Reusable and Extendable Code. Composition Example (1) Composition Example (2) CS183-Su'02-Lecture 8 17 June by Eric A. Durant, Ph.D.
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1 Reusable and Extendable Code Tools so far classes ADTs using classes Building new classes Composition class objects as data members Inheritance Extending an existing class 1 Composition Example (1) class Point { Point(double xv = 0.0, double yv = 0.0); double GetX() const; private: double x; double y; 2 Composition Example (2) class Line { Line(const Point& ptv1 = Point(0, 0), const Point& ptv2 = Point(0, 0), double w); Point GetP1() const; void SetWidth(double w); private: Point pt1; Point pt2; double width; by Eric A. Durant, Ph.D. 1
2 Composition Embodies the has a relationship A Line has two points Unified Modeling Language (UML) Line width:double SetWidth(double) 1 1 +pt pt2 Point x:double y:double GetX():double 4 Construction Order 1. Data members are constructed Using no-argument constructor Unless an initializer list is used Example Line::Line(const Point& p1, const Point& p2, double w): pt1(p1), pt2(p2), width(w) {} 2. Composite class constructor is executed Point s copy constructor! 5 Inheritance Example Inheritance directive class FancyLine : public Line { enum LineType {SOLID, DASHED void SetWidth(double w); private: LineType l_type; by Eric A. Durant, Ph.D. 2
3 Inheritance Building a new derived class By extending an existing base class Embodies the idea of is a A FancyLine is a Line UML Line FancyLine width:double l_type:linetype 7 Inheritance Mechanism FancyLine automatically has Data Members: pt1, pt2, width Functions: GetP1, SetWidth, They are inherited! Why was SetWidth redeclared? Called an override Replace the inherited version with a new one ALWAYS overrides ALL overloads Example Program 8 Construction Order 1. Base class data members constr ct d in order 2. Base class constructor is called 3. Derived class data members c str d in order 4. Derived class constructor is executed Base class default ctor called if derived s initializer does not call base ctor Example FancyLine::FancyLine(const Point& p1, const Point& p2, double w, LineType lt): Line(p1, p2,w), l_type(lt) {} Example Program by Eric A. Durant, Ph.D. 3
4 Destructors and Limitations Destructor order (reverse of ctor order) 1. Derived class destructor is executed 2. Derived class data members are destroyed 3. The base class destructor is called 4. Base class data members are destroyed Not everything is inherited Constructors Destructors operator= 10 Inheritance Keywords Control the level of access public Anyone private Only by member functions protected Only by member functions and Derived class member functions 11 Upcasting Inheritance embodies is a A derived object is a base object Derived objects are base objects FancyLine fl; Line* lptr = &fl; Always use pointers or references to do this Otherwise the extra is sliced off by Eric A. Durant, Ph.D. 4
5 Inheritance Revisited Basic concept A derived class inherits members from a base class Automatically in the derived class Unless overridden Except constructors, destructors, operator= Upcasting A derived class object is referred to as a base class object Which version of an overridden member is used? 13 Inheritance Example class Lock { void Unlock(); const string& GetManuf() const; class Deadbolt : public Lock { void Unlock(); Override! 14 Upcast Usage void main() { Deadbolt dbl; dbl.unlock(); Deadbolt::Unlock() string n = dbl.getmanuf(); Lock::GetManuf() Lock* pl = &dbl; pl->unlock(); } Lock or Deadbolt? by Eric A. Durant, Ph.D. 5
6 Functional Binding Variant behavior Derived object calls derived version Base pointer calls base version This is inconsistent Early binding Functional version is chosen at compile time Late binding Polymorphism! - Version is chosen at run time Delay the choice until we know the real type Even when upcast! 16 virtual Functions Declaration in the base class Use late binding for this function Overriding rules don t change Keyword: virtual Implementation Compiler inserts code to ask the object before calling a virtual function 17 virtual Example class Lock { virtual void Unlock(); const string& GetManuf() const; class Deadbolt : public Lock { void Unlock(); virtual is optional by Eric A. Durant, Ph.D. 6
7 Calling virtual Functions void main() { Deadbolt dbl; dbl.unlock(); string n = dbl.getmanuf(); Lock* pl = &dbl; pl->unlock(); Lock lck; lck.unlock(); } Deadbolt::Unlock() Lock::GetManuf() Deadbolt::Unlock() Lock::Unlock() 19 General Overriding Rules Invariant over specialization non-virtual base class function Don t override in derived classes Variant over specialization virtual base class function Override expected, but not required 20 Object Slicing Upcasting must be done carefully Always use references or pointers So you have the original object Base copy constructors and operator= Cannot fully copy a derived object Slice off the new and overridden stuff by Eric A. Durant, Ph.D. 7
8 Pure virtual Functions Base class version is meaningless Generic placeholder for a behavior Overridden in each derived class Don t intend to implement it Language syntax virtual void Unlock()=0; NULL Function 22 Abstract Base Classes Describes a set form/template Never intend to have an object Compiler will not allow one Pointers and references are OK Simple designation Make any function pure virtual Other functions can be defined 23 virtual Destructors Allows upcast objects to properly destroy Forces use of the most derived destructor All the destructors are still called Most derived base (in order) ALWAYS make base class destructors virtual Good habit Pure virtual destructors must still be defined by Eric A. Durant, Ph.D. 8
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