How to Design Programs
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1 How to Design Programs How to (in Racket): represent data variants trees and lists write functions that process the data See also 1
2 Running Example: GUIs Pick a fruit: Apple Banana Coconut Ok Cancel Possible programs: Can click? Find a label Read screen 2
3 Representing GUIs Pick a fruit: Apple Banana Coconut Ok Cancel labels a label string buttons a label string enabled state lists a list of choice strings selected item (define-type GUI [label (text string?)] [button (text string?) (enabled? boolean?)] [choice (items (listof string?)) (selected integer?)]) 7
4 Read Screen ; read-screen : GUI -> list-of-string (define (read-screen g) (type-case GUI g [label (t) (list t)] [button (t e?) (list t)] [choice (i s) i])) (test (read-screen (label "Hi")) '("Hi")) (test (read-screen (button "Ok" true)) '("Ok")) (test (read-screen (choice '("Apple" "Banana") 0)) '("Apple" "Banana")) 8
5 Assemblings GUIs Pick a fruit: Apple Banana Coconut Ok Cancel label buttons lists vertical stacking two sub-guis horizontal stacking two sub-guis (define-type GUI [label (text string?)] [button (text string?) (enabled? boolean?)] [choice (items (listof string?)) (selected integer?)] [vertical (top GUI?) (bottom GUI?)] [horizontal (left GUI?) (right GUI?)]) 12
6 Assemblings GUIs Pick a fruit: Apple Banana Coconut Ok Cancel label buttons lists vertical stacking two sub-guis horizontal stacking two sub-guis (define gui1 (vertical (horizontal (label "Pick a fruit:") (choice '("Apple" "Banana" "Coconut") 0)) (horizontal (button "Ok" false) (button "Cancel" true)))) 13
7 Read Screen ; read-screen : GUI -> list-of-string (define (read-screen g) (type-case GUI g [label (t) (list t)] [button (t e?) (list t)] [choice (i s) i] [vertical (t b) (append (read-screen t) (read-screen b))] [horizontal (l r) (append (read-screen l) (read-screen r))])) ;... earlier test cases... (test (read-screen gui1) '("Pick a fruit:" "Apple" "Banana" "Coconut" "Ok" "Cancel")) 14
8 Function and Data Shapes Match (define-type GUI [label (text string?)] [button (text string?) (enabled? boolean?)] [choice (items (listof string?)) (selected integer?)] [vertical (top GUI?) (bottom GUI?)] [horizontal (left GUI?) (right GUI?)]) (define (read-screen g) (type-case GUI g [label (t) (list t)] [button (t e?) (list t)] [choice (i s) i] [vertical (t b) (append (read-screen t) (read-screen b))] [horizontal (l r) (append (read-screen l) (read-screen r))])) 16
9 Design Steps Determine the representation define-type Write examples test Create a template for the implementation type-case plus natural recursion, check shape! Finish implementation case-by-case usually the interesting part, but good test cases make it less interesting (i.e., easier!) Run tests 17
10 Enable Button The name argument is along for the ride : ; enable-button : GUI string -> GUI (define (enable-button g name) (type-case GUI g [label (t) g] [button (t e?) (cond [(equal? t name) (button t true)] [else g])] [choice (i s) g] [vertical (t b) (vertical (enable-button t name) (enable-button b name))] [horizontal (l r) (horizontal (enable-button l name) (enable-button r name))]))... (test (enable-button gui1 "Ok") (vertical (horizontal (label "Pick a fruit:") (choice '("Apple" "Banana" "Coconut") 0)) (horizontal (button "Ok" true) (button "Cancel" true)))) 18
11 Show Depth (test (show-depth Hello 1 Hello Ok Cancel ) 2 Ok 2 Cancel ) 19
12 Show Depth Template: (define (show-depth g) (type-case GUI g [label (t)...] [button (t e?)...] [choice (i s)...] [vertical (t b)... (show-depth t)... (show-depth b)...] [horizontal (l r)... (show-depth l)... (show-depth r)...])) 20
13 Show Depth Template: (define (show-depth g) (type-case GUI g [label (t)...] [button (t e?)...] [choice (i s)...] [vertical (t b)... (show-depth t)... (show-depth b)...] [horizontal (l r)... (show-depth l)... (show-depth r)...])) (show-depth Ok ) 0 Ok 21
14 Show Depth Template: (define (show-depth g) (type-case GUI g [label (t)...] [button (t e?)...] [choice (i s)...] [vertical (t b)... (show-depth t)... (show-depth b)...] [horizontal (l r)... (show-depth l)... (show-depth r)...])) (show-depth Ok Cancel )... 0 Ok... 0 Cancel... 22
15 Show Depth Template: (define (show-depth g) (type-case GUI g [label (t)...] [button (t e?)...] [choice (i s)...] [vertical (t b)... (show-depth t)... (show-depth b)...] [horizontal (l r)... (show-depth l)... (show-depth r)...])) recursion results don t have the right labels... 23
16 Show Depth The n argument is an accumulator: ; show-depth-at : GUI num -> GUI (define (show-depth-at g n) (type-case GUI g [label (t) (label (prefix n t))] [button (t e?) (button (prefix n t) e?)] [choice (i s) g] [vertical (t b) (vertical (show-depth-at t (+ n 1)) (show-depth-at b (+ n 1)))] [horizontal (l r) (horizontal (show-depth-at l (+ n 1)) (show-depth-at r (+ n 1)))])) ; show-depth : GUI -> GUI (define (show-depth g) (show-depth-at g 0)) 24
17 Programming With Lists Sometimes you can use map, ormap, for/list, etc. ; has-label? : list-of-string string -> bool (define (has-label? l s) (ormap (lambda (e) (string=? e s)) l)) (test (has-label? empty "Banana") false) (test (has-label? '("Apple" "Banana") "Banana") true) 25
18 Programming With Lists Sometimes you can use map, ormap, for/list, etc. ; has-label? : list-of-string string -> bool (define (has-label? l s) (ormap (lambda (e) (string=? e s)) l)) (test (has-label? empty "Banana") false) (test (has-label? '("Apple" "Banana") "Banana") true) Otherwise, the general design process works for programs on lists using the following data definition: ; A list-of-string is either ; - empty ; - (cons string list-of-string) 26
19 Programming With Lists ; A list-of-string is either ; - empty ; - (cons string list-of-string) ; has-label? : list-of-string string -> bool (define (has-label? l s) (cond [(empty? l)...] [(cons? l)... (first l)... (has-label? (rest l) s)...])) 28
20 Programming With Lists ; A list-of-string is either ; - empty ; - (cons string list-of-string) ; has-label? : list-of-string string -> bool (define (has-label? l s) (cond [(empty? l) false] [(cons? l) (or (string=? (first l) s) (has-label? (rest l) s))])) 29
21 Programming With Lists For lists (and other built-in data), there are also loops. Read more in the documentation, but here s how you can write has-label? more succinctly using lists: (define (has-label? l desired-s) (for/or ([actual-s (in-list l)]) (equal? desired-s actual-s))) 30
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