SKILL AREA 306: DEVELOP AND IMPLEMENT COMPUTER PROGRAMS

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1 Add your company slogan SKILL AREA 306: DEVELOP AND IMPLEMENT COMPUTER PROGRAMS Computer Programming (YPG) LOGO

2 306.1 Review Selected Programming Environment Explain the concept of reserve words, variables, constants and strings Use arithmetical and relational operators Construct Identifiers

3 Variables Variables: computer memory locations used to store data while an application is running Use a meaningful variable name that reflects the purpose of the variable Use camel casing for variable identifiers Variable names should conform to naming rules

4 Variables (continued) Figure : How to name a variable

5 Variables (continued) Each variable must be assigned a data type Data type: the type of data the variable can store Each data type is a class Unicode: Universal coding scheme for characters Assigns a unique numeric value to each character

6 Figure : Basic data types in Visual Basic

7 Declaring a Variable in Code Declaration statement: used to declare, or create, a variable Declaration statement includes Scope keyword: Dim, Private, or Static Name of the variable Data type Initial value (optional) Numeric data types are automatically initialized to 0 String data type is automatically initialized to

8 Figure : How to declare a variable

9 Assigning Data to an Existing Variable Assignment statement: Used to assign values to properties of controls Used to assign values to variables Assignment operator: (=) Value on the right of the = operator is assigned to the variable on the left of the = operator

10 Assigning Data to an Existing Variable (continued) String: group of characters enclosed in quotation marks Literal constant: An item of data whose value does not change while the application is running Can be a numeric or a string literal constant A numeric literal without a decimal place is treated as an integer A numeric literal with a decimal place is treated as a Double type

11 Figure : How to assign a value to a variable

12 Using the TryParse Method Method: a specific portion of a class s instructions that performs a task for the class TryParse method: Part of every numeric data type s class Used to convert a string to that numeric data type Argument: a value that is provided to a method Basic syntax of TryParse method has two arguments: String: string value to be converted Variable: location to store the result

13 Using the TryParse Method (continued) If TryParse conversion is successful, the method stores the value in the variable If unsuccessful, a 0 is stored in the numeric variable

14 Figure : How to use the basic syntax of the TryParse method

15 Using the Convert Class Convert class: Contains methods for converting numeric values to specific data types Use the dot member access operator to separate the class name from the method name Commonly used methods of the Convert class include: ToDouble ToDecimal ToInt32 ToString

16 Figure : How to use the Convert class methods

17 Option Explicit, Option Infer, and Option Strict Undeclared variable: a variable that does not appear in a declaration statement (such as Dim) Is assigned a data type of Object Misspelling a variable name can result in an undeclared variable unless Option Explicit is on Option Explicit On statement Appears in the General Declarations section of the Code Editor window (above Public Class statement) Enforces that all variables must be declared before being used

18 Option Explicit, Option Infer, and Option Strict (continued) Option Infer Off statement: ensures that every variable is declared with a data type Implicit type conversion: occurs when you attempt to assign data of one type to a variable of another type without explicitly attempting to convert it If converted to a data type that can store larger numbers, the value is said to be promoted If converted to a data type that can store only smaller numbers, the value is said to be demoted Can cause truncation and loss of precision

19 Option Explicit, Option Infer, and Option Strict (continued) Option Strict On statement: ensures that values cannot be converted from one data type to a narrower data type, resulting in lost precision Figure : Option statements entered in the General Declarations section

20 Figure : Rules and examples of type conversions

21 Using a Variable in an Arithmetic Expression Arithmetic operators: used to perform calculations Precedence number: indicates the order in which an operation in an expression is performed If an expression has two operators with the same precedence, they are evaluated from left to right Use parentheses to change the order of evaluation Integer division operator (\): divides two integers and returns an integer value Modulus arithmetic operator (Mod): divides two numbers and returns the remainder

22 Using a Variable in an Arithmetic Expression (continued) Figure : Most commonly used arithmetic operators and order of precedence

23 Figure : How to include arithmetic expressions in assignment statements

24 Using a Variable in an Arithmetic Expression (continued) Line continuation character (_): Used to break up a long instruction into two or more physical lines Underscore must be preceded by a space and must appear at the end of a physical line A variable can store only one value at a time A second assignment statement on the same variable will replace its current value with the new value

25 The Scope and Lifetime of a Variable Scope: indicates where the variable can be used Lifetime: indicates how long the variable remains in memory Variables can have module scope, procedure scope, or block scope Module scope: variable is declared in the form s Declarations section Variables declared within a procedure have either procedure scope or block scope

26 Using Variables Having Procedure Scope Procedure-level variable: declared within a procedure Use the Dim keyword in the declaration Procedure scope: only the procedure can use the variable With procedure-level scope, two procedures can each use the same variable names Comments: Used to internally document the procedure Are ignored by the compiler Appear in green in the Code Editor

27 Figure : The MainForm in the Sales Tax application Figure : Examples of using procedure-level variables

28 Using a Variable Having Module Scope (continued) Module scope: variable can be used by all procedures in the form Module-level variable: Declared in the form s Declarations section Use Private keyword in declaration Module-level variables retain their values until the application ends

29 Figure : Example of using a module-level variable

30 Static Variables Static variable: Procedure-level variable that retains its value even after the procedure ends Retains its value until the application ends (like a module-level variable), but can only be used by the procedure in which it is declared A static variable has: Same lifetime as a module-level variable Narrower scope than a module-level variable Declared using the Static keyword

31 Figure : The MainForm in the Total Sales application Figure : Example of using a static variable

32 Named Constants Named constant: memory location whose value cannot be changed while the application is running Declared using the Const keyword Good programming practice to specify the data type as well Many programmers use Pascal case for named constants Literal type character: forces a literal constant to assume a specific data type Named constants help to document the program code

33 Figure : How to declare a named constant

34 Figure : The MainForm in the Area Calculator application Figure : Example of using a named constant

35 Coding the Sunshine Cellular Application Figure : Sunshine Cellular interface

36 Coding the Sunshine Cellular Application (continued) Figure : Sunshine Cellular TOE chart

37 Using Pseudocode to Plan a Procedure Pseudocode: short phrases that describe the steps a procedure needs to take to accomplish its goal Figure : Pseudocode for the Sunshine Cellular application

38 Using a Flowchart to Plan a Procedure Flowchart: uses standardized symbols to show the steps a procedure must take to accomplish its goal Can be used in place of pseudocode for planning Three symbols: Start/stop symbol (oval): indicates start and stop points Process symbol (rectangle): represents tasks Input/output symbol (parallelogram): represents input or output tasks Flowlines: connect the symbols to show the direction

39 Figure : Flowcharts for the Sunshine Cellular application

40 Coding the Calculate Order Button s Click Event Procedure Figure : Pseudocode for the calcbutton s Click event procedure

41 Coding the Calculate Order Button s Click Event Procedure (continued) Figure : Named constants and variables for the calcbutton s Click event procedure

42 Coding the Calculate Order Button s Click Event Procedure (continued) Figure : Declaration statements entered in the calcbutton s Click event procedure

43 Coding the Calculate Order Button s Click Event Procedure (continued) Figure : User input assigned to variables

44 Coding the Calculate Order Button s Click Event Procedure (continued) Figure : Completed calcbutton s Click event procedure

45 Completing the Sunshine Cellular Application Focus method: moves the focus to a specified control when the application is running Figure : Pseudocode for the clearbutton s Click event procedure

46 Figure : The Sunshine Cellular application s code

47 Figure : The Sunshine Cellular application s code (continued)

48 Testing and Debugging the Application Bug: an error in the program code Valid data: data that the application is expecting Invalid data: data that is unexpected Debugging: process of locating and correcting errors in a program

49 Testing and Debugging the Application (continued) Syntax error: an error that violates the programming language s syntax Usually caused by mistyping Logic error: occurs when you enter an instruction that does not give the expected results Test a program with both valid and invalid data

50 Testing and Debugging the Application (continued) Figure 3-30: Result of testing the application using valid data

51 Testing and Debugging the Application (continued) Figure : Result of testing the application using invalid data

52 Formatting Numeric Output Formatting: specifying the number of decimal places and any special characters to display ToString method of a variable can be used to format a number Format specifier: specifies the type of formatting to use Precision specifier: controls the number of significant digits or zeros to the right of the decimal point

53 Figure : How to format a number

54 Formatting Numeric Output (continued) Figure : calcbutton s modified Click event procedure

55 Formatting Numeric Output (continued) Figure : Formatted output shown in the interface

56 Programming Tutorial Figure : User interface

57 Summary Variables and named constants are memory locations that store data Variables can change value, but constants cannot Variables and constants have a name, data type, initial value, scope, and lifetime Use Dim or Static to declare a variable at block or procedure level Use Private to declare a variable at module level

58 Summary (continued) Assignment statement is used to assign values to an existing variable Literals are constant items of data that do not change String literal constants are enclosed in quotation marks Use the TryParse method to convert a string to a number The Convert class contains methods to convert values to a specified data type

59 Summary (continued) Option Explicit On forces declaration of all variables before use Option Infer Off warns if a variable declaration does not include a data type Option Strict On disallows any implicit type conversions that may cause a loss of data Integer division operator divides two integers and returns the result Modulus operator divides two numbers and returns the remainder

60 Summary (continued) A procedure-level variable is usable only by the procedure in which it is declared A module-level variable is usable by all procedures in the form Use comments to document your code A static variable is a procedure-level variable that retains its value even when the procedure ends Pseudocode or a flowchart is used to plan a procedure s code

61 Summary (continued) You can clear the contents of a text box or label control by assigning an empty string or String.Empty value The Focus method moves the focus to a control Test a program with both valid and invalid data You can format a program s numeric output with special characters, such as for currency, percentages, and number of decimal places

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