Memory Management. Fundamentally two related, but distinct, issues. Management of logical address space resource
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1 Management Fundamentally two related, but distinct, issues Management of logical address space resource On IA-32, address space may be scarce resource for a user process (4 GB max) Management of physical memory space resource All processes together have address space >> physical space Manage scarce resource (physical space) One user process has address space >= physical space Non-contiguous physical space allocations for contiguous address space 1 IA-32 Address Spaces (logical & physical) Address spaces are partitioned into equal size units as defined by hardware On IA-32, a page is 4 KB located on 4 KB boundary in the logical address space Physical space is managed by the OS as a software cache of page frames to hold data content 4 KB located on 4 KB boundary in real memory address space Logical address space must be contiguous Contiguous pages of logical address space are mapped to non-contiguous page frames of physical address space Hardware support essential for efficiency in: Relocation Non-contiguous allocations 2
2 Management Requires hardware facilities Protection, privileged operations Mapping from (contiguous) logical address space to (noncontiguous) physical space addresses Distinguish mapped logical addresses from non-mapped ones Provide information on memory references Used, modified flags Interrupt during instruction execution for protected or nonmapped address and continue or restart instruction after return 3 4 GB Fixed mapping of kernel Mapped for each user process 1 GB 128 MB Linux Logical Address Space Usage ( classical layout ) Kernel (malloc, stacks, init. data, text) dynamic libraries, anonymous regions Mapped files Anonymous regions Shared libraries User stack limit unknown un-initialized data 4
3 Linux Process Address Space Map felix/home/smithfd> cat /proc/self/maps r-xp 182 : [vdso] r-xp 8: /lib/ld-2.5.so r-xp 19 8: /lib/ld-2.5.so rwxp 1a 8: /lib/ld-2.5.so c39-d77 r-xp 8: /lib/libc-2.5.so d77-d79 r-xp 13e 8: /lib/libc-2.5.so d79-d7a rwxp 14 8: /lib/libc-2.5.so d7a-d7d rwxp d7a : d r-xp 8: /bin/cat 84d-84e rw-p 4 8: /bin/cat 91d3-91f4 rw-p 91d3 : [heap] b7d5d-b7f5d r--p 8: /usr/lib/locale/locale-archive b7f5d-b7f5f rw-p b7f5d : bfcee-bfd3 rw-p bffea : [stack] Shared library loader: text, initialized, and uninitialized data /bin/cat text and initialized data Shared C library: text, initialized, and uninitialized data region extent File (or region) offset File or region 5 Linux Process Address Space Representation task_struct mm_struct VMA s tables Logical address space pages 496 bytes each 6
4 Mapped Files: Primarily for Executable Files process m process n After mapping, file extent occupies region of process logical address space disk file bar disk file foo Mapping may be PRIVATE or SHARED /* map disk file into memory using mmap, then * display file content on stdout using pointer * dereference to access the content */ int main (int argc, char *argv[]) { int fdin; int i, c; char *src; struct stat statbuf; /* open the input file */ if ((fdin = open (argv[1], O_RDONLY)) < ) err_quit ("can't open input for reading"); /* find size of input file */ if (fstat (fdin,&statbuf) < ) err_quit ("fstat error"); /* mmap the input file */ if ((src = mmap (, statbuf.st_size, PROT_READ, MAP_SHARED, fdin, )) == (caddr_t) -1) err_quit ("mmap error for input"); for (i = ; i < statbuf.st_size; i++) { c = *(src+i); fputc(c, stdout); } } /* main */ 7 Address spaces, files, and swap areas Process m logical address space heap (anonymous) I/O Process page table mappings 1 GB shared executable file, e.g., /bin/ls Process n logical address space heap (anonymous) Physical RAM memory Swap area File shared executable file, e.g., /bin/ls 8
5 Linux Kernel Physical Reserved (hardware) Kernel code Kernel initialized data Kernel un-initialized data Kernel page tables ~8 frame # Dynamic Allocation Regions 9 IA-32 Logical ( Linear ) and Physical Addresses 1 GB 4KB allocated and mapped as needed for 4 MB ranges 4 KB mapped for every process Intel Corp., Intel 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer s Manual Volume 3A: System Programming Guide, Part 1, Nov. 26 Physical address space 1
6 IA-32 Directory and Table Entries Intel Corp., Intel 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer s Manual Volume 3A: System Programming Guide, Part 1, Nov IA-32 Translation Lookaside Buffer (TLB) TLB per CPU OS must flush TLB entry (entries) when page or tables are changed (e.g., context switch to new process; mapping a new page) /table entry page-table entry TLB Hit TLB Miss Intel Corp., Intel 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer s Manual Volume 3A: System Programming Guide, Part 1, Nov
7 Linux Process and Kernel Tables Process 1 Process 2 Process N Kernel mapping duplicated in each process page Kernel page tables Per process page and page tables CR 3 loaded with physical address of process page during process switch 13 Linux Process Address Space Representation 2 GB array 32 bytes Process Region s tables Physical address space page frames Anonymous Mapped file * *note only 2 of 4 pages have been referenced and mapped Logical address space pages 14
8 Linux Table Entries and Matching Descriptor tables 2 GB Physical memory page frames array: one element for each page frame in physical memory flags PG_locked PG_reserved PG_referenced PG_dirty PG_active PG_reclaim bytes page list links mapped count reference count swap slot identifier address space object pointer index of page in file or anonymous region 15 Fault Conditions A page has never been mapped (not present) Typical case for first reference to logical address in mapped file or an anonymous object An page is mapped (present), marked read-only, and a write operation happens Typical case for implementing copy-on-write An page has been un-mapped to reclaim physical page frame space Process attempts to reference unallocated logical address or attempts operation that violates protections Results in segmentation fault signal 16
9 Linux Fault Handler do_page_fault() entered with faulting logical address in CR2 and flags (not present vs access violation; read/execute vs write; kernel vs user mode). Finds memory region (vma) containing the faulting logical address Logical address not allocated or access type and privilege not allowed in the region > Segmentation Fault signal to process For allowed access in allocated process address space, handle_mm_fault() entered with faulting address, memory, region, and access type. 17 Linux Fault Handler handle_mm_fault() Emulate hardware translation to locate page table entry table for logical address? No Allocate page table and create entry Yes Yes Entry marked PRESENT? No Yes Entry marked READ_ONLY? Yes never referenced or maps file? No Do copy-on-write Yes maps file? No Do swapped page Do mapped file page Do anonymous new page 18
10 Linux Fault Handler Mapped File s (simplified) Compute page index in file corresponding to faulting logical address pg_idx = ((address - vm_start) >> 12) + vm_pgoff; vm_start is first logical address in mapping region vm_pgoff is page index of first page in file for the mapping Search page cache radix tree for this address space/page index. If found, frame has been allocated and no file read is required If not found, Allocate page frame and add to page cache read page at file page index (may read-ahead set of pages surrounding it) Update page table entry to map the page frame and set access permissions with hardware-accessed bit cleared. Add page to reverse mappings 19 Linux Cache Locating s of Mapped Files 2 GB array 32 bytes Process Region s radix tree tables Physical address space page frames page index for mapping address space file inode mapped file Logical address space pages file in page size units Disk 2
11 Linux Frame Reclaiming Frame Types and Reclaim Actions Frame Description Actions Reserved or Locked, kernel dynamically allocated, or kernel mode stacks User space anonymous regions, or PRIVATE file mappings User space file mapped regions, disk file buffers, disk inode and dentry caches Unused parts of slabs or dentry caches No reclaiming allowed Modified content saved in swap area Update content on disk if content modified Can be reclaimed with no saving of content 21 Linux Frame Lists and Scans Active Frames Inactive Frames Free Frames newest newest oldest s c a n s c a n oldest s c a n Active and Inactive page frame lists are effectively Least Recently Used (LRU) lists. frames are moved to the head of an LRU list Scans of page frame states proceed backward from the tail towards the head. Scans are initiated to free at least 32 page frames when: A page frame allocation request fails Every time the kswapd kernel thread is scheduled 22
12 Linux Reverse Mapping Problem Shared page frames are essential to effective use of real memory frame reclaiming may need to free a page frame that is shared and mapped by page tables in multiple logical address spaces The reverse mapping problem: given a page frame that is to be freed, quickly find all page tables with an entry that maps the page frame. Locate all memory region s that contain the frame Specialized search trees or lists maintained to make this efficient For each file mapped region containing the page, compute the process logical address that maps to the frame: address = vm_start + ((pg_idx - vm_pgoff) << 12); pg_idx = page index of freed page in file mapping (from of frame being reclaimed) vm_start is first logical address in mapping region vm_pgoff is page index of first page in file for the mapping For anonymous regions, vm_pgoff =, pg_idx is index of page in the region Using the page tables of the process owning the memory region, emulate the hardware translation of address to find the page table entry. 23 Linux Reverse Mapping for Frames in Mapped files Given a page frame that is to be reclaimed, find all page table entries that map a logical address to that frame Process n Mapped file address space Search tree for regions overlapping page in file Process m Physical address space page frames 2 GB array 32 bytes tables tables pg_idx file in page size units Disk 24
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