AutoLISP Module 6 Competency Test No.1

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1 AutoCAD Self-paced ecourse AutoLISP Module 6 Competency Test No.1 Learning Outcomes When you have completed this module, you will be able to: 1 Complete a written exam and write an AutoLISP program on the principles taught in Module 1 to Module 5. Competency Tests The AutoCAD Self-paced ecourses were written with competency based modules. What that means to you as a student is that you have not completed each module until you have mastered it. To master a module, you must prove that you understand the material contained in it and have completed the lab exercises with 100% accuracy. A competency test module contains multiple choice questions and a comprehensive lab exercise to test the users mastery of the last set of modules completed. There are no answers supplied with a competency test module since it is meant to be checked by your instructor. If there are any parts of this module that you have trouble completing, go back and reread the module or modules containing the information that you are having trouble with. If necessary, redo as many workalongs and lab exercises in those modules until you fully understand the material. Students Using this ebook in a Classroom Setting Students using this ebook in a classroom setting will be given instructions on what to do after they have completed this module. Students Using this ebook by Correspondence or Distance Education Complete the following steps: Step 1 Answer the 20 multiple choice questions on pages 6-2 to 6-5. Record the answers. Step 2 Complete Lab Exercise 6-1 on page 6-6. Step 3 Login into the website with your name and ID number. In the website, write the online written test for Module 6 - Competency Test No. 1. It has the same 20 questions that you answered in Step 1. Step 4 Submit the file AutoLISP Lab 06-1.lsp when you write the test. Follow the prompts on the website. Step 5 If you have any problems completing Steps 1 to 4, ask your instructor for help. Step 6 Go on to Module 7. Competency Test No. 1 The CAD Guys Ltd. Copyright Module 6

2 6-2 AutoCAD Self-paced ecourse - AutoLISP - Revised Select the BEST answer. AutoLISP Competency Test No. 1 Open Book Multiple Choice Questions 1 What is the name of the AutoLISP processor to which AutoLISP sends all of the expressions to be evaluated? A) Lisp B) Evaluator C) Parentheses D) Calculator E) Heap 2 In what version of AutoCAD was AutoLISP added? A) 1.0 B) 2.10 C) 2.18 D) 9.0 E) AutoLISP is an implementation of the LISP programming language. What was the name LISP derived from? A) List Parentheses B) Long Programming C) Listing Processor D) Lisp is Programing E) List Processing 4 What is the answer to the following mathematical formula? ((17 + ((2 X 3) + 4)) + (((5 + (3 X 4)) - 11) + 15)) A) 12 B) 32 C) 48 D) 17 E) 90 5 What is the meaning of an initial space in an AutoLISP program to the AutoLISP evaluator? A) Nothing. B) To go to the next line. C) To ignore the line. D) To stop processing. E) That the last item is complete. Competency Test No. 1 The CAD Guys Ltd. Copyright Module 6

3 AutoCAD Self-paced ecourse - AutoLISP - Revised Which one of the following is the definition of a local variable? A) A variable that cannot be changed by the user. B) A variable that is saved when the program ends. C) A variable that stays in RAM memory only while the AutoLISP program, where the variable is assigned its value or a program called by that program, is running. D) A variable that stays in RAM memory until the expression that created it ends. E) A variable that is constant. 7 Given the following program, which one of the following items is the program's argument? (defun dtor (angd) (* pi (/ angd 180.0)) ) A) angd B) dtor C) defun D) pi E) * 8 What would the following expression return? (setq num1 (- (* (+ 4 5) 3) 6)) A) 21 B) 20 C) 15 D) 58 E) 12 9 Given the following, which one is a real number to the AutoLISP evaluator? A) 2 B) C).5 D) "2.5" E) How many radians would an angle of 283 degrees equal? A) B) C) D) E) Competency Test No. 1 The CAD Guys Ltd. Copyright Module 6

4 6-4 AutoCAD Self-paced ecourse - AutoLISP - Revised Why is it important to have a line indicating the end of the program in each AutoLISP program? A) To identify the end of the program to the users reading or editing the program. B) To tell AutoLISP where to end the program. C) It has no useful purpose. D) It makes the program look better. E) It tells AutoLISP how long the program is before it is run. 12 What does the AutoLISP evaluator do when it finds multiple spaces in an AutoLISP program? A) It ignores the line they are on. B) Skips to the next line of the program. C) Ignores them and treats them as an single space D) It stops the program. E) It skips the next two lines in the program. 13 What does a semicolon in an AutoLISP program instruct the AutoLISP evaluator to do? A) To ignore the remainder the line. B) To start the program at the next line. C) To ignore them and treat them as spaces. D) To stop the program. E) To skip the next two lines in the program. 14 Given the following, which one is an acceptable variable name in an AutoLISP program? A) 1 ang B) ang 1 C) (ang1) D) angle E) ang1 15 What would the following expression return? (setq num2 (* pi ( ))) A) B) C) D) E) nil Competency Test No. 1 The CAD Guys Ltd. Copyright Module 6

5 AutoCAD Self-paced ecourse - AutoLISP - Revised Why is it important to indent lines in an AutoLISP program? A) The program will not run without it. B) It helps the programmer read, edit, and understand the program. C) It instructs the AutoLISP interpreter to ignore the line. D) It instructs the AutoLISP evaluator to return a result on the line. E) It instructs the AutoLISP interpreter to stop processing the program. 17 What is the largest integer that can be passed to AutoCAD from AutoLISP? A) 2,000 B) 32,767 C) 16 D) 1024 E) What would the following expression return? (princ "\nhello my name is \"John\"")(princ) A) Hello my name is \"John\" B) Hello my name is John C) Hello my name is "John" D) Hello my name is "John" E) nil 19 What would the following expression return? (setq ans1 3 ans2 4.5 ans3 "y") A) nil B) "y" C) "y" D) nothing E) T 20 What does an expression that has been entered in upper-case characters mean to AutoLISP? A) It's the most important function. B) To ignore the function. C) To process the function first. D) Nothing. E) It's an AutoCAD command. Competency Test No. 1 The CAD Guys Ltd. Copyright Module 6

6 6-6 AutoCAD Self-paced ecourse - AutoLISP - Revised Lab Exercise 6-1 Program Name AutoLISP Lab 06-1.lsp Template AutoLISP English Purpose: To write a program, using arguments, that calculates the number of square inches remaining when the largest circle is placed inside a square and prints the answers. The size of the square is entered by the user. Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Create a program naming it AutoLISP Lab 06-1.lsp Write a function, named AREAREM, that runs as an AutoCAD command. Declare all variables as local variables. Prompt the user to enter the length of one side of the square. Save it as a real number. Step 5 Calculate the area of the circle and the square. (Figure Step 5) Figure Step 5 Step 6 Calculate the area remaining when the area of the circle is subtracted from the area of the square. Step 7 The program must include the two additional functions, cofs and cofc, that runs with arguments sent to them. Step 8 The function cofs calculates the circumference of a square. Step 9 The function cofc calculates the circumference of a circle. Competency Test No. 1 The CAD Guys Ltd. Copyright Module 6

7 AutoCAD Self-paced ecourse - AutoLISP - Revised Step 10 Open the Text window. Step 11 Print the answers as shown in the figure. Step 12 Prevent the program from printing a return when it ends. Step 13 Load and run the program in AutoCAD. (Figure Step 13) Figure Step 13 Author's Comments: This program does not draw anything in AutoCAD. It simply asks the user to enter the length of one side of a square, calculates the necessary answers and prints them as show in Figure Step 13. Competency Test No. 1 The CAD Guys Ltd. Copyright Module 6

8 AutoCAD Self-paced ecourse AutoLISP Module 12 Looping - Part 1 Learning Outcomes When you have completed this module, you will be able to: 1 Describe the ASCII code and the binary, decimal, hexadecimal and octal numbering systems. 2 Describe and apply the =, /=, >, <, <= and >= functions. 3 Describe and apply the while and cond functions. ASCII Code The American Standard Code of Information Interchange (ASCII code) was design to standardize characters on the keyboard. See Table 12-1 on pages 12-2 to Study it, and pay special attention to the ASCII column. Binary Numbers All computers work in binary numbers. The binary number system is made up exclusively of 0's and 1's. Each binary digit is called a bit and 8 bits make a byte. There are 256 different combinations of 0's and 1's in one byte. When a key is pressed on the keyboard, it sends a one byte binary number to the CPU. Counting in binary numbers is as follows: Decimal Numbers The decimal numbering system is based on multiples of 10. It is the numbering system used in everyone's day to day life. Counting in decimal numbers is as follows: Hexadecimal Numbers The hexadecimal numbering system is based on multiplies of 16. To count to 16, it uses the letters A to F as a part of the numbering system. Counting in hexadecimal numbers is as follows: A B C D E F A 1B... It takes one hexadecimal number for all the combinations in 4 bits, called a nibble. It takes 2 hexadecimal numbers for all the combinations in one byte or 256 different combinations. Octal Numbers The octal numbering system is based on multiples of 8. The number 8 is important because it is 2 cubed. Counting in octal numbers is as follows:

9 12-2 AutoCAD Self-paced ecourse - AutoLISP - Revised Table 12-1 ASCII Code 1 of 8 Binary Decimal Hexadecimal Octal ASCII Control Teletype ^@ NUL null ( ^A SOH Start of Header ) ^B STX Start of Transmission Ì ^C EXT End of Transmission Ë ^D EOT End of Text Ê ^E ENQ Enquiry Í ^F ACK Acknowledge ! ^G BEL bell ^H BS backspace " ^I HT horizontal tab A 12 4 ^J LF line feed B 13 % ^K VT vertical tab C 14 & ^L FF form feed D 15 * ^M CR carriage return E 16 + ^N SO shift out F 17 ' ^O SI shift in < ^P DLE = ^Q DC1 device control # ù ^R DC2 device control # ^S DC3 device control # ^T DC4 device control # ^U NAK negative acknowledge ( ^V SYN ^W ETB ^X CAN cancel ^Y EM A 32 6 ^Z EOF end of file B 33 7 ^[ ESC escape C 34 2 ^\ FS field separator D 35 : ^] GS > ^^ RS record separator F 37? ^- US underscore

10 AutoCAD Self-paced ecourse - AutoLISP - Revised Table 12-1 ASCII Code 2 of 8 Binary Decimal Hexadecimal Octal ASCII Notes Space character ! " # $ % & ' ( ) A 52 * B C 54, D F 57 / A 72 : B 73 ; C 74 < D 75 = > F 77?

11 12-4 AutoCAD Self-paced ecourse - AutoLISP - Revised Table 12-1 ASCII Code 3 of 8 Binary Decimal Hexadecimal Octal ASCII Notes A B C D E F G H I A 112 J B 113 K C 114 L D 115 M N F 117 O P Q R S T U V W X Y A 132 Z B 133 [ C 134 \ D 135 ] ^ F 137 _

12 AutoCAD Self-paced ecourse - AutoLISP - Revised Table 12-1 ASCII Code 4 of 8 Binary Decimal Hexadecimal Octal ASCII Notes ` a b c d e f g h i A 152 j B 153 k C 154 l D 155 m n F 157 o p q r s t u v w x y A 172 z B 173 { C D 175 } ~ F 177 -

13 12-6 AutoCAD Self-paced ecourse - AutoLISP - Revised Table 12-1 ASCII Code 5 of 8 Binary Decimal Hexadecimal Octal ASCII Notes Ç ü é â ä à å ç ê ë A 212 è B 213 ï C 214 î D 215 ì Ä F 217 Å É æ Æ ô ö ò û ù ÿ Ö A 232 Ü B C D F 237 ƒ

14 AutoCAD Self-paced ecourse - AutoLISP - Revised Table 12-1 ASCII Code 6 of 8 Binary Decimal Hexadecimal Octal ASCII Notes A0 240 á A1 241 í A2 242 ó A3 243 ú A4 244 ñ A5 245 Ñ A6 246 ª A7 247 º A A AA AB 253 ½ AC 254 ¼ AD AE 256 « AF 257» B0 260! B1 261 " B2 262 # B3 263 * B B5 265 I B6 266 M B7 267 D B B9 271 < BA BB BC BD 275 E BE 276 A BF 277,

15 12-8 AutoCAD Self-paced ecourse - AutoLISP - Revised Table 12-1 ASCII Code 7 of 8 Binary Decimal Hexadecimal Octal ASCII Notes C C C C3 303 / C4 304 ) C C6 306 G C7 307 K C C CA 312 = CB 313 ; CC 314 : CD CE 316 > CF 317 N D0 320 J D1 321 L D2 322 H D3 323 F D4 324 B D5 325? D6 326 C D7 327 O D8 330 P D DA DB 333 $ DC 334 ( DD 335 % DE 336 ' DF 337 &

16 AutoCAD Self-paced ecourse - AutoLISP - Revised Table 12-1 ASCII Code 8 of 8 Binary Decimal Hexadecimal Octal ASCII Notes E0 340 α E1 341 ß E2 342 Γ E3 343 π E4 344 Σ E5 345 σ E6 346 µ E7 347 τ E8 350 Φ E9 351 Θ EA 352 Ω EB 353 δ EC ED 355 φ EE 356 ε EF F0 360 / F1 361 ± F2 362 $ F3 363 # F4 364! F5 365 " F F F8 370 E F FA 372 A FB 373 % FC FD 375 ² FE 376 # FF 377

17 12-10 AutoCAD Self-paced ecourse - AutoLISP - Revised AutoLISP Function: = The ' = ' {equals} function is used to compare two or more numbers or strings testing to find if they are numerically equal to one another. When testing numbers, this function does not check for the same data type. It simply checks the numerical value of the numbers. When testing strings, this function compares the numerical ASCII code value of the strings. For example, an upper-case A and a lowercase a are not equal. Returns: T if the atoms are numerically equal, nil if they are not. Format: (= atom atom... ) Examples: 1 (= ) T Author's Comments: The atoms 12 and 12.0 are numerically equal, even though they are not the same data type, therefore it returns T. 2 (= 55 75) nil Author's Comments: The two integers are not equal, therefore it returns nil. 3 (= ) T Author's Comments: This example show more than two numbers being entered. Since all the numbers are equal, it returns T. 4 (= "PIPE" "PIPE") T Author's Comments: If two strings are being compared, both strings must be identical for it to return T. 5 (= "Pipe" "PIPE") nil Author's Comments: If the ASCII code of the two strings being compared are not numerically equal, it returns nil. 6 (setq num1 5.0 num2 5) 5 (= num1 num2) T Author's Comments: The variables num1 and num2 are both set to the numerical value 5.

18 AutoCAD Self-paced ecourse - AutoLISP - Revised AutoLISP Function: /= The ' /= ' {not equal} function is used to compare two numbers or strings testing to find if they are numerically not equal to one another. When testing numbers, this function does not check for the same data type. It simply checks the numerical value of the numbers. When testing strings, this function checks the numerical ASCII code value of the strings. An upper-case A and a lowercase a are not equal. Returns: T if the atoms are numerically not equal, nil if they are. Format: (/= atom atom ) Examples: 1 (/= ) nil Author's Comments: The atoms 12 and 12.0 are numerically equal even though they are not the same data type, therefore it returns nil. 2 (/= 55 75) T Author's Comments: The two integers are not equal, therefore, it returns T. 3 (/= "Pipe" "PIPE") T Author's Comments: The two strings do not have the same numerically ASCII code value, therefore, it returns T. 4 (setq num1 5.0 num2 5) 5 (/= num1 num2) nil Author's Comments: The variables num1 and num2 are both set to the numerical value of 5, therefore, it returns nil. When testing numbers, testing functions do not check for the same data type. They simply check the numerical value of the numbers. When testing strings, testing functions check the numerical ASCII code value of the strings. An upper-case A and a lowercase a are not equal.

19 12-12 AutoCAD Self-paced ecourse - AutoLISP - Revised AutoLISP Function: > The ' > ' {greater than} function is used to compare two or more numbers or strings, testing to find if the atom on the left is numerically greater than the atom to its right. If two atoms are given, this function tests to see if the first atom is greater than the second atom. If more than two atoms are given, it tests to see if each atom is greater than the atom to its right. When testing numbers, this function does not check for the same data type. It simply checks the numerical value of the numbers. When testing strings, this function checks the numerical ASCII code value of the strings. An upper-case A and a lowercase a are not equal. Returns: T if the first atom is numerically greater than the second atom, nil if it is not. If more than two atoms are given, it returns T if each atom is greater than the atom to its right, nil if it is not. Format: (> atom atom... ) Examples: 1 (> ) nil Author's Comments: The atoms 12 and 12.0 are numerically equal, even though they are not the same data type. It returns nil since the number on the left is not greater than the number to its right. 2 (> 75 55) T Author's Comments: The first integer 75 is greater than the second integer 55, therefore, it returns T. 3 (> ) nil Author's Comments: This example show more than two numbers being entered. Since all the numbers are numerically equal, it returns nil. 4 (> ) T Author's Comments: This example shows three integers being entered. It returns T since each number is greater then the number to its right. 5 (> "PIPE" "pipe") nil Author's Comments: When comparing two string, the numerical ASCII code value is used.

20 AutoCAD Self-paced ecourse - AutoLISP - Revised AutoLISP Function: < The ' < ' {less than} function is used to compare numbers or strings, testing to find if the atom on the left is numerically less than the atom to its right. If two atoms are given, this function tests to see if the first atom is less than the second atom. If more than two atoms are given, it tests to see if each atom is less than the atom to its right. When testing numbers, this function does not check for the same data type. It simply checks the numerical value of the numbers. When testing strings, this function checks the numerical ASCII code value of the strings. An upper-case A and a lowercase a are not equal. Returns: T if the first atom is numerically less than the second atom, nil if it is not. If more than two atoms are given, it returns T if each atom is less than the atom to its right, nil if it is not. Format: (< atom atom... ) Examples: 1 (< ) nil Author's Comments: The atoms 12 and 12.0 are numerically equal, even though they are not the same data type, therefore it returns nil. 2 (< 75 55) nil Author's Comments: The first integer is greater than the second integer, therefore, it returns nil. 3 (< ) T Author's Comments: This example show more than two numbers being entered. Since all the numbers are less than the number to its right, it returns T. 4 (< ) nil Author's Comments: Since each number is not less then number to its right, it returns nil 5 (< "PIPE" "pipe") T Author's Comments: Since the numerical ASCII code value of the upper-case PIPE is less than the numerical ASCII code value for the lowercase pipe, it returns T.

21 12-14 AutoCAD Self-paced ecourse - AutoLISP - Revised AutoLISP Function: >= The ' >= ' {greater than or equal to} function is used to compare two or more numbers or strings, testing to find if the atom on the left is numerically greater than or equal to the atom on the right. If two atoms are given, this function will test to see if the first atom is numerically greater than or equal to the atom to its left. If more than two atoms are given, it tests to see if each atom is greater than or equal to the atom to its right. When testing numbers, this function does not check for the same data type. It simply checks the numerical value of the numbers. When testing strings, this function checks the ASCII code value of the strings. An upper-case A and a lowercase a are not equal. Returns: T if the first atom is numerically greater than or equal to the second atom and nil if it is not. If more than two atoms are given, it returns T if each atom is greater than or equal to the atom to its right and nil if it is not. Format: (>= atom atom... ) Examples: 1 (>= ) T Author's Comments: The atoms 12 and 12.0 are numerically equal, even though they are not the same data type, therefore it returns T. 2 (>= 75 55) T Author's Comments: The 75 is greater than 55, therefore, it returns T. 3 (>= ) nil Author's Comments: This example has more than two real numbers being entered. Since the second 3.5 number is not equal or greater than the 7.5 number on the left, it returns nil. 4 (>= ) nil Author's Comments: The expression returns nil since not all of the numbers are greater than or equal to the number to their right. 5 (>= "PIPE" "pipe") T Author's Comments: This example show two strings being compared. Since the ASCII value of the upper-case PIPE is less than the ASCII value for the lowercase pipe,, it returns nil.

22 AutoCAD Self-paced ecourse - AutoLISP - Revised AutoLISP Function: <= The ' <= ' {less than or equal to} function is used to compare two or more numbers or strings, testing to find if the atom on the left is numerically less than or equal to the atom on the right. If two atoms are given, this function will test to see if the first atom is numerically less than or equal to the atom to its right. If more than two atoms are given, it tests to see if each atom is less than or equal to the atom to its right. When testing numbers, this function does not check for the same data type. It simply checks the numerical value of the numbers. When testing strings, this function checks the numerical ASCII code value of the strings. An upper-case A and a lowercase a are not equal. Returns: T if the first atom is numerically less than or equal to the second atom, nil if it is not. If more than two atoms are given, it returns T if each atom is less than or equal to the atom to its right, nil if it is not. Format: (<= atom atom... ) Examples: 1 (<= ) T Author's Comments: The atoms 12 and 12.0 are numerically equal, even though they are not the same data type, therefore it returns T. 2 (<= 75 55) nil Author's Comments: The first integer is greater than the integer on its right, therefore, it returns nil. 3 (<= ) T Author's Comments: This example show more than two numbers being entered. Since all the numbers are less than or equal to the number to their right, it returns T. 4 (<= ) nil Author's Comments: With four integers entered in the expression, it returns nil since not all of the numbers are less than or equal to the number to their right. 5 (<= "PIPE" "pipe") T Author's Comments: Since the numerical ASCII code value of the upper-case PIPE is less than the numerical ASCII code value for the lowercase pipe, it returns T.

23 12-16 AutoCAD Self-paced ecourse - AutoLISP - Revised Author's Comments: All example AutoLISP programs in the AutoLISP ecourse are located in your Examples folder. I suggest that you load and run these programs after you study the code. Ensure that you can read back each line of the code and understand what it means, in plain English. After you do that, load the program and run it, if necessary, to help you understand how the programs works. AutoLISP Function: while The while {as long as} function is used to loop through and evaluate an expression or a series of expressions in a continuous loop until a specified condition is met. Each while function must contain one test-expression, which is evaluated at the start of each loop. If the test-expression evaluates nil, the while loop terminates. If the test-expression evaluates to anything but nil, the while function evaluates the expression(s) it contains. It then evaluates the test-expression again in a continuous loop. The loop is terminated when the testexpression evaluates nil. A method for the while loop to terminate must be written into the code. If there is none, the program will go into a continuous loop and the user would have to stop it by pressing the Esc key. Returns: The value of the last expression evaluated. Format: (while (test-expression) (expression) (...) ) Examples: 1 Figure Example 1A

24 AutoCAD Self-paced ecourse - AutoLISP - Revised Figure Example 1B Author's Comments: This small program prints the numbers 7 to 16, each on a new line. The while statement says " as long as " num1 is less than or equal to 16, print the number. Take note how the num1 variable increases by one number on each loop of the function. The function terminates when num1 equals Figure Example 2A

25 12-18 AutoCAD Self-paced ecourse - AutoLISP - Revised Figure Example 2B Author's Comments: This program tests the numerically value of the strings entered by the user. In a while loop, it will ask the user to reenter the string until the strings are identical. Using the While Function Purpose: This program works similar to the MEASURE command. It inserts points on a line that is drawn by the user. The distance between the points is specified by the user. A point is inserted on the start coordinate of the line and continues entering points, at the specified distance, until the distance between the last point inserted and the endpoint of the line is less than the distance between points. Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Start a new drawing using the template AutoLISP English. Create a program naming it AutoLISP Work 12-1.lsp Name the function MEASURELINE1. Have it run like an AutoCAD command. Declare all variables as local variables. Step 5 Save the current value of the system variables cmdecho, clayer, osmode and orthomode. Step 6 Set the value of the system variables cmdecho, osmode and orthomode to 0. Set the pdmode to 34. Step 7 Step 8 Step 9 Step 10 Ask the user to enter the layer name and the layer color. Save both values as strings. Using the input from Step 7, create a new layer and set it as the current layer. Ask the user to enter the distance between points. Ask the user to specify the start and end points of the line. Step 11 Draw a line between the start and end points specified in Step 10. Step 12 Insert a point at the start point of the line.

26 AutoCAD Self-paced ecourse - AutoLISP - Revised Step 13 In a while loop, insert points on the line using the distance between points. Continue to enter points until the distance left to the end point of the line is smaller than the distance between points. Hint: Use polar functions to find the XY location of the points. Step 14 Reset the original value of the system variables cmdecho, clayer, osmode and orthomode. Hint: Do not reset the original pdmode system variable as this will change the point type on the drawing. Step 15 Load and run the program in AutoCAD. (Figure Step 15A and 15B) Figure Step 15A Figure Step 15B Author's Comments: Do your best to complete the AutoLISP program on your own. If you get stuck and cannot complete it on your own, check my answer in page If you complete the program on your own and it returns the correct results, it is correct even if it does not match my program exactly. There are many ways to write the same program.

27 12-20 AutoCAD Self-paced ecourse - AutoLISP - Revised AutoLISP Function: cond The cond {if true - do this} function is used to evaluate more than one test-expressions within one expression. The cond function evaluates the first test-expression and if it returns a value other than nil, it evaluates the result-expressions(s) that follows it. If the first test-expression evaluates nil, it then evaluates the next test-expression and continues to do this until it finds one test-expression that evaluates something other than nil. It will only terminate when it finds one test-expression that returns a value other than nil and evaluates the expression(s) contained in that result area. After finding one expression that returns a value, the cond function will terminate. Each cond loop should include a true statement as the last test-expression in the function. See the examples below. Returns: The evaluation of the applicable result-expression. If the test-expression does not have a result, cond returns the value of the test-expression. Format: Examples: 1 (cond ((test-expression1)(result1)(...)) ((...)(...)) ) Figure Example 1A Figure Example 1B

28 AutoCAD Self-paced ecourse - AutoLISP - Revised Author's Comments: This example could replace the AutoCAD QUIT command. If the user enters a lowercase y or an upper-case Y, the drawing is quit but if any other answer is given, the AutoLISP program terminates and AutoCAD stays active. Notice the last function in the cond function (t nil). This statement always returns a true and allows the cond function to terminate if it cannot find a true test-expression. You should include one true test-expression in every cond expression. It should always be the last test-expression in the cond expression. 2 Figure Example 2A Figure Example 1B Author's Comments: The cond function is used to test 12 different expressions. If the user enters a number higher then 12, it prints an error message and ends. If a while loop was added to the program, it could go into an continuous loop until the user entered a number between 1 and 12.

29 12-22 AutoCAD Self-paced ecourse - AutoLISP - Revised Each cond loop should include a true statement as the last test-expression in the function. Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Using the Cond Function Purpose: This program edits the code of the AutoLISP Work 12-1.lsp program that you wrote in the first workalong. It adds a method for the user to select the point style to be inserted plus counting and printing the number of points inserted. Open the program AutoLISP Work 12-1.lsp that you wrote in the first workalong. Using SAVEAS, save the program with the name AutoLISP Work 12-2.lsp. Rename the function MEASURELINE2. Step 4 Using the cond function, add the necessary code that allows the user to select the point style for the points that are inserted. Only allow the four point styles; 2, 34, 66 and 98. Step 5 If the user enters a number other then 2, 34, 66 and 98, the program should print the message "The Point Style 3 will be used" and then set the current point style to 3. Step 6 Add the necessary code to count the number of points inserted and print how many points were inserted. Step 7 Load and run the program in AutoCAD. (Figure Step 7A, 7B, 7C, and 7D) Figure Step 7A Figure Step 7B

30 AutoCAD Self-paced ecourse - AutoLISP - Revised Figure Step 7C Figure Step 7D Author's Comments: Do your best to complete the AutoLISP program on your own. If you get stuck and cannot complete it on your own, check my answer in page If you complete the program on your own and it returns the correct results, it is correct even if it does not match my program exactly. There are many ways to write the same program. A method for the while loop to terminate must be written into the code. If there is none, the program will go into a continuous loop and it would have to be stopped by pressing the Esc key. The Key Principles in Module 12 1 The American Standard Code of Information Interchange (ASCII code) was design to standardize characters on the keyboard. 2 Testing functions do not check for the same data type. They simply checks the numerical value of the numbers or the numerical value of the ASCII code if strings are tested. 3 The while function is used to loop through a expression, or a series of expressions, and evaluates those expressions in a continuous loop until a specified condition is met. 4 A method for the while loop to terminate must be written into the while expression. 5 The cond function is used to evaluate several test-expressions within one expression. 6 The cond function should always include a true statement as the last test-expression in the function.

31 12-24 AutoCAD Self-paced ecourse - AutoLISP - Revised Lab Exercise 12-1 Program Name AutoLISP Lab 12-1.lsp Template AutoLISP English Purpose: This program will ask the user for information and draw a primary circle and spacing between circles. Using the spacing between circles, the program loops and draws as many circles, inside the primary circle, as it can until the space between circles is less than the distance remaining to the center of the circle. Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5 Step 6 Write a program naming the function CONCIR. Have it run like an AutoCAD command. Declare all variables as local variables. Save the current value of the required system variables. Set the values of the required system variables. Ask the user to enter the layer name and the layer color. Save both values as strings. Using the input from Step 5, create a new layer and set it as the current layer. Step 7 Ask the user to enter the following: A Specify the location for center of the circle: B Enter diameter of circle: C Enter spacing between circles: (Figure Step 7) Figure Step 7

32 AutoCAD Self-paced ecourse - AutoLISP - Revised Step 8 Draw a circle using the entered diameter at the location entered in Step 7. This is the primary circle. Step 9 Using a while loop, draw as many circles as possible, inside the primary circle, using the spacing between circles until the space left to the center of the circle is smaller than the space between circles. Step 10 Step 11 Add the code to count the number of circles inserted and print the results. Reset the original system variables values as necessary. Step 12 Load and run the program in AutoCAD. (Figure Step 12A and 12B) Figure Step 12A Figure Step 12B Author's Comments: Do your best to complete the AutoLISP program on your own. If you get stuck and cannot complete it on your own, check my answer in Module 28. If you complete the program on your own and it returns the correct results, it is correct even if it does not match my program exactly. There are many ways to write the same program.

33 12-26 AutoCAD Self-paced ecourse - AutoLISP - Revised Lab Exercise 12-2 Program Name AutoLISP Lab 12-2.lsp Template AutoLISP English Purpose: This program asks the user to select two points, select the block, enter the distance between blocks and the scale of the blocks. It inserts blocks between the two points, including the start point. It inserts blocks until there is no space left between the last block inserted and the end point. Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5 Step 6 Write a program naming the function IBLOCK. Have it run like an AutoCAD command. Declare all variables as local variables. Save the current value of the required system variables. Set the values of the required system variables. Ask the user to enter the layer name and the layer color. Save both values as strings. Using the input from Step 5, create a new layer and set it as the current layer. Step 7 Ask the user to enter the following: A Enter distance between blocks: B Enter the scale of the block: C Specify start point: D Specify end point: Step 8 Display the Text window and display the following menu: Block List 1. Circle - O 2. Letter - X 3. Centerline - CL Enter Block number 1 to 3: Step 9 Using the cond function, insert the block selected by the user on the start point. If the user does not enter a number from 1 to 3, print an error message and do not insert the block. Step 10 Change to the Graphic window. Step 11 Using the while function, insert blocks, until the distance between blocks is smaller than the distance remaining to the end point. Step 12 Step 13 Count the number of blocks inserted and print the number on the screen. Set the necessary system variables back to their original values.

34 AutoCAD Self-paced ecourse - AutoLISP - Revised Step 14 Load and run the program in AutoCAD. (Figure Step 14A, 14B and 14C) Figure Step 14A Figure Step 14B Author's Comments: Do your best to complete the AutoLISP program on your own. If you get stuck and cannot complete it on your own, check my answer in Module 28. If you complete the program on your own and it returns the correct results, it is correct even if it does not match my program exactly. There are many ways to write the same program. Figure Step 14C

35 12-28 AutoCAD Self-paced ecourse - AutoLISP - Revised Answers to Workalongs AutoLISP Work 12-1.lsp

36 AutoCAD Self-paced ecourse - AutoLISP - Revised AutoLISP Work 12-2.lsp

37 AutoCAD Self-paced ecourse AutoLISP Module 20 Lists - Part 2 Learning Outcomes When you have completed this module, you will be able to: 1 Describe and apply the quote, length, last, append and member functions. AutoLISP Function: quote The quote {use - do not evaluate} function is used to obtain the expression unevaluated. This function can also be written as the character ' (single quote). Quote is a very handy function and can save the programmer many keystrokes. Returns: The expression unevaluated. Format: (quote expression) or 'expression Examples: 1 (quote s) S Author's Comments: The character ' s ' is returned unevaluated. Notice how quote returns the upper-case ' S '. 2 (' s) error: bad function ((QUOTE S)) *Cancel* Author's Comments: As you can see the ' (single quote character) cannot be used by itself at the command prompt. It must be used inside an AutoLISP functions as shown in Example No (setq lst1 (quote ( ))) ( ) (setq lst2 '( )) ( ) (setq lst3 (list )) ( ) Author's Comments: Notice that the same list is returned, using either the quote function, the ' (single quote) or the list function. Lists - Part 2 The CAD Guys Ltd. Copyright Module 20

38 20-2 AutoCAD Self-paced ecourse - AutoLISP - Revised AutoLISP Function: length The length {length of list} function is used to obtain the number of elements in a list. Returns: An integer. Format: (length list) Examples: 1 (length (list )) 4 Author's Comments: The length function returns the integer 4 which is the number of elements in the list. 2 (setq num3 (length (list '( )))) 4 Command Author's Comments: The length function counts a nested list as only one element. AutoLISP Function: last The last {last element in list} function is used to obtain the last element in a list. The specified list must not be nil. Returns: An element. Format: (last list) Examples: 1 (setq lst1 (list )) ( ) (setq e1 (last lst1)) 10 Author's Comments: The last function returns the element 10. It is the last element in the list. 2 (setq e2 ( last '("pipe" "motor" "valve"))) "valve" Author's Comments: The last function returns the string "valve" since it is the last element in the list. 3 (setq num3 (last (list '( )))) ( ) Author's Comments: Since the list is nested, the last function returns the last item, a list. Lists - Part 2 The CAD Guys Ltd. Copyright Module 20

39 AutoCAD Self-paced ecourse - AutoLISP - Revised AutoLISP Function: append The append {join lists} function is used to join lists together to form one. All arguments specified in this function must be lists. Returns: A list. Format: (append list...) Examples: 1 (setq lst1 (append '(3 6 9) '(5 2 7))) ( ) Author's Comments: The two lists are joined together to make one. 2 (setq lst2 (append (list "desk" 2 4.5) '("chair" ( ) ( )))) ("desk" 2 4.5"chair" ( ) ( )) Author's Comments: Different data types can be included in the same list. Note how append will not affect nested lists. AutoLISP Function: member The member {search list} function is used to search a list for an expression. It will search the list for the expression and returns the first occurrence of the expression and the remainder of the list. If it does not find the expression, it will return nil. Returns: A list or nil if expression is not found in the list. Format: (member expression list) Examples: 1 (setq lst1 (member "chair" (list "desk" "table" "chair" "computer" "printer"))) ("chair" "computer" "printer") Author's Comments: Member returns the list starting at the string "chair". 2 (setq lst2 (member 'c '(a b c ))) (C) Author's Comments: Member returns a list with only one element. 3 (setq num1 (car (member '6.5 '( )))) 6.5 Author's Comments: Note how one element is returned from a list. Since the member function always returns a list, the car function returns the first element in the list. Lists - Part 2 The CAD Guys Ltd. Copyright Module 20

40 20-4 AutoCAD Self-paced ecourse - AutoLISP - Revised Using the length, append and member Functions Purpose: This program demonstrates using the list functions length, last, member and append. Step 1 Start a new drawing using the template AutoLISP English. Create a program and name it AutoLISP Work 20-1.lsp Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5 Name the function LIST1. Have it run like an AutoCAD command. Declare all variables as local variables. Save the current value of the required system variables. Set the required system variables to the required values. Step 6 Create the following lists: A (setq lst1 (list "desk" "chair" "cabinet")) B (setq lst2 (list "computer" "mouse" "keyboard")) Step 7 Join the two lists to form one list. Step 8 Open the Text window and print the following two statements on the screen. A The last item in the list is: B The number of items in the list is: Step 9 Step 10 In a loop, extract the item from the list and print them on the screen. Ask the user to enter one of the item in the list. Step 11 Search the original list for the item entered by the user in Step 10 and return that item and the remainder of the list, as a list. Print the new list. Step 12 Reset the original system variable's values, as necessary. Step 13 Load and run the program in AutoCAD. (Figure Step 13) Figure Step 13 Lists - Part 2 The CAD Guys Ltd. Copyright Module 20

41 AutoCAD Self-paced ecourse - AutoLISP - Revised Notes The Key Principles in Module 20 1 The quote function is used to obtain the expression unevaluated. 2 The length function is used to obtain the number of elements in a list. 3 The last function is used to obtain the last element in a list. 4 The append function is used to join lists together to form one. 5 The member function is used to search a list for an expression. Lists - Part 2 The CAD Guys Ltd. Copyright Module 20

42 20-6 AutoCAD Self-paced ecourse - AutoLISP - Revised Lab Exercise 20-1 Program Name AutoLISP Lab 20-1.lsp Template AutoLISP English Purpose: This program allows the user to draw a rectangle with a specified number of divisions. In the center of each division it inserts a number that increments by 1. It draws a vertical rectangle box if the Y axis is longer than the X axis and a horizontal rectangle of the X axis is longer than the Y axis. Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Name the function NUMBOX. Have it run like an AutoCAD command. Declare all variables as local variables. Save the current value of the required system variables. Set the required system variables to the required values. Step 5 Ask the user to enter the layer name. Display the current layer name. If the user presses Enter, use the current layer name. Step 6 Ask the user to enter the layer color. Do not allow a null input and display the colors: "RED,R GREEN,G CYAN,C BLUE,B MAGENTA,M") Author's Comments: If the user presses Enter to Step 5, change the color of the current layer in Step 6. Step 7 Ask the user the following and save the coordinates. Rubberband a window and do not accept a null input: A Specify the bottom left corner of rectangle: B Specify the top right corner of rectangle: Step 8 Ask the user to Enter number of divisions: and save the input as an integer. Do not allow a null input, a negative input or a zero input. Step 9 Calculate which axis is longer the X or the Y. Step 10 Calculate the coordinates and draw the either a vertical rectangle or a horizontal rectangle including the lines for the divisions. Step 11 Insert the numbers using the TEXT command. Set the text height to one-half the height of the rectangle and center it in the sector. Step 12 Reset the original system variable's values as necessary. Lists - Part 2 The CAD Guys Ltd. Copyright Module 20

43 AutoCAD Self-paced ecourse - AutoLISP - Revised Step 13 Load and run the program in AutoCAD. (Figure Step 13A, 13B, 13C and 13D) Figure Step 13A Figure Step 13B Figure Step 13C Figure Step 13D Author's Comments: Do your best to complete the AutoLISP program on your own. If you get stuck and cannot complete it on your own, check my answer in Module 28. If you complete the program on your own and it returns the correct results, it is correct even if it does not match my program exactly. There are many ways to write the same program. Lists - Part 2 The CAD Guys Ltd. Copyright Module 20

44 20-8 AutoCAD Self-paced ecourse - AutoLISP - Revised Answers to Workalongs AutoLISP Work 20-1.lsp Lists - Part 2 The CAD Guys Ltd. Copyright Module 20

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