A/L 2011_revision. PASCAL PROGRAMMING
|
|
- Lillian Copeland
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Pascal is a high level programming language developed by Niklaus Wirth in 1970 based on the ALGOL programming language. It was named in honor of the French mathematician and philosopher Blaise Pascal. Pascal programs saved as *.pas. Variables Constants Control Flow Procedures Functions Comments store values/data stay the same change directions sub routines sub routines returning a value notes Structure of a Pascal program PROGRAM ProgramName (FileList); uses crt; (*importing libraries) const (* Constant declarations *) type (* Type declarations *) (* Variable declarations *) (* Subprogram definitions *) (* Main Program statements *) program FirstProg; Writeln('Hello World!'); page 1 of 8
2 VARIABLES CONSTANTS Must with a letter Can include alphanumeric characters and underscore (_). May not contain # $ % ^ & * ( ) + ` - = { } [ ] : " ; ' < >?,. / Value assigned to a constant at the ning of the program. It can t be changed during the program running. Const Pi = ; Gravity = 9.8; GoldenRatio = 1.6; a : real = 12; page 2 of 8
3 VARIABLES AND DATA TYPES Var IdentifierList1 : DataType1; IdentifierList2 : DataType2; IdentifierList3 : DataType3; The basic data types integer From to real () 3.4x10-38 to 3.4x10 38 Char string Boolean A Niranjan TRUE and FALSE IndexNumber, Age: integer Temperature :real; FirstName: string; Married: Boolean ASSIGNMENT AND OPERATIONS iable_name := expression; length := ; totalarea := (37.57 * 5.93) + (38.2/2.1); page 3 of 8
4 OPERATORS + Addition - Subtraction * Multiplication / Division div Integer division mod Modulus (remainder division) PUNCTUATION AND INDENTATION Pascal ignores end-of-lines and spaces. punctuation (;) tells the compiler when a statement ends. program Compute; const a = 5; b = 385.3; alpha, beta : real; (* main *) alpha := a + b; beta := b / a (* main *) COMMENTS (* one line *) (* some comments go into several lines*) page 4 of 8
5 INPUT / OUTPUT read (Variable_List); readln (Variable_List); read (a); readln (b); read (a, b, c, d); readln (e, f); write (Argument_List); writeln (Argument_List); write (a); writeln (b,c,d); write ('Time:', time:2); program InputOutput; a, b : string; (* main *) read(a); readln(b); writeln(a) writeln(a) page 5 of 8
6 CONDITIONALS RELATIONAL OPERATORS: < > = <= >= <> less than greater than equal to less than or equal to greater than or equal to not equal to 5 < 7 2 > 1 4=3+1 2<=3 10>=5 A <> B IF THEN if BooleanExpression then Statement1; if A = 30 then Writeln('A is equal to 30'); IF THEN. ELSE if BooleanExpression then StatementIfTrue else StatementIfFalse; if A = 30 then Writeln('A is equal to 30') else Writeln('A is not equal to 30'); page 6 of 8
7 NESTED IF if Condition1 then Statement1 else if Condition2 then Statement2 if A=30 then Writeln('A is equal to 30'); else if A=50 then Writeln('A is equal to 50'); else Statement3; else Writeln('A is not 30 or 50'); CASE case selector of List1: Statement1; List2: Statement2;... Listn: Statementn; Choice := ReadKey; case Choice of 'a': Writeln('You like apples'); 'b': Writeln('You like bananas'); 'c': Writeln('You like carrots'); else Writeln('Your choice is not a, b or c'); otherwise Statement page 7 of 8
8 LOOPING FOR NEXT for index := Low to High do statements; sum := 0; for count := 1 to 100 do sum := sum + count; WHILE.. DO while BooleanExpression do statements; a := 5; while a < 6 do writeln (a); a := a + 1 REPEAT UNTIL repeat statement1; until BooleanExpression; a := 5; repeat a := a + 1; writeln (a); until a > 10 GOTO LABEL 10; statements; GOTO 10; page 8 of 8
9 BREAK and CONTINUE The Break command will exit a loop at any time. program breaktest; i: Integer; i := 0; repeat i := i + 1; break; Writeln(i); until i = 10; program breaktest; i: Integer; i := 0; repeat i := i + 1; continue; Writeln(i); until i = 10; Program 1 will not print anything because break it exits the loop before it gets there. In Program 2 continue command will jump back to the top of a loop ARRAYS X: ARRAY [1..5] of real; X[1]:=4.2; X[2]:=71.6; X[3]:=8.3; X[4]:=92.6; X[5]:=403.7; writeln (X[1]+X[2]+X[3]+X[4]+X[5]) page 9 of 8
10 PROCEDURES & FUNCTIONS Procedure has the same basic format as a program: procedure Name; const (* Constants *) Var (* Variables *) Begin (* Statements *) Parameters to the procedure passed in the heading procedure PrintParameters (a, b : integer; c, d : real); a := 10; b := 2; writeln (a, b, c, d) FUNCTIONS function functionname (parameter_list) : return_type; statements; BUILT IN FUNCTIONS function add1toparameter(a) : integer; add1toparameter:= a + 1 abs returns absolute value arctan returns arctan in radians cos returns cosine of a radian measure sin returns sin of a radian measure sqr returns square (power 2) sqrt returns root (power 1/2) chr character with given ASCII value round returns round to nearest integer page 10 of 8
11 MATH FUNTIONS ABS(-6) the absolute value of -6; gives 6 SQR(3) the square of 3; gives 9 SQRT(9) the square root of 9; gives 3.0 SIN(2) the sine of 2 radians measure COS(2) the cosine of 2 radians measure LN(9) the natural logarithm of 9; gives log e 9 ROUND(9.2) rounds a number; gives 9 Functions are used to do repetitive tasks to reduce repeating code. program AddEmUpAgain; function AddEmUp( a, b, c: integer ) : integer; AddEmUp := a + b + c; procedure PrintData( a, b, c: integer ); Writeln('The sum of a, b, and c is ', AddEmUp(a, b, c), '.'); PrintData(2, 3, 4); page 11 of 8
12 SAMPLE PROGRAMS Find the sum and average of five numbers program SumAverage; const NumberOfIntegers = 5; A, B, C, D, E : integer; Sum : integer; Average : real; (* Main *) A := 45; B := 7; C := 68; D := 2; E := 34; Sum := A + B + C + D + E; Average := Sum / NumberOfIntegers; writeln ('Number of integers = ', NumberOfIntegers); writeln ('Number1 = ', A); writeln ('Number2 = ', B); writeln ('Number3 = ', C); writeln ('Number4 = ', D); writeln ('Number5 = ', E); writeln ('Sum = ', Sum); writeln ('Average = ', Average) (* Main *) page 12 of 8
13 Input 5 numbers and print their sum and average program SumAverage; const NumberOfIntegers = 5; A, B, C, D, E : integer; Sum : integer; Average : real; (* Main *) write ('Enter the first number: '); readln (A); write ('Enter the second number: '); readln (B); write ('Enter the third number: '); readln (C); write ('Enter the fourth number: '); readln (D); write ('Enter the fifth number: '); readln (E); Sum := A + B + C + D + E; Average := Sum / 5; writeln ('Number of integers = ', NumberOfIntegers); writeln; writeln ('Number1:', A:8); writeln ('Number2:', B:8); writeln ('Number3:', C:8); writeln ('Number4:', D:8); writeln ('Number5:', E:8); writeln ('================'); writeln ('Sum:', Sum:12); writeln ('Average:', Average:10:1); page 13 of 8
14 SCOPE Where will the iables be visible? program ScopeDemo; A, B : integer; procedure ScopeInner; B:= 10; writeln (B); (* prints value 10 *) writeln (A); (* prints value 20 *) (* Main *) A := 20; writeln (A); (* prints value 20 *) ScopeInner; (*changes A value*) writeln (A); (* prints new value 10*) (* Main *) global iables A visible everywhere global iables can be changed inside procedures. page 14 of 8
15 RCURSION Recursion allows a function or procedure to call itself function Sum (num : integer) : integer; if num = 1 then Sum := 1 else Sum := Sum(num-1) + num;(* calls self again*) totalsum:=sum(10); writeln(totalsum); If we call Sum with 3 as parameter totalsum := Sum(3); 1 st call : Sum(3) becomes Sum(2) nd call : Sum(2) becomes Sum(1) + 2. At 1, the recursion stops and becomes 1 and returns Sum(2) becomes = 3. Sum(3) becomes = 6. a becomes 6. page 15 of 8
16 FORWARD REFERENCING procedures/functions can only use iables and subprograms already defined before them. (this is a weakness in Pascal coding) procedure Second (parameter list); procedure First (parameter list); procedure Third (parameter list); procedure First; Second (parameter list);(*second is declared before First *) procedure Second; Third (parameter list); (* ERROR Third is not visible to Second*) page 16 of 8
17 Find the first 100 numbers in the Fibonacci sequence program Fibonacci; Fibonacci1, Fibonacci2 : integer; temp : integer; count : integer; (* Main *) writeln ('First ten Fibonacci numbers are:'); count := 0; Fibonacci1 := 0; Fibonacci2 := 1; repeat write (Fibonacci2:7); temp := Fibonacci2; Fibonacci2 := Fibonacci1 + Fibonacci2; Fibonacci1 := Temp; count := count + 1 until count = 10; writeln; (*you can also use a FOR loop or a WHILE loop. *) (* Main *) ASSIGNMENT Modify above program to display all powers of 2 up to 200. What code would you change and why? page 17 of 8
18 FILE HANDLING Reading and Writing to Files read (file_iable, argument_list); write (file_iable, argument_list); rest (file_iable, 'filename' ) rewrite (file_iable, 'filename'); assign (file_iable, 'filename'); eoln (file_iable) eof (file_iable) Reads values from a file Write values to a file Opens a file for reading Opens a file for writing Assigns a filename to a iable Returns TRUE when end of line is reached Returns TRUE when end of file is reached program CopyOneByteFile; mychar : char; filein, fileout : text; assign (filein, 'c:\file1.txt'); reset (filein); assign (fileout, 'c:\file2.txt'); rewrite (fileout); read (filein, mychar); write (fileout, mychar); close(filein); close(fileout) page 18 of 8
19 BOOLEAN EXPRESSIONS not and or xor negation conjunction disjunction exclusive-or (~) (^) (v) NOT applied to only one value to invert it: NOT true = false NOT false = true AND gives TRUE only if both values are TRUE: TRUE and FALSE = FALSE TRUE and TRUE = TRUE OR yields TRUE if at least one value is TRUE: TRUE or TRUE = TRUE TRUE or FALSE = TRUE FALSE or TRUE = TRUE FALSE or FALSE = FALSE XOR yields TRUE if one expression is TRUE and the other is FALSE. TRUE xor TRUE = FALSE TRUE xor FALSE = TRUE FALSE xor TRUE = TRUE FALSE xor FALSE = FALSE page 19 of 8
20 Bubble sort moves the biggest numbers to the end of the array. Example of Sorting 5 Numbers program BubbleSort; a: array[1..5] of Integer; i, j, tmp: Integer; a[1] := 23; a[2] := 45; a[3] := 12; a[4] := 56; a[5] := 34; for i := 1 to 4 do for j := i + 1 to 5 do if a[i] > a[j] then tmp := a[i]; a[i] := a[j]; a[j] := tmp; for i := 1 to 5 do writeln(i,': ',a[i]); page 20 of 8
21 Programming Solution: the Towers of Hanoi Problem program TowersofHanoi; numdiscs : integer; procedure DoTowers (NumDiscs, OrigPeg, NewPeg, TempPeg : integer); (* Explanation of iables Number of discs -- number of discs on OrigPeg OrigPeg -- peg number of the tower NewPeg -- peg number to move the tower to TempPeg -- peg to use for temporary storage*) (* Take care of the base case -- one disc *) if NumDiscs = 1 then writeln (OrigPeg, ' ---> ', NewPeg) (* Take care of all other cases *) else (* First, move all discs except the bottom disc to TempPeg, using NewPeg as the temporary peg for this transfer *) Tower of Hanoi is a problem with three pegs and more than 3 disks on one peg. You have to move disks one by one from peg to peg to transfer all disks to one peg. Rules 1. Only one disk can be transferred at a time. 2. Smaller disk should always be on the top of the other. DoTowers (NumDiscs-1, OrigPeg, TempPeg, NewPeg); (* Now, move the bottom most disc from OrigPeg to NewPeg *) writeln (OrigPeg, ' ---> ', NewPeg); (* Finally, move the discs currently on TempPeg to NewPeg, use OrigPeg as the temporary peg for this transfer *) DoTowers (NumDiscs-1, TempPeg, NewPeg, OrigPeg) end (* Main *) write ('Please enter the number of discs in the tower ===> ') readln (numdiscs); writeln; DoTowers (numdiscs, 1, 3, 2) (* Main *) page 21 of 8
22 program Decisions; i: Integer; Writeln('Enter a number'); Readln(i); if i > 5 then Writeln('Greater than 5'); program Decisions; i: Integer; Writeln('Enter a number'); Readln(i); if i > 5 then Writeln('Greater than 5') else Writeln('Not greater than 5'); program Loops1; i: Integer; i := 0; while i <= 10 i := i + 1; Writeln('Hello'); program Loops2; i: Integer; i := 0; repeat i := i + 1; Writeln('Hello'); until i = 10; Download FREE Pascal Created by: Niranjan Meegammana, Shilpa Sayura Project. Supported by YES & OSIPTO, KANDY. page 22 of 8
Getting Started With Pascal Programming
Getting Started With Pascal Programming How are computer programs created What is the basic structure of a Pascal Program Variables and constants Input and output Pascal operators Common programming errors
More informationQuick Reference Guide
SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE SOLUTIONS FOR THE EMBEDDED WORLD mikroelektronika Development tools - Books - Compilers Quick Reference Quick Reference Guide with EXAMPLES for Pascal language This reference guide
More informationMacro Programming Reference Guide. Copyright 2005 Scott Martinez
Macro Programming Reference Guide Copyright 2005 Scott Martinez Section 1. Section 2. Section 3. Section 4. Section 5. Section 6. Section 7. What is macro programming What are Variables What are Expressions
More informationGetting Started With Pascal Programming
Getting Started With Pascal Programming How are computer programs created What is the basic structure of a Pascal Program Variables and constants Input and output Common programming errors Computer Programs
More informationHistory. used in early Mac development notable systems in Pascal Skype TeX embedded systems
Overview The Pascal Programming Language (with material from tutorialspoint.com) Background & History Features Hello, world! General Syntax Variables/Data Types Operators Conditional Statements Functions
More informationQuick Reference Guide
SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE SOLUTIONS FOR THE EMBEDDED WORLD mikroelektronika Development tools - Books - Compilers Quick Reference Quick Reference Guide with EXAMPLES for Basic language This reference guide
More informationVariable A variable is a value that can change during the execution of a program.
Declare and use variables and constants Variable A variable is a value that can change during the execution of a program. Constant A constant is a value that is set when the program initializes and does
More informationFunctions. Systems Programming Concepts
Functions Systems Programming Concepts Functions Simple Function Example Function Prototype and Declaration Math Library Functions Function Definition Header Files Random Number Generator Call by Value
More information520 Principles of Programming Languages. Arithmetic. Variable Declarations. 19: Pascal
Structure of a Pascal Program 520 Principles of Programming Languages 19: Pascal Christian Collberg collberg@cs.arizona.edu Department of Computer Science University of Arizona PROGRAM Name (list of files);
More informationHow to Design Programs Languages
How to Design Programs Languages Version 4.1 August 12, 2008 The languages documented in this manual are provided by DrScheme to be used with the How to Design Programs book. 1 Contents 1 Beginning Student
More informationOutline. Data and Operations. Data Types. Integral Types
Outline Data and Operations Data Types Arithmetic Operations Strings Variables Declaration Statements Named Constant Assignment Statements Intrinsic (Built-in) Functions Data and Operations Data and Operations
More informationCOMPUTER SCIENCES II Spring Term 2017 Asst.Prof.Elgin KILIÇ
COMPUTER SCIENCES II Spring Term 2017 Asst.Prof.Elgin KILIÇ TURBO PASCAL WEEK 2 DECLARATION BLOCKS in DETAIL Uses There default sub pascal programs called UNITS which are already embedded in pascal editor.
More informationBIL 104E Introduction to Scientific and Engineering Computing. Lecture 4
BIL 104E Introduction to Scientific and Engineering Computing Lecture 4 Introduction Divide and Conquer Construct a program from smaller pieces or components These smaller pieces are called modules Functions
More informationMaking Decisions In Pascal
Making Decisions In Pascal In this section of notes you will learn how to have your Pascal programs choose between alternative courses of action High Level View Of Decision Making For The Computer??? True
More informationREVIEW. The C++ Programming Language. CS 151 Review #2
REVIEW The C++ Programming Language Computer programming courses generally concentrate on program design that can be applied to any number of programming languages on the market. It is imperative, however,
More informationDelphiScript Keywords
DelphiScript Keywords Old Content - visit altium.com/documentation Modified by on 13-Sep-2017 This reference covers the DelphiScript keywords used for the Scripting System in Altium Designer. The scripting
More informationMaking Decisions In Pascal
Making Decisions In Pascal In this section of notes you will learn how to have your Pascal programs choose between alternative courses of action High Level View Of Decision Making For The Computer Is income
More informationBEGINNING PROBLEM-SOLVING CONCEPTS FOR THE COMPUTER. Chapter 2
1 BEGINNING PROBLEM-SOLVING CONCEPTS FOR THE COMPUTER Chapter 2 2 3 Types of Problems that can be solved on computers : Computational problems involving some kind of mathematical processing Logical Problems
More informationFunctions. Autumn Semester 2009 Programming and Data Structure 1. Courtsey: University of Pittsburgh-CSD-Khalifa
Functions Autumn Semester 2009 Programming and Data Structure 1 Courtsey: University of Pittsburgh-CSD-Khalifa Introduction Function A self-contained program segment that carries out some specific, well-defined
More informationDr M Kasim A Jalil. Faculty of Mechanical Engineering UTM (source: Deitel Associates & Pearson)
Lecture 9 Functions Dr M Kasim A Jalil Faculty of Mechanical Engineering UTM (source: Deitel Associates & Pearson) Objectives In this chapter, you will learn: To understand how to construct programs modularly
More informationAIS Cube [THE BLAZINGCORE SERIES] LANGUAGE REFERENCE
AIS Cube LANGUAGE REFERENCE [THE BLAZINGCORE SERIES] With superior number crunching abilities and peripheral handling on our custom embedded OS, Rapid prototyping is now easy... and blazing fast. Sonata
More informationControl Structures. Outline. In Text: Chapter 8. Control structures Selection. Iteration. Gotos Guarded statements. One-way Two-way Multi-way
Control Structures In Text: Chapter 8 1 Control structures Selection One-way Two-way Multi-way Iteration Counter-controlled Logically-controlled Gotos Guarded statements Outline Chapter 8: Control Structures
More informationPace University. Fundamental Concepts of CS121 1
Pace University Fundamental Concepts of CS121 1 Dr. Lixin Tao http://csis.pace.edu/~lixin Computer Science Department Pace University October 12, 2005 This document complements my tutorial Introduction
More information{ -- FLORIDA HIGH SCHOOLS COMPUTING COMPETITION '84 } { -- PASCAL PROGRAM SOLUTIONS }
{ -- FLORIDA HIGH SCHOOLS COMPUTING COMPETITION '84 } { -- PASCAL PROGRAM SOLUTIONS } {1.1} program One1T84; { -- This program produces a table of Fahrenheit for Celcius. } C: Integer; Writeln ('CELCIUS
More informationVBScript: Math Functions
C h a p t e r 3 VBScript: Math Functions In this chapter, you will learn how to use the following VBScript functions to World Class standards: 1. Writing Math Equations in VBScripts 2. Beginning a New
More informationAIS Cube [THE BLAZINGCORE SERIES] LANGUAGE REFERENCE
AIS Cube LANGUAGE REFERENCE [THE BLAZINGCORE SERIES] With superior number crunching abilities and peripheral handling on our custom embedded OS, Rapid prototyping is now easy... and blazing fast. Sonata
More informationFunctions. Functions are everywhere in C. Pallab Dasgupta Professor, Dept. of Computer Sc & Engg INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY KHARAGPUR
1 Functions Functions are everywhere in C Pallab Dasgupta Professor, Dept. of Computer Sc & Engg INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY KHARAGPUR Introduction Function A self-contained program segment that carries
More informationBasic types and definitions. Chapter 3 of Thompson
Basic types and definitions Chapter 3 of Thompson Booleans [named after logician George Boole] Boolean values True and False are the result of tests are two numbers equal is one smaller than the other
More informationLab Instructor : Jean Lai
Lab Instructor : Jean Lai Group related statements to perform a specific task. Structure the program (No duplicate codes!) Must be declared before used. Can be invoked (called) as any number of times.
More informationEngineering Problem Solving with C++, Etter/Ingber
Engineering Problem Solving with C++, Etter/Ingber Chapter 2 Simple C++ Programs C++, Second Edition, J. Ingber 1 Simple C++ Programs Program Structure Constants and Variables C++ Operators Standard Input
More informationChapter 7 - Notes User-Defined Functions II
Chapter 7 - Notes User-Defined Functions II I. VOID Functions ( The use of a void function is done as a stand alone statement.) A. Void Functions without Parameters 1. Syntax: void functionname ( void
More informationCHRIST THE KING BOYS MATRIC HR. SEC. SCHOOL, KUMBAKONAM CHAPTER 9 C++
CHAPTER 9 C++ 1. WRITE ABOUT THE BINARY OPERATORS USED IN C++? ARITHMETIC OPERATORS: Arithmetic operators perform simple arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, division etc.,
More informationUNIT- 3 Introduction to C++
UNIT- 3 Introduction to C++ C++ Character Sets: Letters A-Z, a-z Digits 0-9 Special Symbols Space + - * / ^ \ ( ) [ ] =!= . $, ; : %! &? _ # = @ White Spaces Blank spaces, horizontal tab, carriage
More informationChapter 3 - Functions
Chapter 3 - Functions 1 Outline 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Program Components in C++ 3.3 Math Library Functions 3.4 Functions 3.5 Function Definitions 3.6 Function Prototypes 3.7 Header Files 3.8 Random Number
More informationProgramming. C++ Basics
Programming C++ Basics Introduction to C++ C is a programming language developed in the 1970s with the UNIX operating system C programs are efficient and portable across different hardware platforms C++
More informationProgrammers should write code that is self-documenting and split into small sections.
Writing Programs What are good program writing techniques? Programmers should write code that is self-documenting and split into small sections. Specifically, the programmers should: use meaningful identifier
More informationCOMP519 Web Programming Lecture 11: JavaScript (Part 2) Handouts
COMP519 Web Programming Lecture 11: JavaScript (Part 2) Handouts Ullrich Hustadt Department of Computer Science School of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, and Computer Science University of Liverpool
More informationFall Semester (081) Dr. El-Sayed El-Alfy Computer Science Department King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals
INTERNET PROTOCOLS AND CLIENT-SERVER PROGRAMMING Client SWE344 request Internet response Fall Semester 2008-2009 (081) Server Module 2.1: C# Programming Essentials (Part 1) Dr. El-Sayed El-Alfy Computer
More informationIn Delphi script, when values are assigned to variables, the colon-equal operator is used; :=
Statements and Operators Old Content - visit altium.com/documentation Modified by on 13-Sep-2017 Parent page: DelphiScript DelphiScript Statements A statement in DelphiScript is considered as simple when
More informationC Functions. 5.2 Program Modules in C
1 5 C Functions 5.2 Program Modules in C 2 Functions Modules in C Programs combine user-defined functions with library functions - C standard library has a wide variety of functions Function calls Invoking
More informationDownloaded from Chapter 2. Functions
Chapter 2 Functions After studying this lesson, students will be able to: Understand and apply the concept of module programming Write functions Identify and invoke appropriate predefined functions Create
More informationWhat did we talk about last time? Examples switch statements
Week 4 - Friday What did we talk about last time? Examples switch statements History of computers Hardware Software development Basic Java syntax Output with System.out.print() Mechanical Calculation
More informationCA4003 Compiler Construction Assignment Language Definition
CA4003 Compiler Construction Assignment Language Definition David Sinclair 2017-2018 1 Overview The language is not case sensitive. A nonterminal, X, is represented by enclosing it in angle brackets, e.g.
More informationINTRODUCTION TO C++ FUNCTIONS. Dept. of Electronic Engineering, NCHU. Original slides are from
INTRODUCTION TO C++ FUNCTIONS Original slides are from http://sites.google.com/site/progntut/ Dept. of Electronic Engineering, NCHU Outline 2 Functions: Program modules in C Function Definitions Function
More informationSubprograms A Procedure with No Parameters A Procedure with One Parameter Variable Parameters in Procedures
275 Chapter 16 Subprograms 16.1 Functions 16.2 A Procedure with No Parameters 16.3 A Procedure with One Parameter 16.4 Variable Parameters in Procedures 16.5 Predefined Procedures and Functions 16.6 Recursive
More informationC: How to Program. Week /Mar/05
1 C: How to Program Week 2 2007/Mar/05 Chapter 2 - Introduction to C Programming 2 Outline 2.1 Introduction 2.2 A Simple C Program: Printing a Line of Text 2.3 Another Simple C Program: Adding Two Integers
More informationCSCE 110 PROGRAMMING FUNDAMENTALS
CSCE 110 PROGRAMMING FUNDAMENTALS WITH C++ Prof. Amr Goneid AUC Part 2. Overview of C++ Prof. Amr Goneid, AUC 1 Overview of C++ Prof. Amr Goneid, AUC 2 Overview of C++ Historical C++ Basics Some Library
More information1 Programming. 1.1 Analyzing a problem
1 Programming The chapter concerns the following; ² How to analyze a problem and develop an algorithm ² Control structures and their use ² ² Finding alternate solutions to a problem ² Programming in Pascal
More informationIntroduction to C Final Review Chapters 1-6 & 13
Introduction to C Final Review Chapters 1-6 & 13 Variables (Lecture Notes 2) Identifiers You must always define an identifier for a variable Declare and define variables before they are called in an expression
More informationMaking Decisions In Pascal In this section of notes you will learn how to have your Pascal programs to execute alternatives
Making Decisions In Pascal In this section of notes you will learn how to have your Pascal programs to execute alternatives Decision-Making In Pascal Decisions are questions that are either true or false
More informationArithmetic and Logic Blocks
Arithmetic and Logic Blocks The Addition Block The block performs addition and subtractions on its inputs. This block can add or subtract scalar, vector, or matrix inputs. We can specify the operation
More informationComputer Science II TURBO PASCAL
Computer Science II TURBO PASCAL WEEK6 LOOP structures Dr.ELGİN KILIÇ Loop Type Description while-do loop Repeats a statement or group of statements while a given condition is true. It tests the condition
More informationCSE123. Program Design and Modular Programming Functions 1-1
CSE123 Program Design and Modular Programming Functions 1-1 5.1 Introduction A function in C is a small sub-program performs a particular task, supports the concept of modular programming design techniques.
More informationFunctions and Recursion
Functions and Recursion CSE 130: Introduction to Programming in C Stony Brook University Software Reuse Laziness is a virtue among programmers Often, a given task must be performed multiple times Instead
More informationEDIABAS BEST/2 LANGUAGE DESCRIPTION. VERSION 6b. Electronic Diagnostic Basic System EDIABAS - BEST/2 LANGUAGE DESCRIPTION
EDIABAS Electronic Diagnostic Basic System BEST/2 LANGUAGE DESCRIPTION VERSION 6b Copyright BMW AG, created by Softing AG BEST2SPC.DOC CONTENTS CONTENTS...2 1. INTRODUCTION TO BEST/2...5 2. TEXT CONVENTIONS...6
More informationCreating a C++ Program
Program A computer program (also software, or just a program) is a sequence of instructions written in a sequence to perform a specified task with a computer. 1 Creating a C++ Program created using an
More informationChapter 2 - Introduction to C Programming
Chapter 2 - Introduction to C Programming 2 Outline 2.1 Introduction 2.2 A Simple C Program: Printing a Line of Text 2.3 Another Simple C Program: Adding Two Integers 2.4 Memory Concepts 2.5 Arithmetic
More informationGetting Started With Pascal Programming
Getting Started With Pascal Programming How are computer programs created What is the basic structure of a Pascal Program Variables and constants Input and output Pascal operators Common programming errors
More informationStudyHub+ 1. StudyHub: AP Java. Semester One Final Review
StudyHub+ 1 StudyHub: AP Java Semester One Final Review StudyHub+ 2 Terminology: Primitive Data Type: Most basic data types in the Java language. The eight primitive data types are: Char: A single character
More informationBasics of ST. Each must end with a semi-colon (";") Basic statement. Q:=IN; Q:=sin(angle); Q := (IN1 + (IN2 / IN 3)) * IN4;
Excerpt of tutorial developed at University of Auckland by Gulnara Zhabelova Based on Dr. Valeriy Vyatkin s book IEC 61499 Function Blocks for Embedded and Distributed Control Systems Design, Second Edition
More informationFunctions. Prof. Indranil Sen Gupta. Dept. of Computer Science & Engg. Indian Institute t of Technology Kharagpur. Introduction
Functions Prof. Indranil Sen Gupta Dept. of Computer Science & Engg. Indian Institute t of Technology Kharagpur Programming and Data Structure 1 Function Introduction A self-contained program segment that
More informationChapter 2. Outline. Simple C++ Programs
Chapter 2 Simple C++ Programs Outline Objectives 1. Building C++ Solutions with IDEs: Dev-cpp, Xcode 2. C++ Program Structure 3. Constant and Variables 4. C++ Operators 5. Standard Input and Output 6.
More informationChapter 2: Overview of C. Problem Solving & Program Design in C
Chapter 2: Overview of C Problem Solving & Program Design in C Addison Wesley is an imprint of Why Learn C? Compact, fast, and powerful High-level Language Standard for program development (wide acceptance)
More informationChapter-8 DATA TYPES. Introduction. Variable:
Chapter-8 DATA TYPES Introduction To understand any programming languages we need to first understand the elementary concepts which form the building block of that program. The basic building blocks include
More informationExpressions. Eric McCreath
Expressions Eric McCreath 2 Expressions on integers There is the standard set of interger operators in c. We have: y = 4 + 7; // add y = 7-3; // subtract y = 3 * x; // multiply y = x / 3; // integer divide
More informationChapter 4. Procedural Abstraction and Functions That Return a Value. Copyright 2014 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
Chapter 4 Procedural Abstraction and Functions That Return a Value 1 Overview 4.1 Top-Down Design 4.2 Predefined Functions 4.3 Programmer-Defined Functions 4.4 Procedural Abstraction 4.5 Local Variables
More informationCSc 520. Principles of Programming Languages 11: Haskell Basics
CSc 520 Principles of Programming Languages 11: Haskell Basics Christian Collberg Department of Computer Science University of Arizona collberg@cs.arizona.edu Copyright c 2005 Christian Collberg April
More informationChapter 5 Selection Statements. Mr. Dave Clausen La Cañada High School
Chapter 5 Selection Statements Mr. Dave Clausen La Cañada High School Objectives Construct and evaluate Boolean expressions Understand how to use selection statements to make decisions Design and test
More informationCh. 7: Control Structures
Ch. 7: Control Structures I. Introduction A. Flow of control can be at multiple levels: within expressions, among statements (discussed here), and among units. B. Computation in imperative languages uses
More informationFunctions. Lecture 6 COP 3014 Spring February 11, 2018
Functions Lecture 6 COP 3014 Spring 2018 February 11, 2018 Functions A function is a reusable portion of a program, sometimes called a procedure or subroutine. Like a mini-program (or subprogram) in its
More informationChapter 7. - FORTRAN I control statements were based directly on IBM 704 hardware
Levels of Control Flow: 1. Within expressions 2. Among program units 3. Among program statements Evolution: - FORTRAN I control statements were based directly on IBM 704 hardware - Much research and argument
More informationP.G.TRB - COMPUTER SCIENCE. c) data processing language d) none of the above
P.G.TRB - COMPUTER SCIENCE Total Marks : 50 Time : 30 Minutes 1. C was primarily developed as a a)systems programming language b) general purpose language c) data processing language d) none of the above
More informationCOMP322 - Introduction to C++ Lecture 02 - Basics of C++
COMP322 - Introduction to C++ Lecture 02 - Basics of C++ School of Computer Science 16 January 2012 C++ basics - Arithmetic operators Where possible, C++ will automatically convert among the basic types.
More informationReview: Exam 1. Your First C++ Program. Declaration Statements. Tells the compiler. Examples of declaration statements
Review: Exam 1 9/20/06 CS150 Introduction to Computer Science 1 1 Your First C++ Program 1 //*********************************************************** 2 // File name: hello.cpp 3 // Author: Shereen Khoja
More informationOutline. Parts 1 to 3 introduce and sketch out the ideas of OOP. Part 5 deals with these ideas in closer detail.
OOP in Java 1 Outline 1. Getting started, primitive data types and control structures 2. Classes and objects 3. Extending classes 4. Using some standard packages 5. OOP revisited Parts 1 to 3 introduce
More informationPascal Validation Suite Report
Pascal Validation Suite Report Pascal processor identification The ACK-Pascal compiler produces code for an EM machine as defined in [1]. It is up to the implementor of the EM machine whether errors like
More informationReview. Primitive Data Types & Variables. String Mathematical operators: + - * / % Comparison: < > <= >= == int, long float, double boolean char
Review Primitive Data Types & Variables int, long float, double boolean char String Mathematical operators: + - * / % Comparison: < > = == 1 1.3 Conditionals and Loops Introduction to Programming in
More informationIntroduction to the C++ Programming Language
LESSON SET 2 Introduction to the C++ Programming Language OBJECTIVES FOR STUDENT Lesson 2A: 1. To learn the basic components of a C++ program 2. To gain a basic knowledge of how memory is used in programming
More informationFORM 4 PASCAL PROGRAMMING 6.1 WHAT IS AN ARRAY? Unit 6: Arrays and Strings
Unit 6 Arrays and Strings FORM 4 PASCAL PROGRAMMING Unit 6 Arrays and Strings http//www.i-garden.org March, 01 6.1 WHAT IS AN ARRAY? is a structured data type in which we store a collection of data items
More informationAnnex A (Informative) Collected syntax The nonterminal symbols pointer-type, program, signed-number, simple-type, special-symbol, and structured-type
Pascal ISO 7185:1990 This online copy of the unextended Pascal standard is provided only as an aid to standardization. In the case of dierences between this online version and the printed version, the
More information1001ICT Introduction To Programming Lecture Notes
1001ICT Introduction To Programming Lecture Notes School of Information and Communication Technology Griffith University Semester 1, 2015 1 M Environment console M.1 Purpose This environment supports programming
More informationLesson #3. Variables, Operators, and Expressions. 3. Variables, Operators and Expressions - Copyright Denis Hamelin - Ryerson University
Lesson #3 Variables, Operators, and Expressions Variables We already know the three main types of variables in C: int, char, and double. There is also the float type which is similar to double with only
More informationFundamental of Programming (C)
Borrowed from lecturer notes by Omid Jafarinezhad Fundamental of Programming (C) Lecturer: Vahid Khodabakhshi Lecture 3 Constants, Variables, Data Types, And Operations Department of Computer Engineering
More informationUNIT - I. Introduction to C Programming. BY A. Vijay Bharath
UNIT - I Introduction to C Programming Introduction to C C was originally developed in the year 1970s by Dennis Ritchie at Bell Laboratories, Inc. C is a general-purpose programming language. It has been
More informationN.B. These pastpapers may rely on the knowledge gained from the previous chapters.
N.B. These pastpapers may rely on the knowledge gained from the previous chapters. 1 SEC 94-PAPER 1 Q7 a. Briefly explain the importance of user documentation (user manual) and program documentation: User
More informationMagicCalc 4.49 Product Manual
1 MagicCalc 4.49 Product Manual Publication Date: 08 February 2014 Copyright HOUCINE ROMDHANE Please check www.magiccalc.net periodically for product manual updates. 1 INTERFACE DESCRIPTION:... 3 2 AVAILABLE
More informationCSc 372. Comparative Programming Languages. 4 : Haskell Basics. Department of Computer Science University of Arizona
1/40 CSc 372 Comparative Programming Languages 4 : Haskell Basics Department of Computer Science University of Arizona collberg@gmail.com Copyright c 2013 Christian Collberg 2/40 The Hugs Interpreter The
More informationSequence structure. The computer executes java statements one after the other in the order in which they are written. Total = total +grade;
Control Statements Control Statements All programs could be written in terms of only one of three control structures: Sequence Structure Selection Structure Repetition Structure Sequence structure The
More informationChapter 2.5 Writing maintainable programs
Chapter 2.5 Writing maintainable programs Good program writing techniques Maintenance is the updating of a program after it has been released. Maintenance will be helped when the programmer uses good programming
More informationEngineering Problem Solving with C++, 3e Chapter 2 Test Bank
1. Match each of the following data types with literal constants of that data type. A data type can be used more than once. A. integer B 1.427E3 B. double D "Oct" C. character B -63.29 D. string F #Hashtag
More informationLanguage Fundamentals
Language Fundamentals VBA Concepts Sept. 2013 CEE 3804 Faculty Language Fundamentals 1. Statements 2. Data Types 3. Variables and Constants 4. Functions 5. Subroutines Data Types 1. Numeric Integer Long
More informationCSc 372 Comparative Programming Languages. 4 : Haskell Basics
CSc 372 Comparative Programming Languages 4 : Haskell Basics Christian Collberg Department of Computer Science University of Arizona collberg@gmail.com Copyright c 2011 Christian Collberg August 23, 2011
More informationCS313D: ADVANCED PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
CS313D: ADVANCED PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE Computer Science department Lecture 2 : C# Language Basics Lecture Contents 2 The C# language First program Variables and constants Input/output Expressions and casting
More informationBy the end of this section you should: Understand what the variables are and why they are used. Use C++ built in data types to create program
1 By the end of this section you should: Understand what the variables are and why they are used. Use C++ built in data types to create program variables. Apply C++ syntax rules to declare variables, initialize
More informationC++ Overview. Chapter 1. Chapter 2
C++ Overview Chapter 1 Note: All commands you type (including the Myro commands listed elsewhere) are essentially C++ commands. Later, in this section we will list those commands that are a part of the
More informationMore Flow Control Functions in C++ CS 16: Solving Problems with Computers I Lecture #4
More Flow Control Functions in C++ CS 16: Solving Problems with Computers I Lecture #4 Ziad Matni Dept. of Computer Science, UCSB Administrative CHANGED T.A. OFFICE/OPEN LAB HOURS! Thursday, 10 AM 12 PM
More informationChapter 4 - Notes Control Structures I (Selection)
Chapter 4 - Notes Control Structures I (Selection) I. Control Structures A. Three Ways to Process a Program 1. In Sequence: Starts at the beginning and follows the statements in order 2. Selectively (by
More informationEx: If you use a program to record sales, you will want to remember data:
Data Variables Programs need to remember values. Ex: If you use a program to record sales, you will want to remember data: A loaf of bread was sold to Sione Latu on 14/02/19 for T$1.00. Customer Name:
More informationFORTRAN Basis. PROGRAM LAYOUT PROGRAM program name IMPLICIT NONE [declaration statements] [executable statements] END PROGRAM [program name]
PROGRAM LAYOUT PROGRAM program name IMPLICIT NONE [declaration statements] [executable statements] END PROGRAM [program name] Content in [] is optional. Example:- PROGRAM FIRST_PROGRAM IMPLICIT NONE PRINT*,
More informationISA 563 : Fundamentals of Systems Programming
ISA 563 : Fundamentals of Systems Programming Variables, Primitive Types, Operators, and Expressions September 4 th 2008 Outline Define Expressions Discuss how to represent data in a program variable name
More information