Implementing an ADT with a Class
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- Elijah Stephens
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1 Implementing an ADT with a Class the header file contains the class definition the source code file normally contains the class s method definitions when using Visual C , the source code and the header are added to the project using the Project>AddNewItem> option Methods, methods, methods: accessor methods read and display data predicate methods test the truth of a condition constructors (there may be more than one) initialize objects of the class have the same name as the class can take arguments cannot return values are called automatically when a class object is created good practice to always have at least a default constructor the operator new allocates memory when a new object is instantiated if the class is an umanaged class the operator gcnew does this job if it is a managed class 1
2 Let s remember the class weather Last time, we noted that it has: Two data members maxtemp and mintemp Some workhorse methods: avgtemp(), degreedays(), printdata(), and SetTemps(int, int) We also had a constructor weather() We can represent this easily using a UML class diagram Class Name Data Members Methods This is great for the human, not so much for the compiler! 2
3 Defining and Implementing a Class in VS2012 First, make a new project (for us, a new CLR Console project) Since we are working with the class weather: Add a header file named weather to the project Project>AddNewItem> Add a source file named weather to the project Project>AddNewItem> Type the class definition into the header file Type the implementation into the source file and be sure to #include weather.h Since you plan to use this class weather in your program, #include weather.h in your main program 3
4 // header file for the weather class in weather.h #pragma once // tells the compiler to process this header only once #include <iostream> using namespace System; using namespace std; class weather public: weather(); void settemps (int, int); double avgtemp (); double degreedays (); void printdata (); private: int maxtemp; int mintemp; ; // constructor // method to set the temperatures // prints out the data members // must be <= maxtemp 4
5 // method definitions for the weather class in weather.cpp #include "stdafx.h" #include <iostream> #include "weather.h" using namespace System; using namespace std; weather::weather() settemps (0, 0); void weather::settemps (int max, int min) maxtemp = (max >= min? max : min); mintemp = (min <= max? min : max); double weather::avgtemp () return ((maxtemp - static_cast <double> (mintemp))/2.0 + mintemp); double weather::degreedays () return (65 - ((maxtemp - static_cast <double>(mintemp))/2.0 + mintemp)); void weather::printdata() cout << "\n the max temp is " << maxtemp << " and the min temp is " << mintemp << endl; 5
6 // This is a driver for a use of the class weather #include "stdafx.h" #include "weather.h" #include <iostream> using namespace System; using namespace std; int main() weather *mon = new weather(); // calls the weather constructor weather *tues = new weather(); mon->printdata(); tues->settemps(23, 10); tues->printdata(); mon -> settemps(9, 45); mon -> printdata(); return 0; 6
7 Observation: Remember that the header for the class weather has in it: #pragma once this is to make sure that the definitions in the header only get processed once Sometimes you may have seen the #ifndef construct used for this purpose What s the relationship?? the C++ compiler in general complains if it finds the same name(s) defined more than once in the same scope sometimes we have to include the same headers or definitions in multiple files, so we have to tell the compiler to ignore any definitions after the first one way to do this is to use # pragma once to tell the compiler to only process a file one time another way to do this is to use the following type structure: #ifndef WEATHER_H #define WEATHER_H <all the class definition constructs> #endif 7
8 Object Oriented Design Where do we stand now? Class is a blueprint for objects an ADT Class Definition placed in header file Indicates its name along with: Its data members or instance variables (declarations of these) Its methods (prototypes for these) Indication as to the accessibility of each member element (public, private, protected) This defines the interfaces Usually does not contain any code for implementation of the methods Definition of methods Placed in a source file (that is, a.cpp file) Syntax is <classname>::<methodname> ( <args>)..; 8
9 Object Oriented Design Where we stand now (part 2) Defining a class does not make an instance of that class the definition just makes the blueprint for objects of that class To make an instance of a class: A declaration of an object of a class causes space to be reserved for it and the default constructor to be invoked (but be careful with objects that have dynamically allocated members, as we shall see) weather today; // saves space for a weather object and initializes it If we declare a pointer to an object of a class and we want to initialize that pointer to point to a new object, we have to use the operator new The new operator allocates memory for an object and returns a suitably typed, nonzero pointer to the object. weather *day1 = new weather(); One more example: weather today = *(new weather()); this creates an object of class weather and gives its value to the variable today; the new operator creates an object and returns a pointer to it to assign that object as a value for today, we ll need to dereference that pointer. We'll also have to make sure that = is defined for the class! 9
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