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1 COSC 2P91 Bringing it all together... Week 4b Brock University Brock University (Week 4b) Bringing it all together... 1 / 22

2 A note on practicality and program design... Writing a single, monolithic source file isn t really practical. It isn t exactly readable It s hard to collaborate with other people It doesn t really facilitate standards, interfaces, etc. So, what do we do? Brock University (Week 4b) Bringing it all together... 2 / 22

3 Unmonolithing (which is totally a word) Let s think about the problem... Why not just split up the code into a couple of files? We can probably totally do that maybe Let s look at what happens when we try to just compile two files at the same time Brock University (Week 4b) Bringing it all together... 3 / 22

4 Unmonolithing experiment Huh. That actually worked. So, what s the problem? It can be pretty hard to keep track of what functions are available If you want to rely on things like constants (and preprocessor definitions, macros, etc. more on this later), you d have to define them in each file (and hope that you didn t make any mistakes while copying) The solution is easy: all we need to do is to ensure that the same header files are #included by each source file. Brock University (Week 4b) Bringing it all together... 4 / 22

5 Headers (again) So, we ll create a header for our second file, and we ll have both.c files include it. For our second file (the one that implements those functions promised by the header), the header will help to ensure that we don t make any mistakes in our prototypes For our first (client) file, we ll use that header to ensure that we know precisely what we re borrowing It s worth noting that, irrespective of whether or not we include header files, we still won t have access to the other compilation unit s global variables (yet). Example time? Brock University (Week 4b) Bringing it all together... 5 / 22

6 Hold up! Problem! This doesn t cover all cases! Suppose we re creating files that are so handy that we need to use them more than once. Or maybe our system is simply designed such that dependencies are sometimes redundant e.g. A B, A C, B C We need some mechanism for #includeing a file only if it hasn t already been included. Let s quickly refer to an example to see the problem Brock University (Week 4b) Bringing it all together... 6 / 22

7 Preprocessor directives The compiler s preprocessor can do far more than just #includes! We ve already briefly seen #define e.g. as one option for constants We also have two other possible uses: Defining a token as having been defined Writing macros Huh. Neither of those sounds helpful just yet, do they? the former is what we want first Brock University (Week 4b) Bringing it all together... 7 / 22

8 Preprocessor directives Conditionals We have equivalent functionality to the conditionals we ve already seen. The big difference is that these are handled prior to compilation, rather than during runtime. #if, #if defined, #ifdef, #ifndef, #elif, and #end if are all what they sound like #if clauses can get somewhat fancy For example, creative control over headers to import or functions to use, depending on things like the platform/architecture Even just simple things like defining default array sizes if one isn t already provided #if can use some (but not all) operators, and expects to operate on integers Don t go overboard with these things; again, remember that this is before compilation (let alone runtime) Brock University (Week 4b) Bringing it all together... 8 / 22

9 Preprocessor directives Knowing that... Let s return to our example! Brock University (Week 4b) Bringing it all together... 9 / 22

10 Preprocessor directives A final thought on defined terms... It s worth noting that some things will already be defined before our code is even considered. We ll get to some examples in just a moment Also, we can supply additional definitions via the command-line while compiling. Let s just see a quick example. Brock University (Week 4b) Bringing it all together / 22

11 Preprocessor directives Macros What we #define need not be so simple as we ve seen so far. We can actually assign quite a bit of text to use as a substitution for the term. If you need to go onto the next line, just put a backslash at the end of the line to be continued Let s look at an example or two? Brock University (Week 4b) Bringing it all together / 22

12 Preprocessor directives Also... Macros are also sometimes used as an alternative to inlining (i.e. inline functions). Marking a function as inline simply means the compiler is allowed to optimize by directly substituting the equivalent code It can save the overhead of calling the function (allocating a call frame, moving to that code, deallocating, yadda yadda) Brock University (Week 4b) Bringing it all together / 22

13 Preprocessor directives #, ## There are two interesting symbols that can be used with define: When # precedes an expression, it returns the same text inside quotes When ## is between two terms, it concatenates those terms This can be used to construct variable or function names Brock University (Week 4b) Bringing it all together / 22

14 Preprocessor directives #undef If you no longer want something you ve defined, you can #undefine it. This can be handy if you want to redefine a term or macro Outside of Microsoft s compiler, you can t just redefine a term Brock University (Week 4b) Bringing it all together / 22

15 Preprocessor directives #pragma Pragmas are interesting. A #pragma directive guarantees... nothing. Think of a pragma as a way of invoking compiler-specific behaviours. If the compiler doesn t recognize the requested pragma, it simply ignores it. For example, interesting GCC pragmas: GCC dependency (filename) GCC poison (term) GCC warning (or error) A common example is #pragma once. Let s go back to an old example... Brock University (Week 4b) Bringing it all together / 22

16 Preprocessor directives #error Halts compilation. Can be handy when combined with #if, etc. Brock University (Week 4b) Bringing it all together / 22

17 Common defined preprocessor macros Though it varies somewhat by compiler, there are some macros that tend to be common. LINE FILE DATE TIME STDC FUNC PRETTY FUNC decimal constant of line number string literal of file name string literal of compilation date string literal of compilation time constant 1 (if compiler adheres to standards) Brock University (Week 4b) Bringing it all together / 22

18 Sharing information Now that we have a better idea of how to use multiple files, perhaps we should also look at how to share globals across files? The extern keyword denotes that memory should not be allocated for a global; rather the global will be borrowed from a different compilation unit If you wish to lock out this functionality, declare a global static, and nobody can yoink it Brock University (Week 4b) Bringing it all together / 22

19 Scope rules Between the various uses for extern, static, and preprocessor definitions, try to be cognizant of things like scope and extent Brock University (Week 4b) Bringing it all together / 22

20 General good practices Even though we aren t coding in Java (and aren t object-oriented), don t let that tempt you into being sloppy In fact, that s arguably a reason to be even more careful! Try to keep as many variables local as possible. don t rely on globals unless absolutely necessary. Remember, if you could have the case where multiple compilation(/translation) units (or even threads) were trying to access the same unit, you wouldn t want to have to deal with race conditions, etc. Brock University (Week 4b) Bringing it all together / 22

21 Examples? Additional tasks? We ve looked at how to implement max, right? What else could we try? Swap? Something else? Brock University (Week 4b) Bringing it all together / 22

22 Questions? Comments? Interesting recipes? Brock University (Week 4b) Bringing it all together / 22

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