: /0 7 =V* S.. /0 (S@) =V* 45:/455 :f,3g,34c 2 g: 3f,::,3:d 2 d4 455/45g :g,g:,g6g 2 f: :6,f4,cf4 2 d: 45g/456 fg,f5,cg: 2 g: dc,fd,ggd 2 fc 456/45c f:,c5,5:g 2 44 d5,_:,ffc 2 :4 45c/4g4* 34,44, :3,gd,:5: g4/4g_* 34,44, d4,5:,c:f 2 f4 4g_/4g3* 34,44, c,54,d4g g3/4gd* c,c_g ,dcd:: 2 f4 4gf/4g: _3,g_,f5c 2 3,g:,d6,d3c,d3c 2 c: 3,gd,55, : * <&B $(B,G "Bt J d.3.: /7.\. 345: = 34gf *@ 9! O *,T 9! c5 B.C j$" ", 66 B U*.C /, f B = Y /, g B ST9 P $( *, _3f B STU.C + L 79' 'j7: }$",G ( /L, (.C! ( /L,.C 7 _4 &!8+ L% 79' :6 7 1(B +.C / ST l$ V ', 1 2 ().C j$" "! V 7+.C, t$m 7 x$ 345: V.J 35 = - } <B (+) (A 79' $2 $!B S' a ST,(&T T? SF$ 9* ,,.+, V ŒV.C 79$ 2 HB! /) 7+ j$" \L $ 79$ 2 7 * J7,u$$,( ST,(&T T?,- 9* ,u$$ 0 ' 16

17 + $Q (? : ( $t= 79$ 2 HB! /) 7 j$" (data summary) $ 7+ / = $*?,7H!8'. (, V,!B, ŒV, $t=,.+ /$7 / %,b ST9 /@ / $ 79' $ 2. ' (, V,!B $t= ST9!( L 7 P $[ $ /$ 7 = Y / / $ 9' $ 2 < = Y?,7H 9$ 2 $ ST9!( L 7 $. u$ P $r ST / 7,, \,(U ( P $( P $ [ $ 7 /$ 79$ <, 1((, &+,,!B, 7 79$ 2 345c s-, 8 (( o!, H7O,, =, M$Q, HB$+,!-" 7,!(+,!.H+, S1, V( *+ 7+ / $ 79$ 2 345c,-* (+,,T, =, 1&$, 7(A 7+ /@ / $ 9$ 2 34g4 S 8 (, $, T,!\L, (9$, V, 7&7?, V, DQ,, QH, =H$, - ( 7+ _f 7+ /@ / $ 9$ 2 34g4 (- ~!p, s9$, ((, B.C 79' $ 2 $.7+ 34g_,- *?,, (" +, ( 7+ : B.C 79$ 2 $.7+ 34g3 (-~ VO$, Ss, G"(+, ((, : B.C 79$ 2 $.7+ 34gd,-*," 7,!&, V@, ~/7(A, (@+ 5.C 79' <&1 2 $.7+ 34gf s- S 8 +, T(+, /A, $(, ( L* 34gf.,- * }, U,!, ( 1&.C 79' <&1 2 $! C &X+$ 7 $*!, 1& (,= $* <' 1 2. (.C ' 1 2 C &X+$ 7,&7* 6: B 7 $* <&B $(B,G "Bt 17

18 B A, 7, 7(A, U 7,, V, H $+, (@ M!, H7O (" 7) c5 B.C < 1 2 <B = H.,@! &X 7 <&12 ' W<' : <B.C ' r.\. "#$ ' _. 345: d_ - <B (V, &, A,, QH, (,!", D( *,, +, (&H,.+, &+, 7(A, H, =H$, V@,!&, (9$, \L, ((, DQ, 7, ((, 7+, " =) :.+,, +, ŒV V d. 345g f, +, $t= ( 8 f <, 1((, &+,,!B 7(8(B) :. 345c() _f, H7O,, =, M$Q, H $+,!-" 7,!(+,!.H+, S1, V( *+, DB c(=) 5 (+,,T, =, 1&$, 7(A ( g. 34g4() _d (, $, T,!\L, (9$, V, 7&7?, V, DQ,, QH, =H$, - ( 6. 34g4(=) c!p, s9$, ((, MN;OI \ *=@/kb *lm *no pc0l - P#'2 34 8? *lm M2 '"34 18

19 ( c. 34g_ :?,,, ( (" + _4. 34g3 : VO$, Ss, G"(+, (( gd 5," 7,!&, V@, ~/7(A, (@+ _3. 34gf() 5 +, T(+, /A, $(, ( L* _d. 34gf(=) : }, U,!, (, 1& _f. $* <&B $(B,G "Bt, $@G(, A, 7, 7(A, U 7,, V A, H $+, (@ M!, H7O, W?, (" 7 (=).C / = U* / = $* $, C! B $* ' (A ' /@ / $ 79$ 2 $1 U* /! = $*?,7H!8' <&1 V, +, (, 7 <,, &,!B, 7 8(B,, H7O, M$Q,, DB, H $+,,1,!.H+, V( *+,!-" 7,!(+,,T, 1&$, (, (+, 7 =, (, $, V/!H, T,!\L (9$,!p, s9$, DQ,, =H$, $t=, ((, ((, 1((, 7(A, -,, =,.+, 19,?,,, (" +, Ss G"(+, VO$, ((, 7+,," 7,!&, V@, ~/7(A, (@+ T(+ + U* / ' 1 /A, $(, (, L*, }, U,!, (, 1& U* / = $* < (7) = Y / 9 MN;OI _ *=@/kb *lm -)# - P#'

20 ' (, V,!B $t= f B ST9!( L 7 P $[ $ /$ 7 = Y / / $ 9' 1 2 (~) ST9 P $( * ' (, V^,!B $t= < ŒV,.+ ST9!( L 7 $. u$ P $r ST / 7, \,(U ( P $( P $ [ $ 9' 1 2 ( )'j7: }$",G 9* /L <&B $(B,G " 7Bt <&B C &X+$ 7 \$(% /$! 9! _3f B STU 7 + Q7B' 'j7 9* 79$ 2 $?,"[ + (. + \ > 34_3 /L 79$ 2 (V) (.C! ( /L (, &X+$ /$ SW D l$ /a S* $7 > 34_3 (.C! ( /L 79' 1 2 (1) L%!($ 9$? N$ / o 7* V SF$ L% D 7 u$$ 9$ =.,(&T U /(= $* 7 L? <&B $(B,G "Bt \$(% T L (Š7 7 k $ k / $*L 7 sš S$ 79$ 2 c k $ S$ 79' + /(= $*L 7a W<'

21 c: $*L 7a r.\. / $*L,T _..C Y 344c<. _c-3_ + 3. u.c 344c<. -_: d. 7 ($ 344c<. _ U Y f..c /q+: 344c< ,(&T :. H** 344c<. 3c 5. s + (RTT) t$ (b 344c<. _5-_g ( 9(SRT) g. TU1 (Debriefing) 344c<. _5-_g,7) 6. 7U Y, j$" 344c<. / = c..c /q+: j$" / = 34_4<. 3d-36 + _4..C /q+: j$" 34_4<. 3d-36 + / =. 9*.C 34_4<. _c,/ /q+!,&r* $ _3. j$" \L /+ 34_4<. 5 ŒB@ _d. H** 7 34_4<. _f. s + (RTT) t$ (b 34 <. 3_-3:V* + (SRT) _:. 7 W7 /$7 H 34_3<. d4 +-G (,+ ( d r HB ~&B) _4 _5. J7 uc 34_d<. c- _d (.C Y _g. / = 34_f<. 36-3c (? _6. 7U, /q+ 't /$7 34_: <. d4- d_ (? 21

22 _c. / 7 t. /q, /q+ 't /$7 J7 uc 34_5 <. _d- _f ŒB@! 34. / j$" S*< 34_g<. $!!($ 9$? N$ / o 7* V SF$ L% D 7 u$$ > $* L? \$(% p$,9 t$g*$ p$ &!!* $(*B+,G t$g*$ <&G}H: J C,=! s<$ 2 $*L 7 sš, L *!B 9! d4 7 V SF$ C /0 79 1> 2 () V $7, \ &J$ S* $7 (( o! /(=.C 345c 79$ 2 $. / ST $ J! H $+,,,1,!-" 7!.H+? 3456 l$ 7 &J &$ / 7, 1 2 (-) B-!+ S(\L 7! B-!+,(\L 7? <&B $(B,G "Bt \$(% /$,ŸT 79' 1 2 $? / > 34_3 /L 'j7: }$",G /$7 79' 1 2 ( ) S$7 7!V $* 7 -+ \ \T* &*,u$$,,(&t,= $* 7* S$7 C &X+$ 7!V 34gf * _g 7 -+ J ' 1 2 $.,(.C 7*!QR _: ( }, },!, (,.=, +, H}+,,!9$, <Q, H,, (*+, ( ( ).C 7? S$7 W' 1 2 d V(O /@=. k / V(O 7Z S' <&1 2 V(O $? 1B+ VV* 7 /$ 79'

23 ()!B, 7!. & s( $!B, 2! 7 / (!B.A. ff,:6,fc,344 $ \ &J$, L &J$, SW l$ D /a, $ &J$, J( Ÿ$!B o 7* + J S* $7 /0 ' <&1 2 $.7+ <&B $(B,G "Bt (Summer Institute of Linguistics)!B (A=. /T, S* k = B $7 /0 < =&1 2 (=) V L T. ($,-. L œ! + 7D p$. 7 $ 2 DB SW!B UV /0 7* p$. Ws< 7( * $ 2 + D L $*, ' ($? D$,$*! V 7D 7 B!&. 7' $,mg* / ==. \ L C <B =. \,(&T rl:.f$ 1' <&1 (, $* \~-\ ($.Y&,$*? * 7 *$ <,> (? $*&$ }$D SB 7 D =D $7 7* VVD 7 SL 7 2 (7) O7 B T. ($ =, " 7 - ST( $$ 1' 19' 7* 7 $ 2 O7,?!8+ =V*!' <&1 2 (~)!<Q-< T. ($ 7+,&$, 7!<-< 7 $* 7* U 1 r!8 1 2 $?, <&1 2 ( )., L., $ 2 $!B p$. ) ( 9 ( $ 2 S* *!B? L 7D 7 $ T+ 8 ~V~V< Q $!B 23

24 * 2 l$ $ S$7 [ 7 SF$!B N$ & 7D =' 2 (V) T, l$ 7 r 79 7!V k! Q7 *T /C 7 VV* 7* ' T 7* 7 $ 2 + ($ 7 / T. 7 2 $* ( + '1 ( 7' $ 2 (1) /+ e * HB! N$ Ws<!. 9. /$7 7* /+ e * 7( * 1. UV? /Œ$ HB! /) W N$ 7* "[ 7* T 7* 7 ',( 1 2 () ($!V $ 7* $ ($!V $ '@? /+ 8" 7,7H!8D Q. 2 T. ($ $ V (E? Q7 7Q,7H!8.?.? / H ($!V $ 7* 7 $ 2 d.3.g " ~$G* D&(= (( œu* 9$ l$ / ' =' 2 r!b L 79. &$U!B / $ 7!. DEF$ U 7* ' 2 / D}= 79'!. DEF$ 7 U 7 (!u$ ( ($ 2 $..C? DMT!B $'@ N$$ Y&,Q7+,7H!8<' <&1 2 $!, 1> 2 + D}= 7* &1: () $ D$(%!B, <B = & 7,(&T? $ = 7D 2 œ? 7+ &$U 9 ',(&T J$* / =?,7H!8D E 7 <&1 2 24

25 (=),( &, % "#$ /$7? T?,(U 7+!. =? 'DB. = T,<$ 2 (7) ' 7!8+ $ L% SF$ ' s(!.? 77 D. $ L% /$7 79' <&1 2 (~).C 7 V /,(&T T..C /q+, LMUV, H* 79' s + )RTT( t$ (b + )SRT( V$ 79' ' (?!, s + )RTT( t$ (b + )SRT( T /$7 7* ' <Q. 2 ( ).C /q+? <B 1 9* 7 /$ 79'.C /q+ /q?- ($!, ($ 7 =. D$7 ' /$7 79Q. S' <&1 2 (V) 3_4 STU LMUV L : + GGU 77!. +$ +. LM /$7,* =. =' 2 (A " LM? H* 79 79' ' 1 uœ * ST S= J 7* ' <&1 2 (1) 7 /T '1 J =' / 3_4 LMUV!B LM7 u7 k! + W ' <&1 2 () % "#$ L ' ($!. 7U Y? /+ /$7 7* ' =Q. 2 (-) j$" " " 7, D!. ST? 7* ' 1. 2 ( ),&*l$ ($?! + W \ $7 (BD DEF$ / = + ',"[ 7' 1 2 :. D\ T (( ' W /W L : SW!} +, ( Q. &(=, (7 1> 2 "#$ &! * +,-. /0 (

26 9! :5% & $$ 1 2 (/.,=,. 1> 2!( *,( ($,7H!I 1. 2.C! (/. N$ =, P $[ * ' 1.> U ST 2 7 k,u$$ l$ 7 =' B 9 $* j$! }$D 7( * B SF$ $ 2 (? 7+, l$ $ S$7 C &X+$ 7? W',( $ 7.C? B(" $D, (7 1 2 k V(O Q Q. $ STU VJ /$ k $ ' /-G<.C /? 7!<B =' 1 2 $ /!B S$7 V,,}"#$ % '.C V, \, \T*. l$ V? 7 E ( t1 2 l J!.? L 7? L? L&!B,[ 7D 7 +~*+ ' l$ $ =QV 1 2 $ 7 D STU VJ WL!T 7 (? ($, C &X+$ 7 $ C = $ V T [ \, \T* 7,7H!I( S SF$ 2 $7 [ l$ $ S$7, (345:): : /, C &X+$ 7, J( Ÿ$ 2, (3456): : ' \, *, L ", * * f4,," _, U*" d46 2, (34g4): *,, 79, 7* (34g4), U*" dg3 2,"[ Central Bureau of Statistics Population census, Kathmandu: National Planning Commission. Central Bureau of Statistics National population and housing census 2011: National report. Kathmandu: National Planning Commission. Eppele, M. John, Paul Lewis, Dan Raj Regmi and Yogendra P. Yadava (eds.) Ethnologue: Languages of Nepal, Kathmandu: Central Department of Linguistics and SIL Intenational. 26

27 Grierson, George A. [1909] Linguistic survey of India. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidas. Gordon, Raymond G. Jr., (ed.) Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 15 th edition Dallas, Texas: SIL International. Government of Nepal. Interim constitution of Nepal, Kathmandu. Lewis, M. P. and Simons, G. F Assessing Endangerment: Expanding Fishman s GIDS. Revue Romaine de Linguistique Malla, K.P Langauge and Society in Nepal. In Malla, (ed.), Nepalese perspectives on continuity and change, Kathmandu: CNAS. Regmi, Dan Raj " Linguistic survey of Nepal: Progress, challenges and prospect." A paper presented at the Linguistic Survey of Nepal: Progress,Challenges and Prospect and Field Report Presentation Workshop held on 21June 2010, at Seminar Hall, Central Department of Linguistics, T.U. Regmi, Dan Raj Linguistic surveys in Nepal: A glimpse. TU Bulletin Special , Tribhuvan University, Nepal. Regmi, Dan Raj Multilingual education in Nepal: Policy and practice. TU Bulletin Special, Tribhuvan University, Nepal. Regmi, Dan Raj Convalescing the endangered languages in Nepal: policy, practice and challenges, Gipan Vol.3.1, January, Toba, Sueyoshi Present status of reearch/publication on languages of Nepal. Nepalese linguiatics, 20: Toba, S Language issues in Nepal. Kathmandu: Samdan Books and Stationers. Yadava, Yogendra P Language. Population monograph in Nepal. 1: Kathmandu: Central Bureau Statistics. Yadava, Yogendra. P Pattern of language endangerment in Nepal: An approximation. A paper presented at the silver jubilee conference of Linguistic Society of Nepal, Kathmandu. 27

28 9L) 9L) _: 34: ,( %"#$ (3456) 7 (34:6) % "#$ % "#$ + 635c: d + 4:d3::.+ d4c3:d4.+ 3gcg:63 (+ _:6fc:6 (+ _g_3:d5 _:3c6g: _dd_:f5!p gcdf_5!p 3dgcfg HB+ g6g63g D( * 5c_:f5 D( * _gf6f4,t :4_g:3,T :54gff!.H+ S1 3g3:3f _f3g6g!\l _333_f!\L _3c63c &+ gg:5c &+ _4:g5:!- + 5g:6_ ( f:63_ ( d_6fc 7+ d:5_f 7+ d4 3:dcf /! H 335dg - 3ff33-3_6f_!"/!" $ + 3_45_ (9$ _66!"/!" $ + 3d543," 7 _6:::," 7 _:6c3 ( _3333 ( 5:dd? 5gg? _43_4!(+ _4g4f!B 6g55!B 363d 28

29 V- M! V( *+ :c36 ffg5 :gfd 7&7<.= d5_3 d_43,"[ 34d3,"[ _4dg = _gfg \ _55c \ 63d g6 f6c (} _4g: V(OB+ f46 9$& 66c 9$& dd (@+ 6:_ &! 646 &! 5: DH$ :6f DH$ _:c :gc &T :_6 &T g3 HHT(+ f66 S f5g S d }QH 3fg (*+ 33g (*+ _d T _33 T ƒ o/ƒ&+ $+ d6 df _g + _5,! 6 _d:dd gc_f: 6f5::g 63:f:6 7 g66:d4 7 gg4 ddd5dd 7(A d3:533 7(A dd6c3:? _:c f!& _d3:6d!& dg_4:5 29

30 L* f6d4 L* _3cgg_ g5644 ff4cd V f6fd5 V d564g (( dg6c6 (( 355 (( dd_g4 (( _6565 = (7) 3g d " 3d_: 6cc_ ( 3_g_g (/= _4gdd (( 345:c (( _f4df $t= _c::6 $t= _f5f6 T _cd44 T _46_4 = _ff5g = ffg_! 5:6! 3g5: } _4_5g } dc65 19 _44f_ 19 d::d $@G( c346 $@G( _g33 ~ 64c3 ~ _5fc ( g5d6 ( :3g_ ŒV gfcc ŒV 3635 ( 5565 ( fd_4 (" (" + 33_ Ss9$ ::d4 + :3f3 + 5ff_ f63c fc_c f5:4 c4f M! fff: M! :3gg V fdg: V dd4_ 1&$ f36d 1&$ :c_3 dg:6 3f_d A dg_5 A _34g 1& dg_3 1& 6 30

31 + df:6 + 3cc: } d43c ( 3_:5 ( ddcg V 3464 V :f 1 34f5 1 _d_f /A _g5d /A 3g_ H}+ _55g $( _:34 $( _gfd ( _f3f ( d_4 $ _3g_ $ 35f_ 5c } 646 } f! :cc M$Q f64 M$Q _gdf =@V (DB) f5_ DB :_6 f4_ 3d dc3 T(+ dfg G"(S+ 3c4 ( 36g V$ 3f3 V< 4_! _::! df3 ^ = _3c ^ = cg 7 cc 7 _4 " = 64 " = c!9$ 5c < :4 < gcf d3 6 (R 3c (R c 7 _4 7 5 S$ &+ f &+ fc6:c =9$ 3d6 =9$ _:g: 31

32 X!H DQ dd5:_ -Q7/TQ7 365_: ' ((&H 36 ((&H 6g _3d 3,5f,cf,: 4f c3 3,3g,d5,cdf 9L) 3: &! ,&*l$ _. 5(f.c%) l$ _(4.6%) 3. J$ 3(_.5%) d. T&/ N$ o 3(_.53%) f. L. 6(5.:4%) :. #$/ 5( ) L 5(f.6g%) / d4 (3f.dc%) / 7,&*l$ /$7 ( L, +, S \V l$ /$7 ( $ J$ S\V + /$7 ( J! (!. $ J$ /$7 7 7 u$ $ /$7 (!. D U N$% /$7 7 ($ /+ = /$7 (!. D ( N$% O= /$7 7 ($!! 7 V$,,"[, +, $+,,! ƒ&+ + &+,.+,,T, D( *, (+, HB+, M!,!^ 7+, &+,,,!\L, }, L* <, <, 7, (R, =,, =, +. G$ ( ( ( ( ( ( ( 32

33 5(= ) \Bk :_ (f_.f5%) t, O=!. D ( N$% /$7 7! V &D D + J S{!!? $!} D 33 (@+, 7&7<,, M$", DB, ((, }, S1,!-" 7, 9$,!(+, V( *+,.=, =, (, &!, HHT(+,!p," 7, DQ, ((, 7(A, =H$, ~, V@, V, 1&$,, A, ",?, (" +, T, (,!&,!,!B, 7,, -, V,, $t=, A, ", ((, 7,,!9$, (, T(+, H}+, +, Ss9$, 1&,, 9$, DH$, &T,

34 g.,l (6.cf %) 6( k ) 6(= /$ ) 5(f.6g%) c. ( (0 _(4.6%) _4. < _(4.6%)! V &D D ( SGU!V ( 7* 7 C '. S{!!? $!} D r$ % (!(! (S J /$7 7 (!(! (S!(8 /$7 7*, p$. J /0 7 / ($ $ V A J L / DEF$ 7 J \7 7Q' V 7(< S, }QH, (*+, 78+, <, 7+, V (, 1((, +, (, (, 19, G"(+, (, ŒV, $(, (, (, ((&H,!, ª, \ _3d 9L) d:.c \ N$% r.\. \ N$% 1. (V B, L (+, $ 7O, L? /. H. \ 2. V ( B, ( DQ, «} H. 3. +,@!,!( =, V OH, 34

35 Db!7 /.H. V(H!&T( 4..+ $ $, <&XL s(, /, &X / 5. ŒV J?, &X s, &X L? /.H. L? 6. (,@!,!&X /, L =J H. 7. $t= J?, &X s, L? /.H. L? 8. 7 <,@!, 7O, + }B+,!& }B+ H. 9. H. (!& 8 ( B 10. & L (+ 11.!B (V B &X / (B <&XL s( L =J 13. 1(( J (, &X s /.H. L? 14.,@!, 7 s(, $ $, U$* 15. HQ7O / $, <&XL s( /.H.,@!, 7 s(, $ $, U$* / $, <&XL s( /.H. 16. M$Q J? &X s 17. *= =H!&X / 18. DB = L* s,? /.H. V(H 19. H $+,,1,!.H+, V( *+ 20.!-" 7.,!(+ 21., =!&T( ( B, *!( L+ /.H. T/ = / V H. x \H,@!, 7 s(, $ $, U$* / $, <&XL s( /.H. 35

36 22.,T <&XL s(, 7O, 7 s(,,@! /.H &$ $ $ (V B 24. ( J? &X s /.H. L? 25. (+ <&XL s(, 7O, 7 s(,,@! /.H = ( B L =J, a, U$* / $ /.H. T/ = 27. 7(A / V? 28. ( J?, &X s /.H. L? 29. $, (? a 30. DQ ( DQ (V B 31. =H$!, $ $,,@!, 7O <&XL s(, 7 s( /.H. 32. V/!H ( B H}+,T+ 33. T *= =H,,@! /.H / V H. x \H 35. X+/, QH L (+ ( $ 36. V, 7&7<!, $ $,,@!, 7O <&XL s(, 7 s( /.H. 37.!\L, (9$!, $ $,,@!, 7O <&XL s(, 7 s( /.H. 38.!p <&XL s(, =,,@!, 7 s( /.H. 39. s9$ <&XL s(, =,,@!, 7 36

37 s( /.H. 40. (( U$* / $ H}+,T+ 41. ( 7O ( B J?, &X s /.H. L? 43. =? ( $ / V x \H L 46. (?, ( B,,@!, U$* / $ 47. <,@!, <&XL s( /.H. 48.! J? &X s 49. (" +? U$* / $ s( (+ 51. ( / V &X 52. VO$ H.,@!, =, U$* / $, 7O /.H. 53. Ss H.,@!, =, U$* / $, 7O /.H. 54. G"(+ H. J?, &X s /.H. L? 55. (( / V H}+,T <&XL s( 7 s( 57. (@+ + H}+ ST+ H. x \H 58.," 7 H.,@! U$* / $ 59. ~-7(A / V /C 60. V@ H.? 61.!& H. J? &X s 7O <&XL s(, H.,@! / V 64. T(+ 7O, H. x \H /.H. 65. ( H. (!& 8 /C 37

38 66. /A H. J? &X s 67. $( H.? 68. L* L L* U$* / $ 69. } 7O, H. x \H /.H. 70. U, $ U$* / $ 71.! H.,@! / V 72. ( H.? 73. 1& H. J? &X s 9L) f:.c ' / = r.\. / = L 1. \ /.H. \ 2. V ( B /.H. ( DQ 3. + <&XL s( /.H <&XL s( U$* / /.H. $ 5. ŒV <&XL s( /.H. 6. (,@! /.H. 7. $t= J? &X /.H. s 8. 7 <,@! /.H. 9. H.(!& 8 /.H. \ 10. & L (+ /.H. * (T 11.!B H. a /.H. (V B (B <&XL s( /.H. T / = 38

39 13. 1(( H. J? &X s s(,@! /.H. L? /.H. 15. HQ7O <&XL s( /.H. 16. M$Q J? &X s 17. *= =H! / 18. DB? = 19. H $+,,1,!.H+, V( *+ L* s ( B /.H. L? /.H. (T * /.H. /.H. 20.!-" 7,!(+ / V /.H. 21., = <&XL s( 7 s( 22.,T <&XL s( U$* / $ 23. 1&$ $ $ (V B 24. ( J? &X s 25. (+ 7 s(,@! /.H. /.H. /.H. /.H. L? /.H = ( B /.H (A? / V 28. ( J? &X s /.H. /.H. L 29. $ H.? /.H. 30. DQ ( DQ /.H.? 31. =H$! $ $ /.H. 39

40 32. V/!H ( B /.H. 33. T *= =H /.H.,@! / V /.H. 35. X+/ L (+ /.H. 36. V, 7&7< 7O <&XL /.H. s( 37.!\L, 9$ U$* / $ /.H. 38.!p H.! /, /.H. H.,@! 39. s9$ H.,@! /.H. 40. (( U$* / $ /.H. 41. ( ( B /.H. J? &X /.H. L s? 43. =? /.H. 44.@!( / V /.H H.,@! /.H. <&XL s( 46. (" +? U$* / /.H. $ 47. ( H.,@! /.H. <&XL s( 48.? H.,@! /.H. <&XL s( s( /.H. (+ 50. J? &X /.H. L s? 51. Ss9$ H.,@! /.H. 52. VO$ U$* / $ /.H. 53. (( / V /.H. 40

41 <&XL s( 7 /.H. s( 55. G"(+ J? &X /.H. L s? 56. (@+ + H}+,T+ /.H. 57.," 7 H.,@! /.H. 58. ~/ 7(A / V /.H. /C 59. V H.? /.H. 60.!& J? &X /.H. L s? 7O <&XL /.H. s( H.,@! /.H. 63. T(+ H.! / /.H. 64. ( H. (!& 8 /.H. 65. A H. J? &X /.H. s 66. $( H.? /.H. 67. L* U$* / $ /.H. 68. } 7O /.H. 69.! H.,@! /.H. 70. ( H.? /.H & J? &X /.H. s 72. U U$* / $ /.H. 41