Launchpad Lecture -10

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1 Saturday, 24 September Launchpad Lecture -10 Dynamic Allocation, Object Oriented Programming-1 Prateek Narang

2 2 Recap 1. How to define pointers? 2. Address of Operator? 3. Dereference operator? 4. Arithmetic Operators on pointers? 5. Arrays & Pointers 6. Reference Variables 7. Pass by reference 8. Returning pointers or References from functions

3 3 Monday, June 9, 2014 Address typecasting

4 4 Saturday, September 24, Dynamic Memory Allocation!

5 5 Saturday, September 24, Allocating Memory There are two ways that memory gets allocated for data storage: Compile Time (or static) Allocation Memory for named variables is allocated by the compiler Exact size and type of storage must be known at compile time For standard array declarations, this is why the size has to be constant Dynamic Memory Allocation Memory allocated "on the fly" during run time dynamically allocated space usually placed in a program segment known as the heap or the free store Exact amount of space or number of items does not have to be known by the compiler in advance. For dynamic memory allocation, pointers are crucial

6 6 Saturday, September 24, Dynamic Memory Allocation We can dynamically allocate space while the program is running but we cannot create new variable names on the fly For this reason, dynamic allocation requires two steps 1. Creating the dynamic space 2. Storing its address in a pointer To dynamically allocate memory in C++, we use new operator De-allocation: De-allocation is the clean-up of space being used by variable

7 7 Saturday, September 24, De-allocation De-allocation is the clean up of space being used by variables or other data storage Compile time variable are automatically deallocated based on their know scope It is the programmer s job to deallocate dynamically created memory To de-allocate dynamic memory we use delete operator

8 8 Saturday, September 24, new operator To allocate space dynamically, use the unary operator new, followed by the type being allocated. new int; // dynamically allocates an int new double; // dynamically allocates a double If creating an array dynamically, use the same form, but put brackets with a size after the type: new int[40]; /allocates an array of 40 ints new double[size]; // allocates an array of size double // doubles These statements above are not very useful by themselves, because allocation space have no names.

9 9 Saturday, September 24, new operator contd.. int * p; // declare a pointer p p = new int; // dynamically allocate an int and load address into p double * d; // declare a pointer d d = new double; // dynamically allocate a double and load address into d // we can also do these in single line statements int x = 40; int * list = new int[x]; float * numbers = new float[x+10];

10 10 Saturday, September 24, delete operator To de-allocate memory that was created with new, we use the unary operator delete. The one operand should be a pointer that stores the address of the space to be deallocated: int * ptr = new int; // dynamically created int //... delete ptr; // deletes the space that ptr points to Note that the pointer ptr still exists in this example. That's a named variable subject to scope and extent determined at compile time. It can be reused: To deallocate a dynamic array, use this form: int * list = new int[40]; // dynamic array delete [] list; list = 0; // deallocates the array // reset list to null pointer After deallocating space, it's always a good idea to reset the pointer to null unless you are pointing it at another valid target right away.

11 11 Saturday, September 24, Lets see an example!

12 12 Object Oriented Programming

13 13 C++ Classes 1. Classes & Objects 2. Data 3. Functions

14 14 Classes & Objects 1. Blueprint to generate instances of same nature 2. Each individual instance is an object

15 15 Access Modifiers

16 16 How to create Objects?

17 17 Default methods with every class

18 18 Constructor and Default Methods 1. Constructor(Java and C++) 2. Copy Constructor(C++) 3. Copy Assignment Operator(C++) 4. Destructor(C++)

19 19 User defined constructors

20 20 When are objects created on the stack and when are they created on the heap?

21 21 Lets look at examples

22 22 Shallow & Deep copy

23 23 Initialization List

24 24 Const Data Members

25 25 Reference Data members

26 26 Static Data Members

27 27 Constant Functions

28 28 Operator Overloading

29 29 Operator Overloading class pair { public: int x,y; bool operator < ( const pair& p ) const { if(x==p.x) return y<p.y; return x<p.x; } };

30 30 Static functions

31 31 Self Referential Classes

32 32 Friend Classes & Functions

33 33 Thank You! Prateek Narang

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