Why learn Computer Programming? Computer-based problem solving in Science and Engineering. Why learn Fortran? Elementary Computer Organization
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1 CSE Week #1.1 January 6, 2014 Computer-based problem solving in Science and Engineering Pure math: about beautiful relationships, e.g. partial differential equations Applied math: pure math applied to a real-life problem, e.g. weather forecasting Why learn Computer Programming? why learn to play a musical instrument vs. playing a CD or ipod? why learn to cook vs. eating at a restaurant? why learn to sew vs. buying clothes? Why learn Fortran? Families of programming languages: Procedure oriented program is a hierarchy of subprograms examples: Fortran, Algol 60, PL/I, Basic, C, Pascal, Turing Object-oriented examples: C++, Java, Python Functional examples: Lisp, Scheme Logic examples: Prolog Not really learning a programming language or computer programming but learning algorithmic problem solving, which is language independent. Elementary Computer Organization google: "Little Man Computer" (read Wikipedia article, and "Von Neumann Architecture" look at others that come up) read: Chapter 2 of the textbook Let's design a computer Computation: - obtain numerical results from the mathematical equations - problems: approximations, finite arithmetic, time, amount of data we need: - a place to store the data and the instructions that manipulate it. the memory [storage room] - a place where the instructions are actually carried out. the CPU (Central Processing Unit) [workshop] CSE 1540 Week #1.1 January 6, 2014 page 1 of 5
2 important idea: - the instructions are just a kind of data, so both the instructions and the "real" data can be stored in the same memory. - this is the concept of the "Von Neumann architecture" and gives the computer it's enormous flexibility memory: - consists of a large number of identically shaped cells - how many? how to tell them apart (address)? what is the "shape" of each cell? Data Format: - each memory cell can only hold an n digit (binary) natural number (popular choice: 8 binary digits = byte) - integers, real numbers, characters, etc. have to be represented by a corresponding natural number Instructions: - are also just a natural number - divides into two parts: op (operation) code, address Stored-Program Concept Inside the CPU: Memory: PC IR MAR Acc MDR Figure 5.1 The von Neumann architecture 5 CPU: - fetch-(decode)-execute cycle for each instruction - major parts of the CPU: - Program Counter (PC) - Instruction Register (IR) - Memory Address Register (MAR) - Memory Data Register (MDR) - Accumulator (Acc) Example: Memory: - 32 cells (addresses: [0] to [31]) - each cell can hold an 8 digit binary natural number ( [0] to [255]) Instruction format: - op code: 3 digits (left most) - address: 5 digits (right most) CSE 1540 Week #1.1 January 6, 2014 page 2 of 5
3 op code PC (Program Counter): size = 5 digits IR (Instruction Register): size = 8 digits MAR (Memory Address Register): size = 5 digits MDR (Memory Data Register): size = 8 digits Acc (Accumulator): size = 8 digits The instructions: - can have up to 8 instructions - HLT (000) halt - STA (001) store accumulator - LDA (010) load accumulator - BRZ (011) branch if (accumulator is) zero - BRP (100) branch if (accumulator is) zero - ADD (101) add - BRA (110) branch always - INP/OUT (111) input or output - notice that all the instructions belong to two broad categories: 1) do work: add, load, store, input.output 2) control: (possibly) branch (jump) somewhere else Detailed definition of each instruction: HLT (op code = 000) stop operand address STA (op code = 001) Acc MDR LDA (op code = 010) MDR Acc BRZ (op code = 011) if contents-of(acc) = 0 then else BRP (op code = 100) if contents-of(acc) 0 then else CSE 1540 Week #1.1 January 6, 2014 page 3 of 5
4 ADD (op code = 101) Acc + MDR Acc BRA (op code = 110) IN (op code = 111, address = 00001) contents-of(inbox) Acc OUT (op code = 111, address = 00010) Acc contents-of(outbox) Sample Program: program one integer a /10/, b /15/, c c = a + b stop end LDA A ADD B STA C HLT A DAT B DAT C DAT what if we labeled one of the instructions as B? LDA A ADD B B STA C HLT A DAT C DAT Von Neumann architecture: instructions and data are interchangeable. What happens inside the computer during the execution of an instruction: CSE 1540 Week #1.1 January 6, 2014 page 4 of 5
5 FETCH: 1. address of the next instruction is transferred from PC to MAR () 2. the instruction is located in memory 4. instruction is transferred to and decoded in the IR () 5. control unit sends signals to appropriate devices to cause execution of the instruction. 3. instruction is copied from memory to MDR CSE 1540 Week #1.1 January 6, 2014 page 5 of 5
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