Notes on Chapter 1 Variables and String
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1 Notes on Chapter 1 Variables and String Note 0: There are two things in Python; variables which can hold data and the data itself. The data itself consists of different kinds of data. These include numbers, strings, and special kinds of data such as Boolean values. Note 1: Variable Names. A variable name is some name you select to hold data. You should choose a variable name that meets the following criteria: Describe what you are putting into the variable. For example Sales, or FirstName, etc Should not be a reserve word already being used by Python such as if or while Should not be too short or too long. Cannot contain spaces or other special symbols and can only consist of letters and numbers Is case sensitive. For example, Sales and sales are different variables. Note 2: Be consistent when choosing Variable names and name spellings. Don t mix lowercase and capital letters and try and use the same capitalization pattern throughout. Note 3: Variables can appear on the left and right side of an equal sign. The equal sign is used to take what is on the right side of the equal and put it into the left side. The = symbol tells Python to assign what is on the left side of = and put it into whatever is on the right side of the = symbol. Sales = FirstName = Frank Data cannot be placed on the left side of an = symbol because data cannot store anything. The following does not make any sense = 10 Joe = Mary Note 4: When you use a variable on the left side of an equal and it is being assigned data, whatever is already inside the variable is over-written and removed. Sales = 100 Sales = 50 After the second command, the contents of Sales is 50. The original value of 100 is gone.
2 Note 5: One of the kinds of data in Python are Strings. A String is enclosed in single or double quote marks, which indicates that it is a String. For example, enclosing a number in single or double quotes makes the number into a String. Sales = 100 Sales2 = 100 Note 6: Strings can be assigned to variables just like numbers. You can use either double or single quote marks. FirstName = Jane LastName = Williams Note 7: You can mix single and double quotation marks when declaring a String. However, make sure they match within the String Message = Frank said Hello to Joe Message = Frank said Hello to Joe Note 8: If you don t want to mix quotes you can use the \ symbol before the quote to cause the quote to be printed. That is, the following will result in an error. Message = Frank said Hello to Joe Because python tries to match the first two quotes and make a string and the last two quotes and make a string. You need to rewrite this as: Message = Frank said \ Hello\ to Joe Note 9: There is a function in python that prints to the screen. This function is print( ) where the things you want to display on the screen are put between the ( ) symbols. Message = Hello Sales = 123 print( Message ) print( Sales ) print( Hello from me ) Notice that the contents of variables will be printed along with a String placed between the ( ) symbols.
3 Note 10: Python automatically breaks apart each letter in a string. You can reference each letter by using the String variable name or the String followed by a pair of [ ] symbols and an index number indicating which letter to get. Message = Hello x = Message[1] print(x) This prints the letter e. Notice that the index numbers go from left to right starting with zero. If you try to use an index value less than zero or greater than the number of letters in the String you will see an error. Note 11: You can also directly use the String to get a letter: x = Hello [2] print(x) which prints l Note 12: A Function is a block of code that has a name and that can be passed information and that can return information. You can think of a Function as a black box that has some internal structure. You can put stuff into this box, run the function, and get stuff back. You don t have to know how the box mechanism works, only what it wants and what it gives back. Note 13: Functions are written with the format: x = function_name( item1, item2, item3) Where X will hold what the function returns and each piece of data the function requires is placed between the ( ) symbols and separated by commas. With some functions that don t return anything you can leave off the x =
4 Note 14: Some useful functions in Python are the print() function, the len() function, and the str() function. The print() function prints out to the console anything between the () symbols. The len() function, when given a string, returns the number of letters in the string. The str() function takes a number and makes it into a string. print( a string ) x = 10 print( x ) y = len( Hello ) y is 5 s = Frank Jones y = len(s) y is 11 (the space is part of the string) n = 12 s = str(12) s contains 12 Note 15: In Python, strings and string variables are actually more complex than just containers for text. Strings actually contain an inner structure that includes some Functions/Methods. These functions/methods can only be accessed by reference to the string or string variable. These include the upper() and lower() functions/methods. These will return an upper case or lower case version of the string itself. name = Frank x = name.lower() y = name.upper() print(x) this prints frank print(y) this prints FRANK print( name.lower() ) this prints frank z = Joe.upper() z contains JOE Note 16: You can combine strings together using the + symbol. This symbol is used to add numbers together but is also used to combine strings. s = Sara n = Edwards fn = s + n fn contains SaraEdwards Note 17: Combining numbers and strings requires the numbers be converted to strings using the str() function. n = 12 s = You are s2 = years old msg = s + str(n) + s2 msg contains You are 12 years old
5 Note 18: Another very useful string function is the format() function. This function, like upper() and lower(), is attached to strings and string variables. The format() function takes a set of parameters and places each parameter into the string by using {} symbols as indicators marking where the data should go. msg = You are {} years old.format(12) this prints You are 12 years old Note 19: The order that the {} symbols appear in the string should match the order the data is listed in the format() method. msg = Hello {}, you are {} years old.format( Jane, 12 ) this prints Hello Jane you are 12 years old Note 20: You can control the order by including numbers inside the {} symbols, starting with zero. The number identifies which parameter will be used: msg = Hello {1}, you are {0} years old.format(12, Jane ) this prints Hello Jane you are 12 years old Note 21: The formatting commands can also be used to force spaces and alignment. This is done by using the parameter number, a colon, and a number indicating how much space the item should take up. This is written as: { item number : output space} For example, if your formatting string contained {0:12} then the first item in the format() method would be printed with 12 spaces before the item. msg = You are {0:10} years old.format(12) This would print You are 12 years old
6 Note 22: To force the format to print spaces after the item you would use the command: {item number: <output space} or {0:<12} msg = You are {0:<10} years old.format(12) This would print You are 12 years old Note 23: By default, python prints all decimal values. val = print(val) this prints Note 24: When working with money you often want to round to two decimal values. This can be done by using the format() command. {item number: output space.decimal value f) or {0 : 8.2f } val = msg = You have {0:8.2f} dollars.format( val ) This prints You have dollars Note 25: The input() method will pause and ask the user for some data. When the user enters the data this method returns whatever the user entered. print( Enter your name ) n = input() print(n) This prints the message on one line and then, on the next blank line, pauses until the user types in a name and presses enter. To put the message on the same line you would use: n = input( Enter your name ) Note 26: Anything retrieved with the input() command comes in as a string. If you want to input a number and use it as a number you have to convert it from a string to a number. The str() method converts a number to a string while the int() and float() methods convert a string to a number. n = int( 21 ) f = float( )
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