Evolution of Fortran. Presented by: Tauqeer Ahmad. Seminar on Languages for Scientific Computing
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1 Evolution of Fortran Presented by: Seminar on Languages for Scientific Computing
2 Outline (1) History of Fortran Versions FORTRAN I FORTRAN II FORTRAN III FORTRAN IV FORTRAN 66 FORTRAN 77 Evolution of FORTRAN 2/21
3 Outline (2) Fortran 90 Fortran 95 Fortran 2003 Fortran 2008 Simple Fortran Program Lifecycle of Fortran Program Evolution of FORTRAN 3/21
4 History of Fortran Stands for IBM Mathematical FORmula TRANslation System but abbreviated to FORmula TRANslation FORTRAN 0 was developed by a IBM research team headed by John Backus in Much of my work has come from being lazy. I didn't like writing programs, and so, when I was working on the IBM 701, writing programs for computing missile trajectories, I started work on a programming system to make it easier to write programs. Was the first high-level programming language. John Backus Evolution of FORTRAN 4/21
5 More History IBM 701 The design of FORTRAN made it easier to translate mathematical formulas into code. FORTRAN originally began as a digital code interpreter for the IBM 701 At that time it was called Speed coding The point of FORTRAN was to make programming easier. FORTRAN is an Imperative(Procedural) Language like C, Ada and Pascal etc. Evolution of FORTRAN 5/21
6 FORTRAN I Was the first compiler Was developed from scratch in Cut development time. 2 weeks to 2 hours Evolution of FORTRAN 6/21
7 FORTRAN II It allowed to add user-written procedures and subroutines. COMMON statement. Fix the bugs. Evolution of FORTRAN 7/21
8 FORTRAN III Was developed, but never widely distributed It made possible to use assembly code right in middle of FORTRAN code. Such inlined code can be more efficient but advantages of High Level Language are lost. Evolution of FORTRAN 8/21
9 FORTRAN IV Removed the machine dependent features of FORTRAN II e.g. READ INPUT TAPE. Also added some new features. Logical IF statement Logical data type Logical Boolean expressions Released in Evolution of FORTRAN 9/21
10 FORTRAN 66 First high level language standard in the world. It included: Types: integer, real, double precision, complex, logical Arrays: up to 3 subscripts Procedures: user-written and intrinsic Permissive of extensions Do loops READ, WRITE statement for sequesntial I/O Evolution of FORTRAN 10/21
11 FORTRAN 77 (1) FORTRAN 77 replaced FORTRAN IV as the new standard. It retained most of the features of IV It added Character string handling Logical loop control statements And a If with a optional else statement Recursion Evolution of FORTRAN 11/21
12 FORTRAN 77 (2) IMPLICIT statement Character data type Direct-access file I/O Became out of date. Evolution of FORTRAN 12/21
13 Fortran 90 (1) Major revision: Free source format input Modern control structures Precision specification Whole array processing Dynamic arrays User defined types Modules Evolution of FORTRAN 13/21
14 Fortran 90 (2) SELECT... CASE construct for multi-way selection New and enhanced intrinsic procedures Identifiers upto 31 character length Inline comments User written interface for generic procedures Backward-compatible with FORTRAN 77. Evolution of FORTRAN 14/21
15 Fortran 95 Minor revision with these new features: FORALL, WHERE. Clearly defined that ALLOCATABLE arrays are automatically deallocated when they go out of scope. Pointer initialization. Automatic component initialization. Few small fixes. ASSIGN and assigned GOTO statement. DO statements using REAL and DOUBLE PRECISION variables Evolution of FORTRAN 15/21
16 Fortran 2003 (1) Major revision with these new features: Exception handling Allocatable components and dummy Arguments Interoperability with C Object-orientation: procedure pointers and structure components, structure finalization. Evolution of FORTRAN 16/21
17 Fortran 2003 (2) Type extension and inheritance, Polymorphism Many minor enhancements Evolution of FORTRAN 17/21
18 Fortran 2008 Intended as a minor revision, but not as minor as for Fortran 95. More important supplement of Fortran 2008 is ISO Technical Specification On further Interoperability of Fortran with C. Evolution of FORTRAN 18/21
19 Simple Fortran Program PROGRAM AddTwoNumbers IMPLICIT NONE REAL x, y, z PRINT *, 'Enter two numbers to add:' READ *, x, y z = x + y PRINT *, 'Result =', z END PROGRAM AddTwoNumbers Evolution of FORTRAN 19/21
20 Lifecycle of Fortran Program FORTRAN Program FORTRAN Compiler Link with Libraries Source Code Object Code Libraries Executable Code Make Changes in Source Code Test & Debug Program Execute Program Evolution of FORTRAN 20/21
21 Bibliography History of FORTRAN Handouts on FORTRAN Basics ibiblio.org. A Brief History of FORTRAN. Introduction and Basic FORTRAN Evolution of FORTRAN 21/21
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