Lecture 10: Potpourri: Enum / struct / union Advanced Unix #include function pointers

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1 \ \ \ / / / / \ \ \ \ / \ / \ \ \ V /,----' / ^ \ \ / ^ \ ` ` / ^ \. ` > < / /_\ \. ` / /_\ \ / /_\ \ `--' \ /. \ `----. / \ \ '--' '--' / \ / \ \ / \ / / \ \ (_ ) \ (_ ) / / \ \ \ / / / / \ \ / / \ \ # / _ \ / _ \ / # (----` ` _),----'` ` _) (----` # \ \ / / \ \ #.----) \ \----. `--' `----. `--' \ \ ) # / _ `. \ / \ \ / _ `. / # Lecture 10: Potpourri: Enum / struct / union Advanced Unix #include function pointers October 25, 2018 Hank Childs, University of Oregon

2 Ques&ons on 2F?

3 Grading Got 2C done! J Viet will be doing more grading soon And code reviews

4 2C feedback

5 sizeof!= strlen

6 Don t do: int first[] = { x }; Instead do: int first[1] = { x }; (Also: didn t need an array at all for this project)

7 Accidental global variable?

8 Don t use char str[] as an argument (or at all) Instead, use char *str

9 while (1) is the expected way to do this in C

10 if (op == + ) is more readable than if (op == 43)

11 if (arg1[i] == \0 ) NULL is an 8 byte pointer \0 is a 1 byte character (the compiler happens to do a good conversion here to make this work)

12 The value you return from a func&on does not need to be malloc d

13 C programmers expect the i++ in the third part of the defini&on If you pull it out and put it in the body of the loop, it is innova&ng a new, unfamiliar pabern.

14 else if - > else

15 legnum *= 10;

16 Indent your code!!

17 These are strings, not characters

18 2;???

19 if / else if / else

20 if (opera&on[0] == + ) Code below checks to see if the variable opera&on is poin&ng to the same loca&on as the global string variable that represents + (It doesn t)

21 assignment equal vs comparison equal

22 This is some very tricky code. (I don t like it makes me have to think.)

23 OK, what videos am I supposed to do? my_strlen? Unix cp u&lity? one more?

24 Call by value / call by reference Refers to how parameters are passed to a func&on. Call by value: send the value of the variable as a func&on parameter Side effects in that func&on don t affect the variable in the calling func&on Call by reference: send a reference (pointer) as a func&on parameter Side effects in that func&on affect the variable in the calling func&on

25 Call by Value C does not care that foo has an argument variable called x and main has an automa&c variable called x. They have NO rela&on.

26 Call by reference

27 enum example C keyword enum means enum defini&on is coming This enum contains 6 different student types semi- colon!!!

28 Structs: a complex data type Structs: mechanism provided by C programming language to define a group of variables Variables must be grouped together in con&guous memory Also makes accessing variables easier they are all part of the same grouping (the struct)

29 struct syntax C keyword struct means struct defini&on is coming semi- colon!!! Declaring an instance This struct contains 6 doubles, meaning it is 48 bytes. accesses data members for a struct

30 So important: struct data member access is different with pointers Pointers: use - > Instances (i.e., not pointers): use.

31 Unions Union: special data type store many different memory types in one memory loca&on When dealing with this union, you can treat it as a float, as an int, or as 4 characters. This union has 4 bytes

32 Unions Why are unions useful?

33 Unions Example

34 Unions Example

35 Preprocessor Preprocessor: takes an input program produces another program (which is then compiled) C has a separate language for preprocessing Different syntax than C Uses macros ( # ) macro ( macroinstruc&on ): rule for replacing input characters with output characters

36 #include compiler can only compile one file at a file takes another file and includes it in the current file the file is a header file it contains func&on prototypes a func&on prototype declares a func&on exists, but not how it is implemented

37 Demonstrate #include #include <stdio.h> int main() { prinx("hello world\n"); } % gcc E prinx.c

38 Func&on Prototype

39 Preprocessor Phases Resolve #includes Condi&onal compila&on (#ifdef) Macro replacement Special macros

40 #define compila&on This is an example of macro replacement.

41 #define via gcc command- line op&on

42 Conflic&ng D and #define

43 Condi&onal compila&on

44 Condi&onal compila&on controlled via compiler flags

45 Func&on Pointers Idea: You have a pointer to a func&on This pointer can change based on circumstance When you call the func&on pointer, it is like calling a known func&on

46 Func&on Pointer Example

47 Func&on Pointer Example #2 Func&on pointer Part of func&on signature Don t be scared of extra * s they just come about because of pointers in the arguments or return values.

48 Simple- to- Exo&c Func&on Pointer Declara&ons void (*foo)(void); void (*foo)(int **, char ***); char ** (*foo)(int **, void (*)(int)); These some&mes come up on interviews.

49 Func&on Pointers vs Condi&onals What are the pros and cons of each approach?

50 Callbacks Callbacks: func&on that is called when a condi&on is met Commonly used when interfacing between modules that were developed separately. libraries use callbacks and developers who use the libraries register callbacks.

51 Callback example

52 Callback example

53 Return values in shells $? is the return value of the last executed command

54 Prin&ng to terminal and reading from terminal In Unix, prin&ng to terminal and reading from terminal is done with file I/O Keyboard and screen are files in the file system! (at least they were )

55 Standard Streams Wikipedia: preconnected input and output channels between a computer program and its environment (typically a text terminal) when it begins execu&on Three standard streams: stdin (standard input) stdout (standard output) stderr (standard error) What mechanisms in C allow you to access standard streams?

56 prinx Print to stdout prinx( hello world\n ); prinx( Integers are like this %d\n, 6); prinx( Two floats: %f, %f, 3.5, 7.0);

57 fprinx Just like prinx, but to streams fprinx(stdout, helloworld\n ); à same as prinx fprinx(stderr, helloworld\n ); prints to standard error fprinx(f_out, helloworld\n ); prints to the file pointed to by FILE *f_out.

58 Streams in Unix

59 Unix shells allows you to manipulate standard streams. > redirect output of program to a file Example: ls > output echo this is a file > output2 cat file1 file2 > file3

60 Unix shells allows you to manipulate standard streams. < redirect file to input of program Example: python < myscript.py Note: python quits when it reads a special character called EOF (End of File) You can type this character by typing Ctrl- D This is why Python quits when you type Ctrl- D (many other programs too)

61 Unix shells allows you to manipulate standard streams. >> concatenate output of program to end of exis&ng file (or create file if it doesn t exist) Example: echo I am star&ng the file > file1 echo I am adding to the file >> file1 cat file1 I am star&ng the file I am adding to the file

62 What s happening here? ls is outpu ng its error messages to stderr

63 Redirec&ng stderr in a shell

64 Redirec&ng stderr to stdout Convenient when you want both to go to the same stream

65 c func&ons: fork and pipe fork: duplicates current program into a separate instance Two running programs! Only differen&ated by return value of fork (which is original and which is new) pipe: mechanism for connec&ng file descriptors between two forked programs Through fork and pipe, you can connect two running programs. One writes to a file descriptor, and the other reads the output from its file descript Only used on special occasions. (And one of those occasions is with the shell.)

66 pipes in Unix shells represented with output of one program becomes input to another program

67 Very useful programs grep: keep lines that match pabern, discard lines that don t match pabern

68 Very useful programs sed: replace pabern 1 with pabern 2 sed s/pabern1/pabern2/g s means subs&tute g means global every instance on the line sed is also available in vi :%s/pabern1/pabern2/g (% means all lines) :103,133s/p1/p2/g (lines )

69 Wildcards * is a wildcard with unix shells? is a wildcard that matches exactly one character

70 Other useful shell things tab : auto- complete esc=: show op&ons for auto- complete Ctrl- A: go to beginning of line Ctrl- E: go to end of line Ctrl- R: search through history for command

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Lecture 9: Potpourri: Call by reference vs call by value Enum / struct / union Advanced Unix ....... \ \ \ / / / / \ \ \ \ / \ / \ \ \ V /,----' / ^ \ \.--..--. / ^ \ `--- ----` / ^ \. ` > < / /_\ \. ` / /_\ \ / /_\ \ `--' \ /. \ `----. / \ \ '--' '--' / \ / \ \ / \ / / \ \ (_ ) \ (_ ) / / \ \

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