Methods. Contents Anatomy of a Method How to design a Method Static methods Additional Reading. Anatomy of a Method

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1 Methods Objectives: 1. create a method with arguments 2. create a method with return value 3. use method arguments 4. use the return keyword 5. use the static keyword 6. write and invoke static methods Contents Anatomy of a Method How to design a Method Static methods Additional Reading Anatomy of a Method A method is a series of statements (a section of code) that does a specific job. Methods follow a certain format. A method must have these three parts: header starting and ending curly braces body Here is a simple method with each part labeled:

2 //header //start brace System.out.println("Hello."); //body System.out.println("Welcome to Java."); //end brace The method header Let's look at the header in more detail. A method header contains: the name of the method the return type an access modifier any arguments (optional) Method name A method header contains the name of the method. Return type The header contains the return type. Access Modifier The header contains an access modifier. The modifier is public, private, or protected. More about these later in the course. Arguments

3 The header contains any arguments. An argument is a value that is sent into the method. Arguments are optional. Arguments are enclosed in parentheses. Parentheses are required, even if there are no arguments. private int display() More than one argument can be sent to a method. Separate arguments by a comma. public void add(int x, int y) How To Design a Method When designing a method, think of it as a box where one or more pieces of data enter (inputs) and one piece of data exits (output). Inside the box, the method transforms the input(s) into the output. Input(s) ----> Method ----> Output Step 1 What should the method do? Explain it in simple terms. Step 2 What is the output? What is the data type of the output? Give a name to the output. Step 3 What are the inputs? How many inputs are needed? What are the data types?

4 Give names to the inputs. Step 4 How does the method change the input(s) into the output? This is the algorithm, or recipe, that changes the input(s) into the output. Give a name to the method. Step 5 Implement the method in Java. Here is an example. This is a method to add two numbers. Admittedly, it is a simple problem. But these steps will work for any problem, no matter how complicated. Step 1 What should the method do? Explain it in simple terms. This method should add two numbers and give the result. Step 2 What is the output? What is the data type of the output? Give a name to the output. The output should be a double. I'll name it sum. Step 3 What are the inputs? How many inputs are needed? What are the data types? Give names to the inputs. The method needs to accept two numbers to add. They should both be doubles.

5 There names are x and y. Step 4 How does the method change the input(s) into the output? This is the algorithm, or recipe, that changes the input(s) into the output. Give a name to the method. The method should be called add. The algorithm is: get the numbers add the numbers return the result Step 5 public double add(double x, double y) double answer; answer = x + y; return answer; An easier implementation: public double add(double x, double y) Static Methods A method is a programming unit that performs a specific task. There are two categories of methods:

6 static (also called class methods) instance (also called object methods) The difference between a static method and an instance method A static method does not need an object in order to be invoked (called). Static methods are also called class methods. Note: Instance methods are covered in another section of the course. This section only talks about static methods. How to declare a static method Methods always have to be declared inside a class. To declare a method as static, simply use the static keyword in the method definition. Here is a class definition (Employee) with a static method declared in it. public class Employee public static int getage() //some code here; not shown. How to invoke a static method from another method A static method is invoked by specifying its name preceded by the class it is defined in. Notice the classname.methodname is used to invoke a static method. Methods always have to be invoked from another method.

7 Employee.getAge(); //invoke the method How to pass arguments to a method Static methods can be written to accept any number of arguments (or no arguments). An argument is simply a value passed to a method. For instance, if you had a method that could add two numbers, the two numbers you want to add would be passed to the method as arguments. Here is a method that accepts two numbers and adds them. The arguments passed to the method must specify a data type and a name; in this example double is the data type for each; the names are x and y. You can pass any types and number of arguments; you can pass arguments of different types. public static double addtwo(double x, double y) How to return a value from a method In the above example, notice that the method returns the result of the addition. A method can only return one value. This is called a return value. It is done by using the return keyword. public static double addtwo(double x, double y)

8 How to create a method that does not return a value A method does not have to return a value. In this case, use the void keyword. public static void amethod() //some code here How to invoke methods When you invoke a method, you must match the number and types of arguments it expects. For example, in the addtwo method above, it expects two double values. That is what you must send to the method. It is always an error if you do not do this. public class Test double a = 5; double b = 66; double result; result = addtwo(a, b); public static double addtwo(double x, double y)

9 How to capture the return value of a method For a method that returns a value, the calling method needs to capture it. Again, we use the addtwo method as an example. Notice that the variable result is used to capture the return value from addtwo. public class Test double a = 5; double b = 66; double result; result = addtwo(a, b); public static double addtwo(double x, double y)

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