Internal architecture of 8086
|
|
- Karen Waters
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Case Study: Intel Processors Internal architecture of 8086 Slide 1
2 Case Study: Intel Processors FEATURES OF 8086 It is a 16-bit μp has a 20 bit address bus can access up to 220 memory locations (1 MB). It can support up to 64K I/O ports. It provides 14, 16 -bit registers. Word size 16 bit. It has multiplexed address and data bus AD0- AD15 and A16 A19. Slide 2
3 Case Study: Intel Processors FEATURES OF is designed to operate in two modes, Minimum and Maximum. It can prefetch up to 6 instruction bytes from memory and queues them in order to speed up instruction execution. It requires +5V power supply. A 40 pin dual in line package Address ranges from 00000H to FFFFFH. Slide 3
4 BIU EU Case Study: Intel Processors Slide 4
5 Case Study: Intel Processors Slide 5
6 Internal Architecture of has two blocks -- Bus Interface Unit(BIU) and Execution unit(eu). Dividing the work between these two units speed up processing. The BIU sends out addresses, fetches instruction from memory, reads data from ports and memory, and writes data to ports and memory. The BIU handles all transfer of data and addresses on the buses for the execution unit. The execution unit of 8086 tells the BIU where to fetch instruction or data from, decode instructions and executes instructions. Case Study: Intel Processors Slide 6
7 THE BUS INTERFACE UNIT(BIU) BIU Contains 4-byte instruction Queue (Q) The segment registers (CS, DS, ES, SS). The instruction Pointer (IP). The Address summing block( ) The function of BIU is that its fetches instructions, read data from memory or I/O ports and writers data to memory of I/O ports an buffers them into the queue. While the execution units decode or executes an instruction that does not involve uses of the bus, the BIU fetches up to 6-byte instruction byte for preceding instruction. The BIU stores this pre-fetched instruction byte in FIFO register called queue. Fetching the next instruction while executing the current instruction is referred as the instruction pipeline. The BIU has a dedicated Adder; the main function of the adder is to produce 20 bit physical address. Case Study: Intel Processors Slide 7
8 BUS INTERFACE UNIT(BIU) The bus control logic of the BIU generates all bus control signals such as read and writes for memory I/O ports. BIU sends out 20-bit addresses, so it can address any of 2 20 bytes in memory. Four segment registers in the BIU are used to hold the upper 16-bits of the starting addresses of four memory segments that the 8086 is working with at particular time. The four segment registers are the Code segment (CS), Stack segment (SS), Extra Segment (ES) and Data Segment (DS). In short the Bus Interface unit is responsible for performing all following external bus operations. It sends the address of the memory or I/O. It fetches instruction from memory. It read data from port/memory. It writes data into port/memory. It supports instruction queuing. It provides the address relocation facility. Case Study: Intel Processors Slide 8
9 Instruction Queue To increase the execution speed, BIU fetches as many as six instruction bytes ahead to time from memory. All six bytes are then held in first in first out 6 byte register called instruction queue. Then all bytes have to be given to EU one by one. This pre fetching operation of BIU may be in parallel with execution operation of EU, which improves the speed execution of the instruction. Case Study: Intel Processors Slide 9
10 Segment Register In 8086 processor has 4 segments registers Code Segment register (CS), Data Segment register(ds), Extra Segment register(es) and Stack Segment (SS)register. All are16 bit registers. Each of the Segment registers store the upper 16 bit address of the starting address of the corresponding segments. Case Study: Intel Processors Slide 10
11 Memory Segments of 8086 Case Study: Intel Processors Slide 11
12 Code Segment (CS): The CS register is used for addressing a memory location in the Code Segment of the memory, where the executable program is stored. Data Segment (DS): The DS contains most data used by program. Data are accessed in the Data Segment by an offset address or the content of other register that holds the offset address. Stack Segment (SS): SS defined the area of memory used for the stack. Extra Segment (ES): ES is additional data segment that is used by some of the string to hold the destination data. Case Study: Intel Processors Slide 12
13 Case Study: Intel Processors Slide 13
14 Case Study: Intel Processors Slide 14
15 Case Study: Intel Processors Slide 15
16 Segmented Memory The memory in an 8086 based system is organized as segmented memory. The CPU 8086 is able to address 1Mbyte of memory. The Complete physically available memory may be divided into a number of logical segments. The 4 segments are Code, Data, Extra and Stack segments. A Segment is a 64kbyte block of memory. The16 bit contents of the segment registers in the BIU actually Point to the starting location of a particular segment. Segments may be overlapped or non-overlapped Case Study: Intel Processors Slide 16
17 Advantages of Segmented memory Scheme Allows the memory capacity to be 1Mb although the actual addresses to be handled are of 16 bit size. Allows the placing of code, data and stack portions of the same program in different parts(segments)of the memory, for data and code protection. Permits a program and/or its data to be put into different areas of memory each time program is executed, i.e. provision for relocation may be done. Case Study: Intel Processors Slide 17
18 Instruction Pointer (IP) and the address Summing Block The IP register hold the 16 bit offset address or the offset, of the next code byte within the Code segment. An offset is the distance (in terms of address) from the beginning of a segment to a particular instruction or variable. The IP always references the Code segment register (CS). The physical address of the next instruction is formed by combining the CS and IP. To form a 20bit address of the next instruction, the 16 bit address of the IP is added (by the address summing block) to the address contained in the CS, which has been shifted four bits to the left. The following examples shows the CS:IP scheme of address formation Case Study: Intel Processors Slide 18
19 Case Study: Intel Processors Slide 19
20 Registers in 8086 Case Study: Intel Processors Slide 20
21 EXCECUTION UNIT Case Study: Intel Processors Slide 21
22 EXECUTION UNIT(EU) The execution unit includes the ALU, eight 16-bit general purpose register, a 16-bit flag register and a control unit. EU contains control circuitry which directs internal operations. A decoder in the EU translates instructions fetched from memory into a series of actions which the EU carries out. The EU has a 16-bit arithmetic logic unit which can add, subtract, AND, OR, increment, decrement, complement, Binary numbers. Case Study: Intel Processors Slide 22
23 EXECUTION UNIT(EU) The EU contains eight 16-bit general purpose registers- AX, BX, CX, DX, SP, BP, SI and DI. Among these registers AX, BX, CX, DX can be further into two 8-bit registers AH&AL, BH&BL, CH&CL and DH&DL. The general purpose registers can be used to store 16-bit data during program execution. A 16-bit flag register in the EU contains nine active flags. Six of the nine flags are used to indicate some condition produced by an instruction. The three remaining flags in the flag registers are used to control certain operations of the processors. or Case Study: Intel Processors Slide 23
24 Case Study: Intel Processors Slide 24
25 Case Study: Intel Processors EXCECUTION UNIT-GENERAL PURPOSE REGISTERS Slide 25
26 EXCECUTION UNIT-General Purpose Registers Normally used for storing temporary results Each of the registers is 16 bits wide (AX, BX, CX, DX) Can be accessed as either 16 or 8 bits AX, AH, AL Case Study: Intel Processors Slide 26
27 EXCECUTION UNIT-General Purpose Registers Register------Purpose AX Word multiply, word divide, word I /O AL Byte multiply, byte divide, byte I/O, decimal arithmetic AH Byte multiply, byte divide BX Store address information CX String operation, loops CL Variable shift and rotate DX Word multiply, word divide, indirect I/O Case Study: Intel Processors Slide 27
28 EU--Pointer and Index Registers(SP,BP,SI,DI) used to keep offset addresses. Used in various forms of memory addressing. In the case of SP and BP the default reference to form a physical address is the Stack Segment(SS-will be discussed under the BIU) Case Study: Intel Processors Slide 28
29 Pointer And Index Registers The index registers (SI & Di) and the BX generally default to the Data segment register(ds). SP: Stack pointer Used with SS to access the stack segment BP: Base Pointer Primarily used to access data on the stack Can be used to access data in other segments Case Study: Intel Processors Slide 29
30 Pointer And Index Registers SI: Source Index register It performs to point to memory locations in the data segment. by incrementing the contents of SI consecutive memory locations can be accessed. is required for some string operations. When string operations are performed, the SI register points to memory locations in the data segment which is addressed by the DS register. Thus, SI is associated with the DS in string operations. Case Study: Intel Processors Slide 30
31 Case Study: Intel Processors Pointer And Index Registers DI: Destination Index register DI is used to point to memory locations. is also required for some string operations. When string operations are performed, the DI register points to memory locations in the data segment which is addressed by the ES register. Thus, DI is associated with the ES in string operations. The SI and the DI registers may also be used to access data stored in arrays. Slide 31
32 Case Study: Intel Processors Slide 32
33 EXCECUTION UNIT-Flag register Flags Register determines the current state of the processor. They are modified automatically by CPU after mathematical operations, this allows to determine the type of the result, and to determine conditions to transfer control to other parts of the program. In 8086 The EU contains a 16 bit flag register. 9 of the 16 are active flags and remaining 7 are undefined has 9 flags and they are divided into two categories: Conditional Flags Control Flags Case Study: Intel Processors Slide 33
34 EXCECUTION UNIT-Flag register U U U U OF DF IF TF SF ZF U AF U PF U CF Overflow Direction Interrupt Trap sign Zero Auxiliary Parity Carry Case Study: Intel Processors Slide 34
35 Conditional Flags Conditional flags represent result of last arithmetic or logical instruction executed. Conditional flags are as follows: Carry Flag (CF): This flag indicates an overflow condition for unsigned integer arithmetic. It is also used in multiple-precision arithmetic. Auxiliary Flag (AF): If an operation performed in ALU generates a carry/barrow from lower nibble (i.e. D0 D3) to upper nibble (i.e. D4 D7), the AF flag is set i.e. carry given by D3 bit to D4 is AF flag. This is not a general-purpose flag, it is used internally by the processor to perform Binary to BCD conversion. Parity Flag (PF): This flag is used to indicate the parity of result. If lower order 8- bits of the result contains even number of 1 s, the Parity Flag is set and for odd number of 1 s, the Parity Flag is reset. Zero Flag (ZF): It is set; if the result of arithmetic or logical operation is zero else it is reset. Sign Flag (SF): In sign magnitude format the sign of number is indicated by MSB bit. If the result of operation is negative, sign flag is set. Overflow Flag (OF): It occurs when signed numbers are added or subtracted. An OF indicates that the result has exceeded the capacity of machine. Case Study: Intel Processors Slide 35
36 Control Flags Control flags are set or reset deliberately to control the operations of the execution unit. Control flags are as follows: Trap Flag (TP): It is used for single step control. It allows user to execute one instruction of a program at a time for debugging. When trap flag is set, program can be run in single step mode. Interrupt Flag (IF): It is an interrupt enable/disable flag. If it is set, the maskable interrupt of 8086 is enabled and if it is reset, the interrupt is disabled. It can be set by executing instruction sit and can be cleared by executing CLI instruction. Direction Flag (DF): It is used in string operation. If it is set, string bytes are accessed from higher memory address to lower memory address. When it is reset, the string bytes are accessed from lower memory address to higher memory address. Case Study: Intel Processors Slide 36
37 EXCECUTION UNIT-Flag register Flag Purpose Carry (CF) Holds the carry after addition or the borrow after subtraction.also indicates some error conditions, as dictated by some programs and procedures. Parity (PF) PF=0;odd parity,pf=1;even parity. Auxiliary (AF) Holds the carry (half carry) after addition or borrow after subtraction between bit positions 3 and 4 of the result (for example, in BCD addition or subtraction.) Zero (ZF) Shows the result of the arithmetic or logic operation. Z=1;result is zero. Z=0; The result is not 0. Sign (SF) Holds the sign of the result after an arithmetic/logic instruction execution. S=1;negative,S=0;positive. Case Study: Intel Processors Slide 37
38 Flag Purpose Trap (TF) A control flag. Enables the trapping through an on-chip debugging feature. Interrupt (IF) A control flag. Controls the operation of the INTR (interrupt request) I=0;INTRpindisabled. I=1;INTRpinenabled. Direction (DF) A control flag. It selects either the increment or decrement mode for DI and/or SI registers during the string instructions. Overflow (OF) Overflow occurs when signed numbers are added or subtracted. An overflow indicates the result has exceeded the capacity of the machine. Case Study: Intel Processors Slide 38
39 Six of the flags are status indicators reflecting properties of the last arithmetic or logical instruction. For example, if register AL = 7Fh and the instruction ADD AL,1 is executed then the following happen AL = 80h CF = 0; there is no carry out of bit 7 PF = 0; 80h has an odd number of ones AF = 1; there is a carry out of bit 3 into bit 4 ZF = 0; the result is not zero SF = 1; bit seven is one OF = 1; the sign bit has changed Can be used to transfer program control to a new memory location; for example: ADD AL,1 JNZ 0100h
40 LOGICAL AND PHYSICAL ADDRESS In Intel literature concerning the 8086, there are three types of addresses mentioned frequently: the physical address, the offset address and the logical address. The physical/real address is the 20-bit address that is actually put on the address pins of the 8086 microprocessors and decoded by the memory interfacing circuitry. This address can have a range of 00000H to FFFFFH for the 8086 and real-mode 286, 386, and 486 CPUs. This is an actual physical location in RAM or ROM within the 1 megabyte memory range. The offset address is a location with a 64K-byte segment range. There, an offset address can range from 0000H to FFFFH. The logical address consists of a segment value and an offset address. Case Study: Intel Processors Slide 40
41 Difference between the physical and the logical address The physical address is 20 bits long and corresponds to the actual binary code output by the BIU on the address bus lines. The logical address is an offset from location 0 of a given segment. When two segments overlap it is certainly possible for two different logical addresses to map to the same physical address. This can have disastrous results when the data begins to overwrite the subroutine stack area, or vice versa. For this reason you must be very careful when segments are allowed to overlap. You should also be careful when writing addresses on paper to do so clearly. To specify the logical address XXXX in the stack segment, use the convention SS:XXXX, which is equal to [SS] * 16 + XXXX. Case Study: Intel Processors Slide 41
42 Case Study: Intel Processors Slide 42
43 Calculate physical address from logical address Case Study: Intel Processors Slide 43
44 Case Study: Intel Processors Slide 44
Intel 8086 MICROPROCESSOR ARCHITECTURE
Intel 8086 MICROPROCESSOR ARCHITECTURE 1 Features It is a 16-bit μp. 8086 has a 20 bit address bus can access up to 2 20 memory locations (1 MB). It can support up to 64K I/O ports. It provides 14, 16
More informationIntel 8086 MICROPROCESSOR. By Y V S Murthy
Intel 8086 MICROPROCESSOR By Y V S Murthy 1 Features It is a 16-bit μp. 8086 has a 20 bit address bus can access up to 2 20 memory locations (1 MB). It can support up to 64K I/O ports. It provides 14,
More informationA Presentation created By Ramesh.K Press Ctrl+l for full screen view
Press Ctrl+l for full screen view A Presentation created By Ramesh.K rameshpkd@gmail.com Press Ctrl+l for full screen view A Microprocessor sor is a multipurpose, programmable logic device that reads binary
More informationMICROPROCESSOR PROGRAMMING AND SYSTEM DESIGN
MICROPROCESSOR PROGRAMMING AND SYSTEM DESIGN ROAD MAP SDK-86 Intel 8086 Features 8086 Block Diagram 8086 Architecture Bus Interface Unit Execution Unit 8086 Architecture 8086 Programmer s Model Flag Register
More information8086 INTERNAL ARCHITECTURE
8086 INTERNAL ARCHITECTURE Segment 2 Intel 8086 Microprocessor The 8086 CPU is divided into two independent functional parts: a) The Bus interface unit (BIU) b) Execution Unit (EU) Dividing the work between
More information9/25/ Software & Hardware Architecture
8086 Software & Hardware Architecture 1 INTRODUCTION It is a multipurpose programmable clock drive register based integrated electronic device, that reads binary instructions from a storage device called
More informationicroprocessor istory of Microprocessor ntel 8086:
Microprocessor A microprocessor is an electronic device which computes on the given input similar to CPU of a computer. It is made by fabricating millions (or billions) of transistors on a single chip.
More informationLecture 5:8086 Outline: 1. introduction 2. execution unit 3. bus interface unit
Lecture 5:8086 Outline: 1. introduction 2. execution unit 3. bus interface unit 1 1. introduction The internal function of 8086 processor are partitioned logically into processing units,bus Interface Unit(BIU)
More informationIntroduction to Microprocessor
Introduction to Microprocessor The microprocessor is a general purpose programmable logic device. It is the brain of the computer and it performs all the computational tasks, calculations data processing
More informationINTRODUCTION TO MICROPROCESSORS
INTRODUCTION TO MICROPROCESSORS Richa Upadhyay Prabhu NMIMS s MPSTME richa.upadhyay@nmims.edu January 7, 2016 Richa Upadhyay Prabhu (MPSTME) INTRODUCTION January 7, 2016 1 / 63 Course Design Prerequisite:
More informationVARDHAMAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (AUTONOMOUS) Shamshabad, Hyderabad
Introduction to MS-DOS Debugger DEBUG In this laboratory, we will use DEBUG program and learn how to: 1. Examine and modify the contents of the 8086 s internal registers, and dedicated parts of the memory
More informationCC411: Introduction To Microprocessors
CC411: Introduction To Microprocessors OBJECTIVES this chapter enables the student to: Describe the Intel family of microprocessors from 8085 to Pentium. In terms of bus size, physical memory & special
More informationUNIT 2 PROCESSORS ORGANIZATION CONT.
UNIT 2 PROCESSORS ORGANIZATION CONT. Types of Operand Addresses Numbers Integer/floating point Characters ASCII etc. Logical Data Bits or flags x86 Data Types Operands in 8 bit -Byte 16 bit- word 32 bit-
More informationEC-333 Microprocessor and Interfacing Techniques
EC-333 Microprocessor and Interfacing Techniques Lecture 3 The Microprocessor and its Architecture Dr Hashim Ali Fall - 2018 Department of Computer Science and Engineering HITEC University Taxila Slides
More informationCode segment Stack segment
Registers Most of the registers contain data/instruction offsets within 64 KB memory segment. There are four different 64 KB segments for instructions, stack, data and extra data. To specify where in 1
More informationEXPERIMENT WRITE UP. LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 1. Get hands on experience with Assembly Language Programming 2. Write and debug programs in TASM/MASM
EXPERIMENT WRITE UP AIM: Assembly language program for 16 bit BCD addition LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 1. Get hands on experience with Assembly Language Programming 2. Write and debug programs in TASM/MASM TOOLS/SOFTWARE
More informationSRI VENKATESWARA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF ECE EC6504 MICROPROCESSOR AND MICROCONTROLLER (REGULATION 2013)
SRI VENKATESWARA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF ECE EC6504 MICROPROCESSOR AND MICROCONTROLLER (REGULATION 2013) UNIT I THE 8086 MICROPROCESSOR PART A (2 MARKS) 1. What are the functional
More informationQuestion Bank Part-A UNIT I- THE 8086 MICROPROCESSOR 1. What is microprocessor? A microprocessor is a multipurpose, programmable, clock-driven, register-based electronic device that reads binary information
More informationUNIT-I. 1.Draw and explain the Architecture of a 8085 Microprocessor?
UNIT-I INTRODUCTION TO MICROPROCESSOR A common way of categorizing microprocessors is by the no. of bits that their ALU can work with at a time. (i) The first commercially available microprocessor was
More informationProgram controlled semiconductor device (IC) which fetches (from memory), decodes and executes instructions.
8086 Microprocessor Microprocessor Program controlled semiconductor device (IC) which fetches (from memory), decodes and executes instructions. It is used as CPU (Central Processing Unit) in computers.
More informationArchitecture of 8086 Microprocessor
MCQ on Microprocessor and Interfacing Technique S.E.Compure (Sem-II) UNIT 1 Architecture of 8086 Microprocessor 1 marks Questions 1. Which is first microprocessor? (a) 8008 (b) 8085 (c) 8086 (d) 4004 2.
More informationELE 3230 Microprocessors and Computer Systems
ELE 3230 Microprocessors and Computer Systems Chapter 4 8088 System Architecture (*Hall:ch2; Brey:ch1; Triebel:ch2) ELE 3230 - Chapter 4 1 Historical Background 1969/70 Intel 4004, first Microprocessor
More informationSPRING TERM BM 310E MICROPROCESSORS LABORATORY PRELIMINARY STUDY
BACKGROUND 8086 CPU has 8 general purpose registers listed below: AX - the accumulator register (divided into AH / AL): 1. Generates shortest machine code 2. Arithmetic, logic and data transfer 3. One
More informationUNIT II OVERVIEW MICROPROCESSORS AND MICROCONTROLLERS MATERIAL. Introduction to 8086 microprocessors. Architecture of 8086 processors
OVERVIEW UNIT II Introduction to 8086 microprocessors Architecture of 8086 processors Register Organization of 8086 Memory Segmentation of 8086 Pin Diagram of 8086 Timing Diagrams for 8086 Interrupts of
More informationADVANCE MICROPROCESSOR & INTERFACING
VENUS INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY Gandhinagar Department of Computer Enggineering ADVANCE MICROPROCESSOR & INTERFACING Name : Enroll no. : Class Year : 2014-15 : 5 th SEM C.E. VENUS INTERNATIONAL
More informationMicroprocessor. By Mrs. R.P.Chaudhari Mrs.P.S.Patil
Microprocessor By Mrs. R.P.Chaudhari Mrs.P.S.Patil Chapter 1 Basics of Microprocessor CO-Draw Architecture Of 8085 Salient Features of 8085 It is a 8 bit microprocessor. It is manufactured with N-MOS technology.
More information8086 Microprocessors & Peripherals
8086 Microprocessors & Peripherals (06IT/BM - 52) Sessions handled by Prof. M.V. SREENIVAS RAO. GSSSIETW, MYSORE Prof. M. SHIVAKUMAR. BIET, DAVANGERE Prof. VAGEESH.V.KANTLI. BIET, DAVANGERE 1 8086 MICROPROCESSOR
More informationSYSC3601 Microprocessor Systems. Unit 2: The Intel 8086 Architecture and Programming Model
SYSC3601 Microprocessor Systems Unit 2: The Intel 8086 Architecture and Programming Model Topics/Reading SYSC3601 2 Microprocessor Systems 1. Registers and internal architecture (Ch 2) 2. Address generation
More informationEEM336 Microprocessors I. The Microprocessor and Its Architecture
EEM336 Microprocessors I The Microprocessor and Its Architecture Introduction This chapter presents the microprocessor as a programmable device by first looking at its internal programming model and then
More informationThe x86 Microprocessors. Introduction. The 80x86 Microprocessors. 1.1 Assembly Language
The x86 Microprocessors Introduction 1.1 Assembly Language Numbering and Coding Systems Human beings use the decimal system (base 10) Decimal digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 Computer systems use the
More information16-Bit Intel Processor Architecture
IBM-PC Organization 16-Bit Intel Processor Architecture A-16 bit microprocessor can operate on 16 bits of data at a time. 8086/8088 have the simplest structure 8086/8088 have the same instruction set,
More informationLecture 5: Computer Organization Instruction Execution. Computer Organization Block Diagram. Components. General Purpose Registers.
Lecture 5: Computer Organization Instruction Execution Computer Organization Addressing Buses Fetch-Execute Cycle Computer Organization CPU Control Unit U Input Output Memory Components Control Unit fetches
More informationUNIT 1. Introduction to microprocessor. Block diagram of simple computer or microcomputer.
UNIT 1 Unit 1 contents at a glance: 1. Architecture of 8086 microprocessor, 2. Register organization, 3. 8086 flag register and its functions, 4. addressing modes of 8086, 5. Pin diagram of 8086, 6. Minimum
More informationBasic Execution Environment
Basic Execution Environment 3 CHAPTER 3 BASIC EXECUTION ENVIRONMENT This chapter describes the basic execution environment of an Intel Architecture processor as seen by assembly-language programmers.
More informationMicrocomputer Architecture..Second Year (Sem.2).Lecture(2) مدرس المادة : م. سندس العزاوي... قسم / الحاسبات
1) Input/output In computing, input/output or I/O, is the communication between an information processing system (such as a computer) and the outside world, possibly a human or another information processing
More informationUnit I Introduction. Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering VARDHAMAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Shamshabad, Hyderabad , India.
Unit I Introduction Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering VARDHAMAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Shamshabad, Hyderabad 501218, India. Pre-requisites Digital Logic Design (A1404) Computer Architecture
More informationUS06CCSC04: Introduction to Microprocessors and Assembly Language UNIT 1: Assembly Language Terms & Directives
Introduction: US06CCSC04: Introduction to Microprocessors and A microprocessor is the chip containing some control and logic circuits that is capable of a making arithmetic and logical decision based on
More informationLecture (02) The Microprocessor and Its Architecture By: Dr. Ahmed ElShafee
Lecture (02) The Microprocessor and Its Architecture By: Dr. Ahmed ElShafee ١ INTERNAL MICROPROCESSOR ARCHITECTURE Before a program is written or instruction investigated, internal configuration of the
More informationBasic characteristics & features of 8086 Microprocessor Dr. M. Hebaishy
Basic characteristics & features of 8086 Microprocessor Dr. M. Hebaishy Digital Logic Design Ch1-1 8086 Microprocessor Features: The 8086 microprocessor is a 16 bit microprocessor. The term 16 bit means
More informationHardware and Software Architecture. Chapter 2
Hardware and Software Architecture Chapter 2 1 Basic Components The x86 processor communicates with main memory and I/O devices via buses Data bus for transferring data Address bus for the address of a
More informationMarking Scheme. Examination Paper Department of CE. Module: Microprocessors (630313)
Philadelphia University Faculty of Engineering Marking Scheme Examination Paper Department of CE Module: Microprocessors (630313) Final Exam Second Semester Date: 02/06/2018 Section 1 Weighting 40% of
More informationUNIT II SYSTEM BUS STRUCTURE 1. Differentiate between minimum and maximum mode 2. Give any four pin definitions for the minimum mode. 3. What are the pins that are used to indicate the type of transfer
More informationMicrocomputer Architecture and Programming
IUST-EE (Chapter 1) Microcomputer Architecture and Programming 1 Outline Basic Blocks of Microcomputer Typical Microcomputer Architecture The Single-Chip Microprocessor Microprocessor vs. Microcontroller
More informationNorthern India Engineering College, Delhi (GGSIP University) PAPER I
PAPER I Q1.Explain IVT? ANS. interrupt vector table is a memory space for storing starting addresses of all the interrupt service routine. It stores CS:IP PAIR corresponding to each ISR. An interrupt vector
More informationMicroprocessor and Assembly Language Week-5. System Programming, BCS 6th, IBMS (2017)
Microprocessor and Assembly Language Week-5 System Programming, BCS 6th, IBMS (2017) High Speed Memory Registers CPU store data temporarily in these location CPU process, store and transfer data from one
More informationThe Microprocessor and its Architecture
The Microprocessor and its Architecture Contents Internal architecture of the Microprocessor: The programmer s model, i.e. The registers model The processor model (organization) Real mode memory addressing
More informationTopic 2 :16 Bit Microprocessor: 8086 (24 Marks)
Topic 2 :16 Bit Microprocessor: 8086 (24 Marks) Features of 8086 8086 is a 16 bit processor. It s ALU, internal registers works with 16bit binary word 8086 has a 16bit data bus. It can read or write data
More informationThe 8086 Microprocessor
The 8086 Microprocessor 1. Draw the pin diagram of 8086. Ans. There would be two pin diagrams one for MIN mode and the other for MAX mode of 8086, shown in Figs. 11.1 and 11.2 respectively. The pins that
More informationMICROPROCESSOR MICROPROCESSOR ARCHITECTURE. Prof. P. C. Patil UOP S.E.COMP (SEM-II)
MICROPROCESSOR UOP S.E.COMP (SEM-II) 80386 MICROPROCESSOR ARCHITECTURE Prof. P. C. Patil Department of Computer Engg Sandip Institute of Engineering & Management Nashik pc.patil@siem.org.in 1 Introduction
More informationChapter 2 COMPUTER SYSTEM HARDWARE
Chapter 2 COMPUTER SYSTEM HARDWARE A digital computer system consists of hardware and software. The hardware consists of the physical components of the system, whereas the software is the collection of
More informationMICROPROCESSOR MICROPROCESSOR ARCHITECTURE. Prof. P. C. Patil UOP S.E.COMP (SEM-II)
MICROPROCESSOR UOP S.E.COMP (SEM-II) 80386 MICROPROCESSOR ARCHITECTURE Prof. P. C. Patil Department of Computer Engg Sandip Institute of Engineering & Management Nashik pc.patil@siem.org.in 1 Introduction
More informationModule 3 Instruction Set Architecture (ISA)
Module 3 Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) I S A L E V E L E L E M E N T S O F I N S T R U C T I O N S I N S T R U C T I O N S T Y P E S N U M B E R O F A D D R E S S E S R E G I S T E R S T Y P E S O
More informationArithmetic Instructions
Segment 3C Arithmetic Instructions This topic covers the following instructions: Addition (ADD, INC, ADC) Subtraction (SUB, DEC, SBB,CMP) Multiplication (MUL, IMUL) Division (DIV, IDIV) BCD Arithmetic
More informationArchitecture of 8085 microprocessor
Architecture of 8085 microprocessor 8085 consists of various units and each unit performs its own functions. The various units of a microprocessor are listed below Accumulator Arithmetic and logic Unit
More informationIntel 8086: Instruction Set
IUST-EE (Chapter 6) Intel 8086: Instruction Set 1 Outline Instruction Set Data Transfer Instructions Arithmetic Instructions Bit Manipulation Instructions String Instructions Unconditional Transfer Instruction
More informationMarking Scheme. Examination Paper. Module: Microprocessors (630313)
Philadelphia University Faculty of Engineering Marking Scheme Examination Paper Department of CE Module: Microprocessors (630313) Final Exam Second Semester Date: 12/06/2017 Section 1 Weighting 40% of
More informationAssembly Language. Dr. Esam Al_Qaralleh CE Department Princess Sumaya University for Technology. Overview of Assembly Language
4345 Assembly Language Assembly Language Dr. Esam Al_Qaralleh CE Department Princess Sumaya University for Technology Assembly Language 3-1 Overview of Assembly Language Advantages: Faster as compared
More informationIntroduction to IA-32. Jo, Heeseung
Introduction to IA-32 Jo, Heeseung IA-32 Processors Evolutionary design Starting in 1978 with 8086 Added more features as time goes on Still support old features, although obsolete Totally dominate computer
More informationWe can study computer architectures by starting with the basic building blocks. Adders, decoders, multiplexors, flip-flops, registers,...
COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE II: MICROPROCESSOR PROGRAMMING We can study computer architectures by starting with the basic building blocks Transistors and logic gates To build more complex circuits Adders, decoders,
More informationUNIT-1. It is a 16-bit Microprocessor (μp).it s ALU, internal registers works with 16bit binary word.
UNIT-1 Introduction to 8086: 8086 Microprocessor is an enhanced version of 8085Microprocessor that was designed by Intel in 1976. It is a 16-bit Microprocessor having 20 address lines and16 data lines
More informationINTRODUCTION TO IA-32. Jo, Heeseung
INTRODUCTION TO IA-32 Jo, Heeseung IA-32 PROCESSORS Evolutionary design Starting in 1978 with 8086 Added more features as time goes on Still support old features, although obsolete Totally dominate computer
More informationSigned number Arithmetic. Negative number is represented as
Signed number Arithmetic Signed and Unsigned Numbers An 8 bit number system can be used to create 256 combinations (from 0 to 255), and the first 128 combinations (0 to 127) represent positive numbers
More informationMICROPROCESSOR MCQs. 1) What does the microprocessor comprise of? a. Register section b. One or more ALU c. Control unit d.
1) What does the microprocessor comprise of? a. Register section b. One or more ALU c. Control unit 2) What is stored by a register? a. data b. operands c. memory MICROPROCESSOR MCQs 3) Accumulator based
More informationThe functional block diagram of 8085A is shown in fig.4.1.
Lecture-13 Internal Architecture of Intel 05A The functional block diagram of 05A is shown in fig.4.1. INTA INTR RST7.5 RST5.5 RST6.5 TRAP SOD SID INTERRUPT SERIAL I/O (Internal Bus) FR(S) IR() B() C()
More informationThe Instruction Set. Chapter 5
The Instruction Set Architecture Level(ISA) Chapter 5 1 ISA Level The ISA level l is the interface between the compilers and the hardware. (ISA level code is what a compiler outputs) 2 Memory Models An
More informationMICROPROCESSOR ALL IN ONE. Prof. P. C. Patil UOP S.E.COMP (SEM-II)
MICROPROCESSOR UOP S.E.COMP (SEM-II) 80386 ALL IN ONE Prof. P. C. Patil Department of Computer Engg Sandip Institute of Engineering & Management Nashik pc.patil@siem.org.in 1 Architecture of 80386 2 ARCHITECTURE
More information8088/8086 Programming Integer Instructions and Computations
Unit3 reference 2 8088/8086 Programming Integer Instructions and Computations Introduction Up to this point we have studied the software architecture of the 8088 and 8086 microprocessors, their instruction
More informationWINTER 12 EXAMINATION Subject Code : Model Answer Page No : / N. a) Describe the function of SID and SOD pins of 8085 microprocessor
Subject Code : Model Answer Page No : / N Q.1) SOLVE ANY FIVE : (20 MARKS) a) Describe the function of SID and SOD pins of 8085 microprocessor Ans: - SID: - (2 Mark) Serial Input Data SID pin is used to
More information6/17/2011. Introduction. Chapter Objectives Upon completion of this chapter, you will be able to:
Chapter 2: The Microprocessor and its Architecture Chapter 2: The Microprocessor and its Architecture Chapter 2: The Microprocessor and its Architecture Introduction This chapter presents the microprocessor
More informationChapter Three Addressing Mode MOV AX, BX
Chapter Three The 8086 The 8086 When the 8086 executes an instruction, it performs the specified function on data. The data are called its operands and may be part of the instruction reside in one of the
More informationChapter 2: The Microprocessor and its Architecture
Chapter 2: The Microprocessor and its Architecture Chapter 2: The Microprocessor and its Architecture Chapter 2: The Microprocessor and its Architecture Introduction This chapter presents the microprocessor
More informationComplex Instruction Set Computer (CISC)
Introduction ti to IA-32 IA-32 Processors Evolutionary design Starting in 1978 with 886 Added more features as time goes on Still support old features, although obsolete Totally dominate computer market
More informationUnit 08 Advanced Microprocessor
Unit 08 Advanced Microprocessor 1. Features of 80386 The 80386 microprocessor is an enhanced version of the 80286 microprocessor Memory-management unit is enhanced to provide memory paging. The 80386 also
More informationProcessor Structure and Function
WEEK 4 + Chapter 14 Processor Structure and Function + Processor Organization Processor Requirements: Fetch instruction The processor reads an instruction from memory (register, cache, main memory) Interpret
More information1 MALP ( ) Unit-1. (1) Draw and explain the internal architecture of 8085.
(1) Draw and explain the internal architecture of 8085. The architecture of 8085 Microprocessor is shown in figure given below. The internal architecture of 8085 includes following section ALU-Arithmetic
More informationAddressing Modes on the x86
Addressing Modes on the x86 register addressing mode mov ax, ax, mov ax, bx mov ax, cx mov ax, dx constant addressing mode mov ax, 25 mov bx, 195 mov cx, 2056 mov dx, 1000 accessing data in memory There
More informationPESIT Bangalore South Campus
INTERNAL ASSESSMENT TEST 2 Date : 28/03/2016 Max Marks: 50 Subject & Code : Microprocessor (10CS45) Section: IV A and B Name of faculty: Deepti.C Time: 8:30-10:00 am Note: Answer any complete five questions
More informationEE2007 Microprocessor systems.
EE2007 Microprocessor systems Tutorial 1 Semester 1 AY 2010-11 Ganesh Iyer ganesh.vigneswara@gmail.com (facebook, gtalk) http://ganeshniyer.com About Me I have 3 years of Industry work experience in Bangalore,
More informationAn 8-Bit Scientific Calculator Based Intel 8086 Virtual Machine Emulator
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Procedia Computer Science 21 (2013 ) 506 511 The 4th International Conference on Emerging Ubiquitous Systems and Pervasive Networks (EUSPN-2013)
More informationCG2007 Microprocessor systems.
CG2007 Microprocessor systems Tutorial 1 Semester 2 AY 2011-12 Ganesh Iyer ganesh.vigneswara@gmail.com http://ganeshniyer.com About Me I have 3 years of Industry work experience in Bangalore, India. I
More informationCS401 Assembly Language Solved MCQS From Midterm Papers
CS401 Assembly Language Solved MCQS From Midterm Papers May 14,2011 MC100401285 Moaaz.pk@gmail.com MC100401285@gmail.com PSMD01(IEMS) Question No:1 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one The first instruction
More information8/26/2010. Introduction to 8085 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF INTEL Introduction to Introduction to Three Units of 8085
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF INTEL 8085 GURSHARAN SINGH TATLA Introduction to 8085 It was introduced in 1977. It is 8-bit microprocessor. Its actual name is 8085 A. It is single NMOS device. It contains 6200 transistors
More information2. List the five interrupt pins available in INTR, TRAP, RST 7.5, RST 6.5, RST 5.5.
DHANALAKSHMI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING EE6502- MICROPROCESSORS AND MICROCONTROLLERS UNIT I: 8085 PROCESSOR PART A 1. What is the need for ALE signal in
More information12-Dec-11. Gursharan Singh Maninder Kaur. Introduction to 8085 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF INTEL Introduction to Introduction to 8085
mailme@gursharansingh.in BLOCK DIAGRAM OF INTEL 8085 mailme@maninderkaur.in Introduction to 8085 It was introduced in 1977. It is 8-bit microprocessor. Its actual name is 8085 A. It is single NMOS device.
More informationSummer 2003 Lecture 4 06/14/03
Summer 2003 Lecture 4 06/14/03 LDS/LES/LSS General forms: lds reg,mem lseg reg,mem Load far pointer ~~ outside of current segment {E.g., load reg w/value @ mem, & seg w/mem+2 XCHG Exchange values General
More informationVidyalankar. Vidyalankar T.E. Sem. V [CMPN] Microprocessors Prelim Question Paper Solution. 1. (a)
1. (a) Step 1 : Total EPROM required Chip size available No.of chips required = 2 T.E. Sem. V [CMPN] Microprocessors Prelim Question Paper Solution = 64 KB = 32 KB No.of sets required = 2 1 2 Set 1 = Ending
More informationEC 333 Microprocessor and Interfacing Techniques (3+1)
EC 333 Microprocessor and Interfacing Techniques (3+1) Lecture 6 8086/88 Microprocessor Programming (Arithmetic Instructions) Dr Hashim Ali Fall 2018 Department of Computer Science and Engineering HITEC
More informationArithmetic and Logic Instructions And Programs
Dec Hex Bin 3 3 00000011 ORG ; FOUR Arithmetic and Logic Instructions And Programs OBJECTIVES this chapter enables the student to: Demonstrate how 8-bit and 16-bit unsigned numbers are added in the x86.
More informationWilliam Stallings Computer Organization and Architecture 10 th Edition Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved.
+ William Stallings Computer Organization and Architecture 10 th Edition 2016 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved. 2 + Chapter 14 Processor Structure and Function + Processor Organization
More informationThe higher the values of above, the more powerful the CPU. Microprocessors are categorized in additional as: RISC or CISC.
MICROPROCESSOR: A silicon chip that contains a CPU. A microprocessor (sometimes abbreviated μp) is a digital electronic component with miniaturized transistors on a single semiconductor integrated circuit
More information1. Introduction to Assembly Language
www.vchowk.com 1. Introduction to Assembly Language Solved EXERCISE 1 Note: Dear fellows I tried my best to solve this exercise questions if there s any mistake or doubt in any question correct it and
More informationWeek 2 The 80x86 Microprocessor Architecture
Week 2 The 80x86 Microprocessor Architecture OBJECTIVES this chapter enables the student to: Describe the Intel family of microprocessors from 8085 to Pentium. In terms of bus size, physical memory & special
More informationAssembly Language Programming Introduction
Assembly Language Programming Introduction October 10, 2017 Motto: R7 is used by the processor as its program counter (PC). It is recommended that R7 not be used as a stack pointer. Source: PDP-11 04/34/45/55
More informationINDEX. 1 Study of intel 8085 micropeocessor kit. 2 Program to find addition of two 8 bit no. 3 Program to find subtraction of two 8 bit no.
INDEX PROGRAM NO. NAME OF THE PROGRAM 1 Study of intel 8085 micropeocessor kit SIGNATURE 2 Program to find addition of two 8 bit no. 3 Program to find subtraction of two 8 bit no. 4 Program to find 1 s
More informationMoodle WILLINGDON COLLEGE SANGLI (B. SC.-II) Digital Electronics
Moodle 4 WILLINGDON COLLEGE SANGLI (B. SC.-II) Digital Electronics Advanced Microprocessors and Introduction to Microcontroller Moodle developed By Dr. S. R. Kumbhar Department of Electronics Willingdon
More informationEx: Write a piece of code that transfers a block of 256 bytes stored at locations starting at 34000H to locations starting at 36000H. Ans.
INSTRUCTOR: ABDULMUTTALIB A H ALDOURI Conditional Jump Cond Unsigned Signed = JE : Jump Equal JE : Jump Equal ZF = 1 JZ : Jump Zero JZ : Jump Zero ZF = 1 JNZ : Jump Not Zero JNZ : Jump Not Zero ZF = 0
More informationReal instruction set architectures. Part 2: a representative sample
Real instruction set architectures Part 2: a representative sample Some historical architectures VAX: Digital s line of midsize computers, dominant in academia in the 70s and 80s Characteristics: Variable-length
More informationCHETTINAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING REG 2008 TWO MARKS QUESTION AND ANSWERS
CHETTINAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY B.E.,/B.TECH., ELECTRONICS EC6504 MICROPROCESSORS & MICRO CONTROLLERS COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING REG 2008 TWO MARKS QUESTION AND ANSWERS UNIT 1 AND 2 CS SUBJECT
More informationINDEX. asynchronous memory, 270 auxiliary carry flag, 366 AX. See accumulator register
A accumulator register, 363 accuracy, 6 active-low signals, 153, 253 address decoder, 249 address decoding, 257 address latch, 335 address lines, 251 address, memory, 248 addressing immediate, 384 pointer,
More informationMICROPROCESSOR QUESTION BANK. Unit 1
QUESTION BANK Unit 1 1. Explain the term Microprocessor. ( CO1-K2) A microprocessor is a multipurpose, programmable logic device that receives binary instructions from a storage device called memory accepts
More information