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2 Computer System and Programming in C i

3 Publishing-in-support-of, EDUCREATION PUBLISHING RZ 94, Sector - 6, Dwarka, New Delhi Shubham Vihar, Mangla, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh Website: Copyright, 2018, Authors All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, magnetic, optical, chemical, manual, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written consent of its writer. ISBN: Price: ` The opinions/ contents expressed in this book are solely of the authors and do not represent the opinions/ standings/ thoughts of Educreation or the Editors. The book is released by using the services of self-publishing house. Printed in India ii

4 Computer System and Programming in C As per the New Syllabus of AKTU (common to all Branches of engineering) (First Edition) By Merajuddin Asstt. Professor Department of Information Technology Azad Institute of Engineering and Technology Lucknow(UP) Masood Ahmad Asstt. Professor Department of Information Technology Azad Institute of Engineering and Technology Lucknow(UP) Malik Shahzad Ahmad Iqbal Asstt. Professor Department of Information Technology Azad Institute of Engineering and Technology Lucknow(UP) EDUCREATION PUBLISHING (Since 2011) iii

5 iv

6 Dedicated to Almighty God and Parents Specially my Mother v

7 Preface Computer system and programming in C is designed to help the engineering, Diploma and MCA students of all Indian universities is structural programming language. This is most popular and very powerful language. It contains all the fundamental features that need to be in a programming language. The idea and the scope emerged from my own experience in attempting to acquire good understanding of computer concept along with C programming. If you want to take up programming seriously, you ve come across the right book. For real! This is the book with which you can make your first steps in programming. It will give a flying start to your long journey into learning modern programming languages and software development technologies. This book teaches the fundamental principles and concepts of programming, which have not changed significantly in the past years. Do not hesitate to read this book even if C is not the language you would like to pursue. Whatever language you move on to, the knowledge we will give you here will stick, because this book will teach you to think like programmers. We will show you and teach you how to write programs for solving practical algorithmic problems, form the skills in you to come up with (and implement) algorithms, and use various data structures. As improbable as it might seem to you, the basic principles of writing computer programs have not changed all that much in the past 15 years. Programming languages change, technologies get modernized, integrated development environments get more and more advanced but the fundamental principles of programming remain the same. When beginners learn to think algorithmically, and then learn to divide a problem instinctively into a series of steps to solve it, as well as when they learn to select the appropriate data structures and write high-quality programming code that is when they become programmers. For systematic study, the book has been divided in five units as per the requirements of the syllabus. vi

8 Acknowledgement I would like to express my gratitude to the many people who saw me through this book; to all those who provided support, talked things over, read, wrote, offered comments, allowed me to quote their remarks and assisted in the editing, proof reading and design. It is obvious that writing a textbook is really a tough task and in this Endeavour many people have lent their helping hands for the success of this book. I would like to thank my Father Lt.Mr. Abdul Hai & mother Mrs. Quadirun Nisa for enabling me to publish this book. Above all I want to thank my Colleagues, and the rest of my family, who supported and encouraged me in spite of all the time it took me away from them. It was a long and difficult journey for them. Dr.Shafeeq Ahmad Director Azad Institute Of Engineering And Technology, Dr.Imran Khan HOD of Electrical engineering department Azad institute of engineering and Technology and Dr.Alka Agarwal Asstt.Professor BBAU,Lucknow deserve special thanks for their constant encouragement and motivation. I am indeed lucky to be associated with Azad group of institution where lots of support from Mr. Suhail Ahmad (chairman) and Mr. Jamal Ahmad (vice chairman) and their nice cooperation. I would like to thank especially GOD for helping and guiding us for this book written. And also thanks our friends, family, for giving us some ideas and support for this book presentation Especially thank to publication. - Merajuddin (Author) vii

9 RCS101/RCS201 Computer System and Programming in C Unit1: Basics of Computer: Introduction to digital computer, basic operations of computer, functional components of computer, Classification of computers. Introduction to operating system:[dos, Windows, Linux and Android] purpose, function, services and types. Number system: Binary, octal and hexadecimal number systems, their mutual conversions, Binary arithmetic. Basics of programming: Approaches to Problem Solving, Concept of algorithm and flow charts, Types of computer languages:- Machine Language, Assembly Language and High Level Language, Concept of Assembler, Compiler, Loader and Linker. Unit2: Standard I/O in C, Fundamental data types-character type, integer, short, long, unsigned, single and double floating point Storage classes-automatic, register, static and external, Operators and expression using numeric and relational operators, mixed operands, type Conversion, logical operators, bit operations, assignment operator, operator precedence and associatively. Fundamentals of C programming: Structure of C program, writing and executing the first C program, Components of C language. Standard I/O in C. viii

10 Unit3: Conditional program execution: Applying if and switch statements, nesting if and else, use of break and default with switch, program loops and iterations: use of while, do while and for loops, multiple loop variables, use of break and continue statements. Functions: Introduction, types of functions, functions with array, passing values to functions, recursive functions. Unit 4: Arrays: Array notation and representation, manipulating array elements, using multi dimensional arrays. Structure, union, enumerated data types Unit 5: Pointers: Introduction, declaration, applications File handling, standard C preprocessors, defining and calling macros, conditional compilation, passing values to the compiler. ix

11 RCS151/RCS251 Computer Programming Lab 1. WAP that accepts the marks of 5 subjects and finds the sum and percentage marks obtained by the student. 2. WAP that calculates the Simple Interest and Compound Interest. The Principal, Amount, Rate of Interest and Time are entered through the keyboard. 3. WAP to calculate the area and circumference of a circle. 4. WAP that accepts the temperature in Centigrade and converts into Fahrenheit using the formula C/5=(F-32)/9. 5. WAP that swaps values of two variables using a third variable. 6. WAP that checks whether the two numbers entered by the user are equal or not. 7. WAP to find the greatest of three numbers. 8. WAP that finds whether a given number is even or odd. 9. WAP that tells whether a given year is a leap year or not. 10. WAP that accepts marks of five subjects and finds percentage and prints grades according to the following criteria: Between % Print A 80-90% Print B 60-80% Print C Below 60% Print D 11. WAP that takes two operands and one operator from the user and perform the operation and prints the result by using Switch statement. 12. WAP to print the sum of all numbers up to a given number. 13. WAP to find the factorial of a given number. 14. WAP to print sum of even and odd numbers from 1 to N numbers. 15. WAP to print the Fibonacci series. 16. WAP to check whether the entered number is prime or not. x

12 17. WAP to find the sum of digits of the entered number. 18. WAP to find the reverse of a number. 19. WAP to print Armstrong numbers from 1 to WAP to convert binary number into decimal number and vice versa. 21. WAP that simply takes elements of the array from the user and finds the sum of these elements. 22.WAP that inputs two arrays and saves sum of corresponding elements of these arrays in third array and prints them. 23. WAP to find the minimum and maximum element of the array. 24. WAP to search an element in a array using Linear Search. 25. WAP to sort the elements of the array in ascending order using Bubble Sort technique. 26. WAP to add and multiply two matrices of order nxn. 27. WAP that finds the sum of diagonal elements of a mxn matrix. 28. WAP to implement strlen (), strcat (), strcpy () using the concept of Functions. 29. Define a structure data type TRAIN_INFO. The type contain Train No.: integer type Train name: string Departure Time: aggregate type TIME Arrival Time : aggregate type TIME Start station: string End station : string The structure type Time contains two integer members: hour and minute. Maintain a train timetable and implement the following operations: (i)list all the trains (sorted according to train number) that depart from a particular section. (ii) List all the trains that depart from a particular station at a particular time. (iii) List all he trains that depart from a particular station within the next one hour of a given time. (iv) List all the trains between a pair of start station and end station. 30. WAP to swap two elements using the concept of pointers. 31. WAP to compare the contents of two files and determine whether they are same or not. 32. WAP to check whether a given word exists in a file or not. If yes then find the number of times it occurs xi

13 Table of Contents Sr. Content Page 1. UNIT -1 1 Basics of computer 2 Introduction 2 Functionalaties 3 Functional components of computer 3 Input unit 4 Central processing unit 5 Memory units 5 Output unit 8 Software 9 Unit measurement 11 Classification of computers 11 Characteristics of computer 15 Block diagram of digital computer and functional units Generations of computer 18 Programming languages 21 Introduction to operating system 25 Types of operating system 27 User interface 27 MS DOS operating system 28 Unix operating system 32 Linux operating system 36 Windows operating system 38 Android operating system 39 Android Evolution 39 problem solving Techniques 41 algorithm 41 xii 16

14 Flowchart 42 Flowchart symbols 43 Number system 48 Conversion 49 Questions UNIT Basic structure of C-Program 66 Execute a C-Program 68 Program development life cycle 69 Problem Definition 69 Problem Analysis 69 Algorithm Development 70 Coding & Documentation 70 Testing & Debugging 70 Maintenance 70 Designing Approaches 70 Top Down 70 Bottom Up 71 Character Set 72 C-Tokens 72 Keywords 73 Identifiers 73 Constants 74 String 74 Special Characters 74 Operators 74 Escape or white space character 75 Data types 75 Primitive or Fundamental Data types 75 Non Primitive or Derived data type 75 Data types in C, Size & Range 76 Integer data type 76 Character data type 77 Floating data type 77 xiii

15 Single Floating data type 77 Double Floating data type 77 Array 77 String 77 Structure 77 Union 78 Enum 78 Variable 79 Declarative of variable in C 79 Initialization of variable 79 Scope of variable 80 Operators 81 Arithmetic Operators 82 Relational 83 Logical Operators 85 Bitwise Operators 87 Assignment Operators 88 Condition Operators 91 Special Operators 91 Precedence of Operators 92 Associativity of Operators 92 Output 93 Input 94 Storage Classes 95 Auto storage class 96 Register storage class 96 Static storage class 97 Extern storage class 98 Modifiers 99 Qualifiers 100 Data Type conversion 100 Implicit Type conversion 100 Explicit Type conversion 100 Questions 103 xiv

16 3. UNIT Introduction 108 Sequential Statement 108 Decision making Statement/ Conditional Statement xv 110 Simple IF Statement 110 IF-ELSE Statement 111 Nested IF-ELSE Statement 113 The ELSE IF ladder or IF- ELSE IF Statement 116 Switch case Statement 118 Looping Statement / Iterative Statement 120 Types of looping Statements 121 Entry Controlled loops 121 While loop 122 Nested while loop 124 For loop 125 Nested for loop 126 Do-while loop 127 Break Statement 129 Continue Statement 129 GOTO Statement 130 Modular Programming 131 Function 132 Structure of a Function 133 Function Declaration 134 Function Definition 134 Function Call 135 Types of Functions 136 Functions with no arguments and no return values Functions with arguments and no return values Functions with arguments and return values Functions with no arguments and return 139

17 values Recursion 140 Why recursion function 140 Questions UNIT What is an array 151 How to define array 152 How to initialize an array 152 Accessing values in an array 154 Sorting 156 Bubble sort 156 Selection sort 158 Insertion sort 159 Searching 160 Sequential or linear search 160 Binary search 161 Two dimensional array 162 Multidimensional array 163 String 167 Basic operations of staring 168 String handling functions 168 Structures 171 Instances of structure 172 Accessing structure members 173 Structures with array 174 Structures within Structures 175 Unions 178 Difference between Structures and union 178 Declaration of Union 178 Accessing union members 179 Questions UNIT Pointers 190 Declaration of pointers variable 190 xvi

18 Initialization of pointer variable 191 Void pointer 192 Null Pointer 192 Function calling methods or parameter passing mechanism 192 Call by value 192 Call by reference 193 Dynamic memory allocation in C 194 malloc() 194 calloc() 194 free() 195 realloc() 196 The C preprocessor 197 Marco substitution directive 197 File inclusion 198 Condition compilation control directive 199 File 200 Basics of file handling in C 201 C file operations 201 Steps for processing a file 201 Opening a File 203 Closing a File 203 Stack 210 Queue 213 Queue Operation 213 Linked list 214 Types of linked list 214 Questions 217 Program Practices 221 Question Paper 252 xvii

19 xviii

20 Computer System and Programming in C Unit-1 1

21 Computer System and Programming in C Chapter- 1 Introction1, Functionalities of computer, Components of computer, Software, Unit of Measurement, Classification of computers, Digital computer block diagram, Evolution of computer, Generation of computer, Programming languages, Machine Language, Assembly Language, High Level Language, Programming Languages Environment, Structured Programming, Translators, Operation system, DOS UNIX,LINUX, WNIDOWS ANDROID, Problem solving methods, Algorithm, Flowchart, Number system and conversion, Important Questions INTRODUCTION A device, using which computation can be performed is called computer. For computation, computer takes data and instructions from user, perform calculation or manipulation on it and show the result. Computer is a multipurpose electronic machine which data and instruction from user or programmer and processes it (manipulate or compute) and produce result. A computer is an electronic device, operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory that can accept data (input), process the data according to specified rules, produce information (output), and store the information for future use Computer Science concepts are relevant to many aspects of our lives, from explorations in the fields of science and medicine to digital creations in the fields of art and music. This course introduces students to the central ideas of computer science and explores technologies of computing and their impact on society and culture. Students are introduced to web site design, data investigation and manipulation using spreadsheets, collaborative on-line tools, and fundamental computer programming concepts. Students develop 2

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