Wednesday, September 14, Chapter 3: Processes
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1 Chapter 3: Processes
2 Themes (so far) Computers solve problems Automate computation, scientific models OS evolved to solve problems Common I/O, shared HW, multitasking, protection Implementations vary, but concepts persist
3 Process Program in execution Instance of a running program Entity scheduled for CPU time Combination of code, state, and resources
4
5
6
7
8
9 How is this represented?
10 Process creation New batch job Interactive logon Provide OS service Spawning
11 Process termination Normal completion Time limit exceeded Memory unavailable Bounds violation Protection error Arithmetic error Time overrun I/O failure Invalid instruction Privileged instruction Data misuse Intervention Parent termination Parent request
12 New Admit Ready Dispatch Running Release Exit Timeout Event Occurs Event Wait Blocked Figure 3.6 Five-State Process Model
13 0xffffffff 0xc kernel 0xffffffff 0xc kernel 0xffffffff 0xc kernel code+data code+data code+data 0x x x
14 0xffffffff 0xc kernel 0xffffffff 0xc kernel 0xffffffff 0xc kernel code+data code+data code+data 0x x x ready kernel blocked
15 0xffffffff 0xc kernel 0xffffffff 0xc kernel 0xffffffff 0xc kernel code+data code+data code+data 0x x x ready kernel blocked
16 0xffffffff 0xc kernel 0xffffffff 0xc kernel 0xffffffff 0xc kernel code+data code+data code+data 0x x x ready kernel blocked
17 Process A Process B Process C Dispatcher = Running = Ready = Blocked Figure 3.7 Process States for Trace of Figure 3.4
18
19
20 ready ready blocked new blocked ready
21 ready ready new blocked blocked ready
22 ready ready ready blocked blocked ready
23 ready ready ready blocked suspended ready
24 Suspended process Not immediately available for execution May or may not be waiting Suspended by an agent Agent must explicitly un-suspend
25
26
27
28 Process representation Code Data Associated resources
29
30
31 Code: (program.c) #include <stdio.h> #include <fcntl.h> int main() { int f; size_t s; char c[10]; f = open("program.c",o_rdonly); printf ("f = %d\n",f); } s = read(f, c, 9); c[9] = '\0'; printf("c is '%s'\n",c); close(f); return 0;
32 Code: (program.c) #include <stdio.h> #include <fcntl.h> Output: f = 3 c is #include int main() { int f; size_t s; char c[10]; f = open("program.c",o_rdonly); printf ("f = %d\n",f); } s = read(f, c, 9); c[9] = '\0'; printf("c is '%s'\n",c); close(f); return 0;
33 Code: (program.c) #include <stdio.h> #include <fcntl.h> int main() { int f; size_t s; char c[10]; f = open("program.c",o_rdonly); printf ("f = %d\n",f); Output: f = 3 c is #include 0 = stdin 1 = stdout 2 = stderr } s = read(f, c, 9); c[9] = '\0'; printf("c is '%s'\n",c); close(f); return 0;
34 Process location
35 Process location 0xffffffff kernel 0xc user V grows downward grows upward ^ user heap uninitialized data segment (BSS) initialized data segment code segment 0x
36 Process location code + data + 0xffffffff kernel 0xc user V grows downward grows upward ^ user heap uninitialized data segment (BSS) initialized data segment code segment 0x
37 Process location attributes () code + data + 0xffffffff kernel 0xc user V grows downward grows upward ^ user heap uninitialized data segment (BSS) initialized data segment code segment 0x
38 Process location Memory Storage 0xffffffff kernel 0xc user V grows downward grows upward ^ user heap uninitialized data segment (BSS) initialized data segment code segment 0x
39 Process location Memory Storage 0xffffffff kernel 0xc user V grows downward grows upward ^ user heap uninitialized data segment (BSS) initialized data segment code segment 0x
40 Process location Memory Storage 0xffffffff kernel 0xc user V grows downward grows upward ^ user heap uninitialized data segment (BSS) initialized data segment code segment 0x
41 Process attributes Process identification PID, PPID, UID Processor state information User-visible registers, control/status registers (PC, etc.), pointers Process control information Scheduling (state, priority, events), pointers to other, IPC, privileges, memory mgmt., resources
42
43
44 proc int
45 int hdlr proc int
46 int hdlr kernel proc int irt
47 int hdlr kernel proc proc int irt int
48 int hdlr kernel int hdlr proc proc int irt int int
49
50 Process creation 1. Assign unique PID 2. Allocate space 3. Initialize 4. Set linkages 5. Create/expand data structures
51 Process switching When? Interrupt, trap, supervisor (system) call How? Mode switch vs. context switch
52 kernel kernel code code gen reg CPU ctl reg vm reg pc code+data code+data
53 kernel kernel code code gen reg CPU ctl reg vm reg pc code+data code+data
54 kernel code INT ==> Mode switch kernel code gen reg CPU ctl reg vm reg pc code+data code+data
55 kernel kernel code code gen reg CPU ctl reg vm reg pc code+data code+data
56 kernel kernel code code gen reg CPU ctl reg vm reg pc code+data code+data
57 kernel kernel code code gen reg CPU ctl reg vm reg pc code+data code+data
58 kernel kernel code code gen reg CPU ctl reg vm reg pc code+data code+data
59 kernel code Control registers PC Kernel pointer User pointer PSW (x86 EFLAGS) CR0, CR1, CR2, CR3 (for VM) kernel code gen reg CPU ctl reg vm reg pc code+data code+data
60 Context switch 1. Save CPU context 2. Update of running process 3. Move to queue 4. Select next process 5. Update of new process 6. Update memory management 7. Restore context of selected process
61
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