Lecture 04 More Iteration, Nested Loops. Meet UTA Jarrett s dog Greta, lying in her nest
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1 Lecture 4 More Iteration, Nested Loops Meet UTA Jarrett s dog Greta, lying in her nest
2 Indefinite Loops Rest Chase tail Got tail! Almost got it... Based in part on notes from the CS-for-All curriculum developed at Harvey Mudd College
3 So far: Two Types of for Loops vals[] vals[] vals[] vals[3] vals = [3, 5, 7, 7] vals = [3, 5, 7, 7] 3 x i def sum(vals): result = for x in vals: result += x return result element-based loop def sum(vals): result = for i in range(len(vals)): result += vals[i] return result index-based loop Both are examples of definite loops (i.e., fixed number of iterations) 3
4 Indefinite Loops Use an indefinite loop when the # of repetitions you need is: not obvious or known impossible to determine before the loop begins, e.g., Finding an element Computing an estimate up to some error bound Playing a game of rock, paper, scissors (as opposed to one round) Toy problem: print_multiples(n, bound) should print all multiples of n that are less than bound output for print_multiples(9, ):
5 Rock, Paper, Scissors, Lizard, Spock 5
6 Indefinite Loop for Printing Multiples while loops are how you code indefinite loops in Python: def print_multiples(n, bound): mult = n while mult < bound: print(mult, end=" ") mult = mult + n print() 6
7 while Loops while <loop test>: <body of the loop> loop test Steps:. evaluate the loop test (a boolean expression). if it's True, execute the statements in the body, and go back to step 3. if it's False, skip the statements in the body and go to the statement after the loop False True 7
8 Tracing a while Loop Let's trace the loop for print_multiples(5, 7): mult = n while mult < bound: print(mult, end=' ') mult = mult + n print() mult < bound output thus far n bound Prints everything on the same line with spaces in between! Neat! mult 8
9 Tracing a while Loop Let's trace the loop for print_multiples(5, 7): mult = n while mult < bound: print(mult, end=' ') mult = mult + n print() mult < bound output thus far n bound mult 5 5 < 7 (True) < 7 (True) < 7 (True) < 7 (True) < 7 (False) so we exit the loop and print() 9
10 Important! In general, a while loop's test includes a key "loop variable". We need to update that loop variable in the body of the loop. Failing to update it can produce an infinite loop! Recall the loop in print_multiples: mult = n while mult < bound: print(mult, end=' ') mult = mult + n What is the loop variable? Where is it updated?
11 Important! In general, a while loop's test includes a key "loop variable". We need to update that loop variable in the body of the loop. Failing to update it can produce an infinite loop! Recall the loop in print_multiples: mult = n while mult < bound: print(mult, end=' ') mult = mult + n What is the loop variable? mult Where is it updated? In the body of the loop
12 Important! In general, a while loop's test includes a key "loop variable". We need to update that loop variable in the body of the loop. Failing to update it can produce an infinite loop! Showing every iteration makes progress towards making the while loop condition false is one way to show a while loop will terminate
13 Factorial Using a while Loop We don't need an indefinite loop, but we can still use while! def fac(n): result = while n > : result *= n return result # what do we need here? Let's trace fac(4): n n > result 3
14 Factorial Using a while Loop We don't need an indefinite loop, but we can still use while! def fac(n): result = while n > : result *= n n = n return result Let's trace fac(4): n n > result 4
15 Factorial Using a while Loop We don't need an indefinite loop, but we can still use while! def fac(n): result = while n > : result *= n n = n return result Let's trace fac(4): n n > result *4 = 4 4*3 = * = 4 4* = 4 4 > (True) 3 > (True) > (True) > (True) > (False) so we exit the loop and return 4 5
16 Factorial Four Ways! recursion map def fac(n): if n == : return else: rest = fac(n-) return n * rest Mo re on the se lat er! def fac(n): return reduce(lambda x,y : x*y,\ range(,max(,n+))) for loop def fac(n): result = for x in range(, n+): result *= x return result while loop def fac(n): result = while n > : result *= n n = n - return result 6
17 Extreme Looping! What does this code do? print('it keeps') while True: print('going and') print('phew! Done!') 7
18 Extreme Looping! What does this code do? print('it keeps') while True: print('going and') print('phew! Done!') # never gets here! An infinite loop! Use Ctrl-C to stop a program inside python Use W-F to stop a program in PyCharm 8
19 Breaking Out of A Loop import random while True: print('help!') if random.choice(range()) == : break print('let me out!') print('at last!') What are the final two lines that are printed? 9
20 Breaking Out of A Loop import random while True: print('help!') if random.choice(range()) == : break print('let me out!') print('at last!') What are the final two lines that are printed? Help! At last! How could we count the number of repetitions?
21 Counting the Number of Repetitions import random count = while True: print('help!') if random.choice(range()) == : break print('let me out!') count += print('at last! It took', count, 'tries to escape!')
22 Important! In general, a while loop's test includes a key "loop variable". We need to update that loop variable in the body of the loop. Failing to update it can produce an infinite loop! Can rely on a statistical argument (e.g., rock, paper, scissors) Counting the number of iterations and exiting after a maximum has been reached is a safer way to loop indefinitely
23 Counting the Number of Repetitions import random count = while count<=5: print('help!') if random.choice(range()) == : break print('let me out!') count += print('at last! It took', count, 'tries to escape!') 3
24 How many values does this loop print? a = 4 while a > : a = a // print(a - ) A. B. C. D. E. a > a prints none of these 4
25 How many values does this loop print? a = 4 while a > : a = a // print(a - ) A. B. C. D. E. a > True True True True False a 4 5 prints none of these 5
26 For what inputs does this function return True? def mystery(n): while n!= : if n %!= : return False n = n // return True A. B. C. D. E. Try tracing these two cases: mystery() mystery(8) n n 8 odd numbers even numbers multiples of 4 powers of none of these 6
27 For what inputs does this function return True? def mystery(n): while n!= : if n %!= : return False n = n // return True A. B. C. D. E. Try tracing these two cases: mystery() mystery(8) n n False True odd numbers even numbers multiples of 4 powers of none of these 7
28 Wesley says it s break time so it s break time 8
29 Nested Loops! for y in range(84): for m in range(): for d in range(f(m,y)): for h in range(4): for mn in range(6): for s in range(6): tick() 9
30 Nested Loops! Nested Loops are loops where a loop appears inside the body of another loop. The loop inside the body is called the inner loop. The other is called the outer loop. The inner loop completes all passes for a single pass of the outer loop This is very useful for many types of algorithms, especially with data that has more than one dimension. 3
31 Repeating a Repetition! for i in range(3): for j in range(4): print(i, j) inner loop outer loop 3
32 Repeating a Repetition! for i in range(3): for j in range(4): print(i, j) #,, #,,, 3 3
33 Repeating a Repetition! for i in range(3): for j in range(4): print(i, j) #,, #,,, 3 33
34 Repeating a Repetition! for i in range(3): for j in range(4): print(i, j) #,, #,,, 3 34
35 Repeating a Repetition! for i in range(3): for j in range(4): print(i, j) #,, #,,,
36 Repeating a Repetition! for i in range(3): for j in range(4): print(i, j) #,, #,,,
37 Repeating a Repetition! for i in range(3): for j in range(4): print(i, j) #,, #,,,
38 Repeating a Repetition! for i in range(3): for j in range(4): print(i, j) print('---') inner loop outer loop 38
39 Repeating a Repetition! for i in range(3): for j in range(4): print(i, j) print('---') inner loop outer loop
40 How many lines are printed? for i in range(5): for j in range(7): print(i, j) A. B. C. D. E
41 How many lines are printed? for i in range(5): for j in range(7): print(i, j) A. B. C. D. E = 5*7 executions of inner code block full output:
42 Tracing a Nested for Loop for i in range(5): for j in range(i): print(i, j) i range(i) j # [,,,3,4] value printed 4
43 Tracing a Nested for Loop for i in range(5): for j in range(i): print(i, j) # [,,,3,4] i range(i) [] [] [,] 3 [,,] 4 [,,,3] value printed nothing (we exit the inner loop) full output: j none 3 43
44 Second Example: Tracing a Nested for Loop for i in range(4): for j in range(i, 3): print(i, j) print(j) i range(i, 3) j value printed 44
45 Second Example: Tracing a Nested for Loop for i in range(4): # [,,, 3] for j in range(i, 3): print(i, j) print(j) # would go here next i 3 range(i, 3) [,, ] j value printed [, ] [] [], so body of inner loop doesn't execute full output: 45
46 Side Note: Staying on the Same Line When Printing By default, print puts an invisible newline character at the end of whatever it prints. causes separate prints to print on different lines Example: What does this output? for i in range(7): print(i * 5)
47 Staying on the Same Line When Printing (cont.) To get separate prints to print on the same line, we can replace the newline with something else. Examples: for i in range(7): print(i * 5, end=' ') for i in range(7): print(i * 5, end=','),5,,5,,5,3, 47
48 Printing Patterns for row in range(3): for col in range(4): print('#', end=' ') print() # go to next line col row 3 # # # # # # # # # # # # 48 48
49 Fill in the Blank # for row in range(3): for col in range(6): print(, end=' ') print() # go to next line row col
50 Fill in the Blank # for row in range(3): for col in range(6): print(col, end=' ') print() # go to next line row col
51 Fill in the Blank # for row in range(3): for col in range(6): print(, end=' ') print() # go to next line row col 5 5
52 Fill in the Blank # for row in range(3): for col in range(6): print(row, end=' ') print() # go to next line row col 5 5
53 What is needed in the blanks to get this pattern? for row in range(5): for col in : print(, end=' ') print() # go to next line first blank A. B. C. D. E second blank range(row) row range(row) col range(5 - row) row range(5 - row) col none of the above 53 53
54 What is needed in the blanks to get this pattern? for row in range(5): for col in : print(, end=' ') print() # go to next line first blank A. B. C. D. E second blank range(row) row range(row) col range(5 - row) row range(5 - row) col none of the above 54 54
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