CSCI 121: Anatomy of a Python Script

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1 CSCI 121: Anatomy of a Python Script

2 Python Scripts We start by a Python script: A text file containing lines of Python code. Each line is a Python statement. The Python interpreter (the python3 command) executes each statement, line by line, from top to bottom. A statement directs that an action be made by the interpreter, which has a (state-changing) effect. (Think of the first lecture s demo.)

3 Python Statement Effects Each Python statement directs that an action be taken, which has an effect on the runtime system. Some examples of effects: some text gets output (printed) to the console some typed console input is read some named variable gets assigned a newly computed value window is displayed, file is read, URL is fetched, the program connects to a database or a network service, a sound is made, etc., etc.

4 Running the Script print("hello there, everyone!") print("this is our second Python program.") print("did you know that times is this?") print(78687 * 89798) The above was saved as hello_calc.py into a folder. On my Mac, within Terminal, I enter the command: C02MX1KLFH04:examples jimfix$ python3 hello_calc.py Hello there, everyone! This is our second Python program. Did you know that times is this? C02MX1KLFH04:examples jimfix$ The interpreter outputs those four lines.

5 Another example: variables print("hello there, everyone!") print("this is our third Python program. ) result = * print("did you know that times is this?") print(result) The third line is an assignment statement It introduces a variable named result and associates it with a value. That computed value is saved in Python s memory and can then be used later in the script. In line 5, we tell Python to print that value.

6 Another example: variables print("hello there, everyone!") print("this is our third Python program. ) result = * print("did you know that times is this?") print(result) Syntax of an assignment statement: <variable name> = <expression of value to calculate> The left hand side gives the name of the variable. The right hand side expresses a value to calculate. There are a variety of expressions, often a bunch of data operations, e.g. numeric and string arithmetic.

7 Reassigning variables print("hello there, everyone!") print("this is our fourth Python program. ) result = * print("did you know that times is this?") print(result) result = (86 * 786) / ( ) print(result) result = (result ** 2) / (result - 1) print(result) A variable can be reassigned in a subsequent statement (can even be computed from its prior value). Don t reverse the order! Don t write: result = * Assignments are not logical/mathematical assertions!

8 Formatting output print("hello there, everyone!") print("this is our fifth Python program. ) result = * print("78687 times equals + str(result) +. ) In line 4, we use a function named str to convert a numeric value into a string of characters. We then use the string concatenation operation + to stick three strings together into a single string. The plus means different things for different data values.

9 Formatting output print("hello there, everyone!") print("this is our sixth Python program. ) result = * print("78687 times equals + str(result) +. ) print(result + result) print(str(result)+str(result)) C02MX1KLFH04:examples jimfix$ python3 hello6.py Hello there, everyone! This is our sixth Python program times equals C02MX1KLFH04:examples jimfix$

10 An interactive script name = input("could someone volunteer their name? ") print("hello there, + name + "!") print("thanks for volunteering like that.") print("this is our seventh Python program.") C02MX1KLFH04:examples jimfix$ python3 shoutout.py Could someone volunteer their name? John Kroger Hello there, John Kroger! Thanks for volunteering like that. This is our seventh Python program. C02MX1KLFH04:examples jimfix$ There are 3 print statements and an assignment statement. The right hand side uses a function named input That function outputs a prompt string to the console, then reads a string of input typed into the console.

11 String arithmetic name = input("could someone volunteer their name? ") print("hello there, "+name+"!") print("thanks for volunteering like that.") print("this is our eighth Python program. ) repeated = (name +, ) * 3 + name print( Below is your name repeated four times: ) print(repeated) C02MX1KLFH04:examples jimfix$ python3 shoutout4x.py Could someone volunteer their name? John Kroger Hello there, John Kroger! Thanks for volunteering like that. This is our eighth Python program. Below is your name repeated four times: John Kroger, John Kroger, John Kroger, John Kroger C02MX1KLFH04:examples jimfix$

12 Another example pi = area = float(input("circle area? ")) radius = (area / pi) ** 0.5 print("the radius of that circle is about "+str(radius)+" units.") Program is 3 assignment statements and a print statement. The first defines/assigns the variable named pi. The second gets a floating point value (a calculator number ) as input, assigned to area. We compute that with an arithmetic formula. The functions float and str convert (or cast ) values of one type to values of another type.

13 Same, but different from math import pi, sqrt area = float(input("circle area? ")) radius = sqrt(area / pi) print("the radius of that circle is about "+str(radius)+" units.") Here we import some definitions from a Python package named math. pi is the name of a floating point constant. sqrt is the name of a floating point function. There are packages for all sorts of useful Python libraries.

14 Some issues I d like to address values versus variables versus expressions functions, calling functions, defining functions (Friday) different types: int versus float versus str operations on each ( overloaded meaning for +,*) built-in functions for each managing print output carefully special characters (tab, end of line, quote, ) Let s switch modes in using the Python interpreter

15 CSCI 121: Python as calculator

16 Python3 can be run as a calculator We can also write a Python script live by interacting directly with the interpreter. We type in Python statements one at a time. They get executed immediately: C02MX1KLFH04:examples jimfix$ python3 >>> print( hello ) hello >>> print(6 * 7) 42 >>> result = 6 * 7 >>> print(result) 42 >>>

17 Python3 can be run as a calculator We can also enter Python expressions instead. A statement describes an action to be performed. An expression describes a value to be calculated. C02MX1KLFH04:examples jimfix$ python3 >>> hello hello >>> 6 * 7 42 >>> result = 6 * 7 >>> result 42 >>>

18 Python3 can be run as a calculator We can also enter Python expressions instead. A statement describes an action to be performed. An expression describes a value to be calculated. C02MX1KLFH04:examples jimfix$ python3 >>> hello hello >>> 6 * 7 42 >>> result = 6 * 7 >>> result 42 >>> Here, Python is acting differently. It calculates the value of the expression, then (quietly) converts that to a string of text, then reports that text representing the value.

19 Python as (programmable) calculator C02MX1KLFH04:examples jimfix$ python3 >>> hello hello >>> 6 * 7 42 >>> 67 / >>> This is the READ - EVALUATE - PRINT LOOP (or REPL ). Having a REPL for learning a language is wonderful! It s a HUGE reason we teach programming in Python.

20 Python can calculate live >>> >>> * 3 10 >>> (4 + 2) * 3 18 >>> 4 / >>> 2 ** 4 16 >>>

21 int vs. float Python has two types of number values: int and float With integers, computation is exact. With floating point numbers ( floats ), computation is approximate. With the division operation, you get a float. >>> 10 / >>> >>> int(8.7) 8

22 Python provides useful functions >>> pow(2,3) 8 >>> abs(-3) 3 >>> abs(4 + 2) 6 >>> min(3,7) 3 >>> max(4, 8.3, 6) 8.3 >>> len( hello ) 5 >>> len( ) 0

23 You can save results in variables >>> x = 7 >>> x 7 >>> x = 8+5 >>> x 13 >>> new = x >>> new 13 >>> x = y >>> y Error!

24 You can reassign variables >>> x = 3 >>> x 3 >>> x = x + 1 >>> x 4 >>> y = 10 >>> x = y >>> y = x >>> x 10 >>> y 10 Error!

25 Strings have arithmetic >>> x = Hello >>> x Hello >>> y = world >>> y world >>> x+y Helloworld >>> x + 8 Error!!!! >>> x * 3 HelloHelloHello Error!

26 Strings have arithmetic >>> x = Hello >>> x Hello >>> x + world Helloworld >>> x + 8 Error!!!! >>> x * 3 HelloHelloHello >>> str(8) 8 >>> int( 8 ) 8 >>> x + str(8) Hello8 >>>len(x) 5 Error!

27 Strings have arithmetic >>> z = input('what\'s your name?') What's your name?john >>> x + + z Hello John >>> print( I\ ve +str(19)+ characters.\nsee? ) I ve 19 characters. See? >>> len( I\ ve +str(21)+ characters. ) 19 >>> print( \thello\nthere ) hello there >>>

28 Tomorrow and Friday Things to remember to use in lab: convert input using float or int, depending. string concat (+) and repeat (*) and length (len) new line character ( \n ) and tab character ( \t ) plus (+) minus (-) times (*) divide (/) power (**) convert numbers using str to concatenate with strings Friday s lecture: What does Python do under its hood to execute code? We ll start writing our own functions.

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