Design Phase. Create a class Person. Determine the superclass. NSObject (in this case)
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1 Design Phase Create a class Person Determine the superclass NSObject (in this case) 8
2 Design Phase Create a class Person Determine the superclass NSObject (in this case) What properties should it have? Name, age, whether they can vote 8
3 Design Phase Create a class Person Determine the superclass NSObject (in this case) What properties should it have? Name, age, whether they can vote What actions can it perform? Cast a ballot 8
4 Defining a class A public header and a private implementation Header File Implementation File Tuesday, January 12,
5 Defining a class A public header and a private implementation Header File Implementation File 9
6 Class interface declared in header file Tuesday, January 12,
7 Class interface declared in header 10
8 Class interface declared in header Person : 10
9 Class interface declared in header file #import Person : 10
10 Class interface declared in header file #import Person { : 10
11 Class interface declared in header file #import Person : NSObject { // instance variables NSString *name; int 10
12 Class interface declared in header file #import Person : NSObject { // instance variables NSString *name; int age; // method declarations - (NSString *)name; - (void)setname:(nsstring *)value; - (int)age; - (void)setage:(int)age; - (BOOL)canLegallyVote; - 10
13 Defining a class A public header and a private implementation Header File Implementation File 11
14 Implementing custom class Implement setter/getter methods Implement action methods 12
15 Class Implementation 13
16 Class Implementation #import "Person.h" 13
17 Class Implementation #import 13
18 Class Implementation #import Person - (int)age { return age; - (void)setage:(int)value { age = value; //... and other 13
19 Calling your own methods 14
20 Calling your own methods #import Person - (BOOL)canLegallyVote { - (void)castballot 14
21 Calling your own methods #import Person - (BOOL)canLegallyVote { return ([self age] >= 18); - (void)castballot 14
22 Calling your own methods #import Person - (BOOL)canLegallyVote { return ([self age] >= 18); - (void)castballot { if ([self canlegallyvote]) { // do voting stuff else { NSLog (@ I m not allowed to vote! 14
23 Superclass methods As we just saw, objects have an implicit variable named self Like this in Java and C++ Can also invoke superclass methods using super 15
24 Superclass methods As we just saw, objects have an implicit variable named self Like this in Java and C++ Can also invoke superclass methods using super - (void)dosomething { // Call superclass implementation first [super dosomething]; // Then do our custom behavior int foo = bar; //... 15
25 Object Lifecycle 16
26 Object Lifecycle Creating objects Memory management Destroying objects 17
27 Object Creation 18
28 Object Creation Two step process allocate memory to store the object initialize object state 18
29 Object Creation Two step process allocate memory to store the object initialize object state + alloc Class method that knows how much memory is needed 18
30 Object Creation Two step process allocate memory to store the object initialize object state + alloc Class method that knows how much memory is needed - init Instance method to set initial values, perform other setup 18
31 Create = Allocate + Initialize Tuesday, January 12,
32 Create = Allocate + Initialize Person *person = nil; Tuesday, January 12,
33 Create = Allocate + Initialize Person *person = nil; person = [[Person alloc] init]; Tuesday, January 12,
34 Implementing your own -init method #import 20
35 Implementing your own -init method #import Person - (id)init 20
36 Implementing your own -init method #import Person - (id)init { // allow superclass to initialize its state first if (self = [super init]) { return 20
37 Implementing your own -init method #import Person - (id)init { // allow superclass to initialize its state first if (self = [super init]) { age = 0; name Bob ; // do other initialization... return 20
38 Multiple init methods Classes may define multiple init methods - (id)init; - (id)initwithname:(nsstring *)name; - (id)initwithname:(nsstring *)name age:(int)age; 21
39 Multiple init methods Classes may define multiple init methods - (id)init; - (id)initwithname:(nsstring *)name; - (id)initwithname:(nsstring *)name age:(int)age; Less specific ones typically call more specific with default values - (id)init { return [self initwithname:@ No Name ]; - (id)initwithname:(nsstring *)name { return [self initwithname:name age:0]; 21
40 Finishing Up With an Object Person *person = nil; person = [[Person alloc] init]; 22
41 Finishing Up With an Object Person *person = nil; person = [[Person alloc] init]; [person setname:@ Jimmy Jones ]; [person setage:32]; [person castballot]; [person dosomethingelse]; 22
42 Finishing Up With an Object Person *person = nil; person = [[Person alloc] init]; [person setname:@ Jimmy Jones ]; [person setage:32]; [person castballot]; [person dosomethingelse]; // What do we do with person when we re done? 22
43 Memory Management Allocation Destruction 23
44 Memory Management Allocation Destruction C malloc free 23
45 Memory Management C Objective-C Allocation malloc alloc Destruction free dealloc 23
46 Memory Management C Objective-C Allocation malloc alloc Destruction free dealloc Calls must be balanced Otherwise your program may leak or crash 23
47 Memory Management C Objective-C Allocation malloc alloc Destruction free dealloc Calls must be balanced Otherwise your program may leak or crash However, you ll never call -dealloc directly One exception, we ll see in a bit... 23
48 Reference Counting 24
49 Reference Counting Every object has a retain count Defined on NSObject As long as retain count is > 0, object is alive and valid 24
50 Reference Counting Every object has a retain count Defined on NSObject As long as retain count is > 0, object is alive and valid +alloc and -copy create objects with retain count == 1 24
51 Reference Counting Every object has a retain count Defined on NSObject As long as retain count is > 0, object is alive and valid +alloc and -copy create objects with retain count == 1 -retain increments retain count 24
52 Reference Counting Every object has a retain count Defined on NSObject As long as retain count is > 0, object is alive and valid +alloc and -copy create objects with retain count == 1 -retain increments retain count -release decrements retain count 24
53 Reference Counting Every object has a retain count Defined on NSObject As long as retain count is > 0, object is alive and valid +alloc and -copy create objects with retain count == 1 -retain increments retain count -release decrements retain count When retain count reaches 0, object is destroyed -dealloc method invoked automatically One-way street, once you re in -dealloc there s no turning back 24
54 Balanced Calls Person *person = nil; person = [[Person alloc] init]; 25
55 Balanced Calls Person *person = nil; person = [[Person alloc] init]; [person setname:@ Jimmy Jones ]; [person setage:32]; [person castballot]; [person dosomethingelse]; 25
56 Balanced Calls Person *person = nil; person = [[Person alloc] init]; [person setname:@ Jimmy Jones ]; [person setage:32]; [person castballot]; [person dosomethingelse]; // When we re done with person, release it [person release]; // person will be destroyed here 25
57 Reference counting in action 26
58 Reference counting in action Person *person = [[Person alloc] init]; 26
59 Reference counting in action Person *person = [[Person alloc] init]; Retain count begins at 1 with +alloc 26
60 Reference counting in action Person *person = [[Person alloc] init]; Retain count begins at 1 with +alloc [person retain]; 26
61 Reference counting in action Person *person = [[Person alloc] init]; Retain count begins at 1 with +alloc [person retain]; Retain count increases to 2 with -retain 26
62 Reference counting in action Person *person = [[Person alloc] init]; Retain count begins at 1 with +alloc [person retain]; Retain count increases to 2 with -retain [person release]; 26
63 Reference counting in action Person *person = [[Person alloc] init]; Retain count begins at 1 with +alloc [person retain]; Retain count increases to 2 with -retain [person release]; Retain count decreases to 1 with -release 26
64 Reference counting in action Person *person = [[Person alloc] init]; Retain count begins at 1 with +alloc [person retain]; Retain count increases to 2 with -retain [person release]; Retain count decreases to 1 with -release [person release]; 26
65 Reference counting in action Person *person = [[Person alloc] init]; Retain count begins at 1 with +alloc [person retain]; Retain count increases to 2 with -retain [person release]; Retain count decreases to 1 with -release [person release]; Retain count decreases to 0, -dealloc automatically called 26
66 Messaging deallocated objects 27
67 Messaging deallocated objects Person *person = [[Person alloc] init]; //... [person release]; // Object is deallocated 27
68 Messaging deallocated objects Person *person = [[Person alloc] init]; //... [person release]; // Object is deallocated [person dosomething]; // Crash! 27
69 Messaging deallocated objects Person *person = [[Person alloc] init]; //... [person release]; // Object is deallocated Tuesday, January 12,
70 Messaging deallocated objects Person *person = [[Person alloc] init]; //... [person release]; // Object is deallocated person = nil; 27
71 Messaging deallocated objects Person *person = [[Person alloc] init]; //... [person release]; // Object is deallocated person = nil; [person dosomething]; // No effect 27
72 Implementing a -dealloc method #import 28
73 Implementing a -dealloc method #import Person - (void)dealloc 28
74 Implementing a -dealloc method #import Person - (void)dealloc { // Do any cleanup that s necessary 28
75 Implementing a -dealloc method #import Person - (void)dealloc { // Do any cleanup that s necessary //... // when we re done, call super to clean us up [super 28
76 Object Lifecycle Recap Objects begin with a retain count of 1 Increase and decrease with -retain and -release When retain count reaches 0, object deallocated automatically You never call dealloc explicitly in your code Exception is calling -[super dealloc] You only deal with alloc, copy, retain, release 29
77 Object Ownership #import Person : NSObject { // instance variables NSString *name; // Person class owns the name int age; // method declarations - (NSString *)name; - (void)setname:(nsstring *)value; - (int)age; - (void)setage:(int)age; - (BOOL)canLegallyVote; - 30
78 Object Ownership #import 31
79 Object Ownership #import Person - (NSString *)name { return name; - (void)setname:(nsstring *)newname 31
80 Object Ownership #import Person - (NSString *)name { return name; - (void)setname:(nsstring *)newname if (name!= newname) { [name release]; name = [newname retain]; // name s retain count has been bumped up by 1 31
81 Object Ownership #import Person - (NSString *)name { return name; - (void)setname:(nsstring *)newname 31
82 Object Ownership #import Person - (NSString *)name { return name; - (void)setname:(nsstring *)newname if (name!= newname) { [name release]; name = [newname copy]; // name has retain count of 1, we own it 31
83 Releasing Instance Variables #import 32
84 Releasing Instance Variables #import Person - (void)dealloc 32
85 Releasing Instance Variables #import Person - (void)dealloc { // Do any cleanup that s necessary [name 32
86 Releasing Instance Variables #import Person - (void)dealloc { // Do any cleanup that s necessary [name release]; // when we re done, call super to clean us up [super 32
87 Autorelease 33
88 Returning a newly created object - (NSString *)fullname { NSString *result; result = [[NSString alloc] initwithformat:@ %@ %@, firstname, lastname]; return result; 34
89 Returning a newly created object - (NSString *)fullname { NSString *result; result = [[NSString alloc] initwithformat:@ %@ %@, firstname, lastname]; return result; Wrong: result is leaked! 34
90 Returning a newly created object - (NSString *)fullname { NSString *result; result = [[NSString alloc] initwithformat:@ %@ %@, firstname, lastname]; [result release]; return result; 34
91 Returning a newly created object - (NSString *)fullname { NSString *result; result = [[NSString alloc] initwithformat:@ %@ %@, firstname, lastname]; [result release]; return result; Wrong: result is released too early! Method returns bogus value 34
92 Returning a newly created object - (NSString *)fullname { NSString *result; result = [[NSString alloc] initwithformat:@ %@ %@, firstname, lastname]; return result; 34
93 Returning a newly created object - (NSString *)fullname { NSString *result; result = [[NSString alloc] initwithformat:@ %@ %@, firstname, lastname]; [result autorelease]; return result; 34
94 Returning a newly created object - (NSString *)fullname { NSString *result; result = [[NSString alloc] initwithformat:@ %@ %@, firstname, lastname]; [result autorelease]; return result; Just right: result is released, but not right away Caller gets valid object and could retain if needed 34
95 Autoreleasing Objects Calling -autorelease flags an object to be sent release at some point in the future Let s you fulfill your retain/release obligations while allowing an object some additional time to live Makes it much more convenient to manage memory Very useful in methods which return a newly created object 35
96 Method Names & Autorelease 36
97 Method Names & Autorelease Methods whose names includes alloc, copy, or new return a retained object that the caller needs to release 36
98 Method Names & Autorelease Methods whose names includes alloc, copy, or new return a retained object that the caller needs to release NSMutableString *string = [[NSMutableString alloc] init]; // We are responsible for calling -release or -autorelease [string autorelease]; 36
99 Method Names & Autorelease Methods whose names includes alloc, copy, or new return a retained object that the caller needs to release NSMutableString *string = [[NSMutableString alloc] init]; // We are responsible for calling -release or -autorelease [string autorelease]; All other methods return autoreleased objects 36
100 Method Names & Autorelease Methods whose names includes alloc, copy, or new return a retained object that the caller needs to release NSMutableString *string = [[NSMutableString alloc] init]; // We are responsible for calling -release or -autorelease [string autorelease]; All other methods return autoreleased objects NSMutableString *string = [NSMutableString string]; // The method name doesn t indicate that we need to release it // So don t- we re cool! 36
101 Method Names & Autorelease Methods whose names includes alloc, copy, or new return a retained object that the caller needs to release NSMutableString *string = [[NSMutableString alloc] init]; // We are responsible for calling -release or -autorelease [string autorelease]; All other methods return autoreleased objects NSMutableString *string = [NSMutableString string]; // The method name doesn t indicate that we need to release it // So don t- we re cool! This is a convention- follow it in methods you define! 36
102 How does -autorelease work? 37
103 How does -autorelease work? Object is added to current autorelease pool 37
104 How does -autorelease work? Object is added to current autorelease pool Autorelease pools track objects scheduled to be released When the pool itself is released, it sends -release to all its objects 37
105 How does -autorelease work? Object is added to current autorelease pool Autorelease pools track objects scheduled to be released When the pool itself is released, it sends -release to all its objects UIKit automatically wraps a pool around every event dispatch 37
106 Autorelease Pools (in pictures) Launch app App initialized Load main nib Wait for event Handle event Exit app 38
107 Autorelease Pools (in pictures) Pool Pool created Launch app App initialized Load main nib Wait for event Handle event Exit app 38
108 Autorelease Pools (in pictures) Pool Objects autoreleased here go into pool Pool created Launch app App initialized Load main nib Wait for event Handle event Exit app 38
109 Autorelease Pools (in pictures) Pool Objects autoreleased here go into pool Pool created Launch app App initialized Load main nib Wait for event Handle event Exit app 38
110 Autorelease Pools (in pictures) Pool Objects autoreleased here go into pool [object autorelease]; Pool created Launch app App initialized Load main nib Wait for event Handle event Exit app 38
111 Autorelease Pools (in pictures) Pool Objects autoreleased here go into pool Pool created Launch app App initialized Load main nib Wait for event Handle event Exit app 38
112 Autorelease Pools (in pictures) Pool Objects autoreleased here go into pool Pool created Launch app App initialized Load main nib Wait for event Handle event Exit app 38
113 Autorelease Pools (in pictures) Pool Objects autoreleased here go into pool Pool released Pool created Launch app App initialized Load main nib Wait for event Handle event Exit app 38
114 Autorelease Pools (in pictures) [object release]; Pool [object release]; Objects autoreleased here go into pool [object release]; Pool released Pool created Launch app App initialized Load main nib Wait for event Handle event Exit app 38
115 Autorelease Pools (in pictures) Pool Objects autoreleased here go into pool Pool released Pool created Launch app App initialized Load main nib Wait for event Handle event Exit app 38
116 Hanging Onto an Autoreleased Object Many methods return autoreleased objects Remember the naming conventions... They re hanging out in the pool and will get released later If you need to hold onto those objects you need to retain them Bumps up the retain count before the release happens 39
117 Hanging Onto an Autoreleased Object Many methods return autoreleased objects Remember the naming conventions... They re hanging out in the pool and will get released later If you need to hold onto those objects you need to retain them Bumps up the retain count before the release happens name = [NSMutableString string]; // We want to name to remain valid! [name retain]; //... // Eventually, we ll release it (maybe in our -dealloc?) [name release]; 39
118 Side Note: Garbage Collection Autorelease is not garbage collection Objective-C on iphone OS does not have garbage collection 40
119 Objective-C Properties 41
120 Properties Provide access to object attributes Shortcut to implementing getter/setter methods Also allow you to specify: read-only versus read-write access memory management policy 42
121 Defining Properties #import Person : NSObject { // instance variables NSString *name; int age; // method declarations - (NSString *) name; - (void)setname:(nsstring *)value; - (int) age; - (void)setage:(int)age; - (BOOL) canlegallyvote; - 43
122 Defining Properties #import Person : NSObject { // instance variables NSString *name; int age; // method declarations - (NSString *) name; - (void)setname:(nsstring *)value; - (int) age; - (void)setage:(int)age; - (BOOL) canlegallyvote; - 43
123 Defining Properties #import Person : NSObject { // instance variables NSString *name; int age; // method declarations - (NSString *) name; - (void)setname:(nsstring *)value; - (int) age; - (void)setage:(int)age; - (BOOL) canlegallyvote; - 43
124 Defining Properties #import Person : NSObject { // instance variables NSString *name; int age; // property int age (copy) NSString * (readonly) BOOL canlegallyvote ; - 43
125 Defining Properties #import Person : NSObject { // instance variables NSString *name; int age; // property int (copy) NSString (readonly) BOOL canlegallyvote; - 44
126 Synthesizing Person - (int)age { return age; - (void)setage:(int)value { age = value; - (NSString *)name { return name; - (void)setname:(nsstring *)value { if (value!= name) { [name release]; name = [value copy]; - (void)canlegallyvote {... 45
127 Synthesizing Person - (int)age { return age; - (void)setage:(int)value { age = value; - (NSString *)name { return name; - (void)setname:(nsstring *)value { if (value!= name) { [name release]; name = [value copy]; - (void)canlegallyvote {... 45
128 Synthesizing Person - (int)age { return age; - (void)setage:(int)value { age = value; - (NSString *)name { return name; - (void)setname:(nsstring *)value { if (value!= name) { [name release]; name = [value copy]; - (void)canlegallyvote {... 45
129 Synthesizing name; - (BOOL)canLegallyVote { return (age > 46
130 Property Attributes Read-only versus int age; // read-write by (readonly) BOOL canlegallyvote; Memory management policies (only for object (assign) NSString *name; // pointer (retain) NSString *name; // retain (copy) NSString *name; // copy called 47
131 Property Names vs. Instance Variables Property name can be different than instance Person : NSObject { int int 48
132 Property Names vs. Instance Variables Property name can be different than instance Person : NSObject { int age = 48
133 Properties Mix and match synthesized and implemented name; - (void)setage:(int)value { age = value; // now do something with the new age Setter method explicitly implemented Getter method still synthesized 49
134 Properties In Practice Newer APIs Older APIs use getter/setter methods Properties used heavily throughout UIKit APIs Not so much with Foundation APIs You can use either approach Properties mean writing less code, but magic can sometimes be non-obvious 50
135 Dot Syntax and self When used in custom methods, be careful with dot syntax for properties defined in your class References to properties and ivars behave very Person : NSObject { NSString (copy) NSString 51
136 Dot Syntax and self When used in custom methods, be careful with dot syntax for properties defined in your class References to properties and ivars behave very Person : NSObject { NSString (copy) Person - (void)dosomething { name Fred ; self.name Fred ; // accesses ivar directly! // calls accessor method 51
137 Common Pitfall with Dot Syntax What will happen when this code Person - (void)setage:(int)newage { self.age = 52
138 Common Pitfall with Dot Syntax What will happen when this code Person - (void)setage:(int)newage { self.age = This is equivalent Person - (void)setage:(int)newage { [self setage:newage]; // Infinite 52
139 Further Reading Objective-C 2.0 Programming Language Defining a Class Declared Properties Memory Management Programming Guide for Cocoa 53
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