sottotitolo Socket Programming Milano, XX mese 20XX A.A. 2016/17 Federico Reghenzani

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1 Titolo presentazione Piattaforme Software per la Rete sottotitolo Socket Programming Milano, XX mese 20XX A.A. 2016/17

2 Outline 1) Introduction to Sockets 2) UDP communication 3) TCP communication 4) RAW communication 5) Advanced Socket Programming 2/29

3 Introduction to Sockets

4 Sockets What is a socket? A socket is a logical endpoint of a communication link What is a socket in real-life? A file descriptor a number provided by the kernel representing an (abstract) file 4/29

5 Getting a socket (0/4) int socket(int domain, int type, int protocol) 5/29

6 Getting a socket (1/4) int socket(int domain, int type, int protocol) The domain argument called also socket family specify the protocol family to be used for communication. Possible values are: AF_UNIX: local communication AF_INET: IPv4 protocol family AF_INET6: IPv6 protocol family AF_NETLINK: Netlink protocol we will use this 6/29

7 Getting a socket (2/4) int socket(int domain, int type, int protocol) The type argument specify the communication semantics. Possible values are: SOCK_STREAM: sequenced, reliable, two-way, connectionbased SOCK_DGRAM: unreliable, connectionless SOCK_SEQPACKET: similar to SOCK_STREAM, but it often used with AF_UNIX, we cannot be fragmented will not see this SOCK_RAW: raw protocol access 7/29

8 Getting a socket (3/4) int socket(int domain, int type, int protocol) The protocol argument can be used to force a specific protocol. Possible values are: 0: leave the OS to select the best protocol for domain & type specified A constant representing a protocol variant, e.g. IPPROTO_ICMP, IPPROTO_UDPLITE 8/29

9 Getting a socket (4/4) int socket(int domain, int type, int protocol) It returns: -1 on error (check the errno variable) > 0: the file descriptor 9/29

10 Getting a socket Examples How to get a TCP socket: int my_sock = socket(af_inet, SOCK_STREAM, 0); get a UDP socket: int my_sock = socket(af_inet, SOCK_DGRAM, 0); get a RAW socket that uses ICMP communication: int my_sock = socket(af_inet, SOCK_RAW, IPPROTO_ICMP); 10/29

11 UDP communication

12 UDP Communication schema Server Client socket() socket() bind() recvfrom() sentdo() recvfrom() sendto() close() close() 12/29

13 Sockets Addresses Socket addresses depend on used protocol struct sockaddr { sa_family_t sa_family; char sa_data[14]; }; struct sockaddr_in { sa_family_t sin_family; in_port_t sin_port; struct in_addr sin_addr; }; struct in_addr { uint32_t }; s_addr; 13/29

14 bind() This operation assigns a name to a socket, i.e. request the assignment of an address to a socket Usually used in server-side It may fail if the address is already assigned to another process int bind(int sockfd, const struct sockaddr* addr, socklen_t addrlen) The address to bind The size of the previous parameter File descriptor of the socket 0: success, 1: error 14/29

15 Send/Receive datagrams int sendto(int socket, const void *message, size_t length, int flags, const struct sockaddr *dest_addr, socklen_t dest_len) Send the message message of size (in bytes) length through socket socket to address dest_addr that has a length of dest_len. int recvfrom(int socket, void *buffer, size_t length, int flags, struct sockaddr *address, socklen_t address_len) Receive a message from socket socket and put it into the location pointed by buffer of maximum length of length and set the source address in the address struct of length address_len. 15/29

16 TCP Communication

17 TCP Communication schema Server Client socket() socket() bind() listen() accept() connect() send() / recv() send() / recv() close() close() 17/29

18 Listen and accept connections int listen(int sockfd, int backlog) Set the socket sockfd as a passive socket, able to queue a maximum of backlog pending connections int accept(int sockfd, struct sockaddr* addr, socklen_t *addrlen) It extracts the first connection in the queue of pending connections. If empty, it waits. When a connection is extracted, a new socket is created and returned. 18/29

19 Connect to a server int connect(int sockfd, const struct sockaddr* addr, socklen_t addrlen) Used by the client to connect the socket to the server specified by the address addr It returns 0 on success, -1 on error 19/29

20 Send/Receive in TCP int sendto(int socket, const void *message, size_t length, int flags, const struct sockaddr *dest_addr, socklen_t dest_len) int send(int socket, const void *message, size_t length, int flags) int recvfrom(int socket, void *buffer, size_t length, int flags, struct sockaddr *address, socklen_t address_len) int recv(int socket, void *buffer, size_t length, int flags) 20/29

21 RAW Communication

22 Why RAW sockets? Deal with control-protocols that uses layer 3 e.g. ICMP Implement new transport-layer protocol in user-space Security-related applications Traffic inspection, port scanners, etc. You need the root privileges to create a raw socket 22/29

23 Sending RAW data You have to Create the IP Header (you can delegate this to the OS) Create the any other headers (e.g. TCP) Calculate all the necessary checksums Bugs may cause in the best option a lost message, but also network problems 23/29

24 Advanced Socket Programming

25 Serving multiple clients (1/3) How can a server deal with multiple simultaneous TCP connections? If the connection duration is short, they can be managed sequentially provided a sufficient connection queue size PRO: easy to develop CONS: waiting time in the queue may be too long, doesn t work with long connections, doesn t scale well Solution: multi-threading 25/29

26 Serving multiple clients (2/3) Standard multi-thread server: One thread continues to perform accept() waiting for new clients (the listening thread ) When a new client is connected, create a new thread that manages only that client PRO: enables multiple persistent connections, reduces the response time CONS: cost of creating new threads, high number of clients means high number of threads (DoS attack?) 26/29

27 Serving multiple clients (3/3) Multi-thread server from thread pool: One thread continues to perform accept() waiting for new clients (the listening thread ) When a new client is connected, a thread from the pool is woken up and it starts managing the client If no thread free avaiable, the clients will wait in the queue or the thread-pool may accordingly scale PRO/CONS: a balanced solution from the previouses 27/29

28 Non-blocking operations All operations we have seen are blocking, i.e. they do not return until the operation is complete e.g. the accept() call blocks until a new connection arrives The OS preempts the process and puts it into I/O waiting state You can specify the O_NONBLOCK flag to the socket file descriptor (via the fctnl() call) or specify SOCK_NONBLOCK at socket creation as bitwise or with the type: int my_sock = socket(af_inet, SOCK_STREAM SOCK_NONBLOCK, 0); 28/29

29 Other socket options Several others socket options are configurable via the setsockopt() call: int setsockopt(int sockfd, int level, int option_name, const void* option_value, socklen_t option_len) For example: Send/Receive timeout Send/Receive buffer size Sharing a port with another process during bind() 29/29

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