CSCI 123 Introduction to Programming Concepts in C++

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1 CSCI 123 Introduction to Programming Concepts in C++ Brad Rippe C++ Basics

2 C++ layout Include directive #include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { } statement1; statement; return 0; Every program must have main Statements are declared on each line in sequential order Terminates the program

3 Storage Containers

4 Variables int someint = 0; double somedub = 0.0; cout << someint << endl; cout << somedub << endl; 0 0.0

5 cin o o Sends data from the keyboard >> - extraction operator cin/cout o Extraction skips blanks and line breaks looking for data cout o o Sends output to the screen << - insertion operator \n newline - used with literal text endl; - newline used when \n can t be used

6 Undefined Variables int someint; double somedub; cout << someint << endl; cout << somedub << endl;

7 Undefined Variables

8 Assignments - Memory someint = 0; somedub = 0.0; Memory as@#$%^%$asf Variables are assigned an address someint; somedub; Memory %$*&^$dsasd _&(*_*&_(*& as@#$%^%$asf

9 Identifiers Names for a variable o Part of the human readability Must start with alpha character or _ Other characters must be alpha, numeric, or an _ Case-sensitive o somenum is not somenum Should be descriptive of the data they contain CANNOT BE A KEYWORD (Reserved Word) Course uses the following style o Lowercase letter for the first word o All subsequent words are capitalized o Can t be a C++ reserved word asteroidlocation

10 Keywords asm false sizeof auto float static bool for static_cast break friend struct case goto switch catch if template char inline this class int throw const long true const_cast mutable try continue namespace typedef Check Page 1002 Appendix 1 for more

11 More on Variables int main() { int someint = -35; double somedub = 1.25; return 0; } Type of variable Declarations are usually declared right before their use or at the beginning of main

12 Literal Values someint = 27; somedub = 33.33; Expressions someint = ; Assignment somedub = 5.55 * 1.0; somedub = 5.55 * someint; Values of other Variables someint = someotherint; somedub = someotherdub; someint = someint2 + someint3; somedub = somedub2 / somedub3;

13 Initialization in Declarations int someint = 0, someotherint = 22, myint = 87; double mydub = 2.2, otherdub = 4.55; Not required by C++, just my own personal taste

14 Assignments/Definitions int someint = 0; int someotherint = 22; int myint = 87; double mydub = 2.2; double otherdub = 4.55;

15 Input and Output Streams cin >> Program Program cout <<

16 Predefined Input and Output Provided by iostream library #include directive This is the include directive #include <iostream> using namespace std;

17 Output String Literals Enclosed in double quotes Uses the insertion operator << cout << Hello Class\n << Do you prefer Coke or Pespi?\n << What was the score of the Laker << Heat Game?\n ;

18 Escape Sequences Text is defined in double quotes TEXT Special Characters \n newline \v vertical tab \r carriage return \a alert bell \ double quote \ single quote \t tab \b backspace \\ back slash

19 Newlines \n - is usually used when string literals are output cout << I love this stuff!\nisn t this cool?\n ; cout << The current lotto numbers are:\n << lottonums << endl; endl sends a newline to the output stream and flushes the output buffer.

20 cin Assigning values from the keyboard cin >> numofhomesonmarket >> avgsellingprice; > [ENTER] or >283[ENTER] > [ENTER]

21 Integer Data Types int o o 32 bits contains whole numbers o Ranges from -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647 double o 64 bits o Fraction usually around 14 decimal places o Ranges from to float o o 32 bits Fraction o Ranges from to addr Memory *Depends on implementation

22 Format Decimal Point Values double radius = ; cout.setf(ios::fixed); cout.setf(ios::showpoint); cout.precision(2); cout << radius << endl;

23 char o 8 bits Integer Data Types o ASCII character o Alphanumeric and punctuation short o 16 bits o Ranges from to long o 32 bits o Fraction o Ranges from ~ -2 billion to ~ 2 billion addr Memory

24 bool More Data Types o 8 bits o either true or false string o Class type o Defined in double quotes o Must include the <string> library o This is not a primitive type

25 Bool int The following actions are possible but generally not recommended! Values of type bool can be assigned to int variables o true is stored as 1 (any positive integer) o false is stored as 0 Values of type int can be assigned to bool variables o Any non-zero integer is stored as true o Zero is stored as false

26 Variable Declarations & Assignments Declarations type nameofthevar; Assignments nameofthevar = somevalue; One Statement type nameofthevar = somevalue;

27 Arithmetic Operators Can be used for literal values and variables (in order of precedence) o Parentheses ( ) o Multiplication * o Division / o Modulus % o Addition + o Subtraction Same precedence as algebraic operations o Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally Operands can be number or variable Calculating Right Circular Cylinder r 2 h o PIE*(r * r)*h

28 Operator Precedence If you were a computer, what would you give as a result for: y = 2 * 5 * * 5 + 7;

29

30 Short Hand Operators foo = foo op bar foo op= bar Operator Expression Shorthand += count = count + 2; count += 2; -= count = count - 2; count -= 2; *= count = count * 2; count *= 2; /= count = count / 2; count /= 2; %= count = count % 2; count %= 2;

31 Some Rules If both operands are type int o Then the result is an int type 23 * 38 = integer result 23 / 38 = integer result If one of the operands is a double o Then the result is a double type * 38 = double result / 38 = double result 5 / 2.0 = double result

32 Flow of Control cout << "We can output " << "variables values\n"; cout << "12/4 = " << 12 / 4 << endl; cout << "4+12 = " << << endl; cout << "18%4 = " << 18 % 4 << endl;

33 Sequential Execution Add studentgrade to total Add 1 to counter

34 If statements if (Boolean Expression) { } statement1; statement2;... if (Boolean Expression) { } statement1; Note: My style of brackets is different from your book. Use my style.

35 if structure diagram stugrade >= 60 true Print passed false

36 Comparisons Operators Math Symbol English C++ Sample = Equal to x == y Not equal to x!= y < Less than x < y Less than equal x <= y > Greater than x > y Greater than equal x >= y! Negation!(x < y)

37 And and Or Operators The and operator && o Allow multiple boolean expressions if ((fuel >= 30) && (milestraveled > 5000)) { } thrust; // assume this is valid C++ The or operator o Allow multiple boolean expressions if ((fuel >= 30) (milestraveled < 5000)) { } thrust;

38 Syntax: if / else structure if (boolean expression) { statement1; statement2; } else { } statement1; statement2;

39 if / else structure diagram false stugrade >= 60 true Print Passed Print Failed

40 Loops Repetition statement (iteration statement) Set of statements is executed as long as the condition remains true Pseudocode 1. While there are more items on my shopping list 2. Purchase next item and cross it off my list 3. countnumitems++ 4. cout << itemremoved << endl;

41 while structure Syntax: int somevar = 234; while (boolean expression) {... loop body... statement1; statement2; } cout << somevar << endl;

42 while structure diagram false product < 1000 true loop body product *= 2;

43 Syntax: Do-while structure do {... loop body... statement1; statement2; } while (boolean expression);

44 do-while structure diagram loop body product *= 2; false product < 1000 true

45 Infinite loops Try to avoid this situation at all costs The end result is abnormal termination of your application (control+c) THIS IS A BAD THING!!!

46 Increment and Decrement Operators Operator Name Sample ++ Prefix increment ++a ++ Postfix increment a++ -- Prefix decrement --b -- Postfix decrement b--

47 Comments Single line Comments o // - single line comment // Name: Brad Rippe // File: Assignment23.cpp // Date: 1/21/07 Multiple line Comments o /* */ /* Name: Brad Rippe File: Assignment23.cpp Date: 1/21/07 */ /** 1 * Multi-line comment */

48 Constants Program cannot modify the variable Uses the keyword const in the declaration Known as the const modifier Identifier is capitalized Words are separated by _ const int NUMBER_OF_ITEMS = 500; const double PIE = ; const string CON_DRIVER = SQLServerDriver ;

49 Programming Style Code conventions are important to programmers for a number of reasons: 80% of the lifetime cost of a piece of software goes to maintenance. Hardly any software is maintained for its whole life by the original author. Code conventions improve the readability of the software, allowing engineers to understand new code more quickly and thoroughly. If you ship your source code as a product, you need to make sure it is as well packaged and clean as any other product you create.

50 Course Style Guide CSCI 123 Introduction to Programming Concepts in C++ - Style Guide Following the course style guide is a MUST

51 Resources Course Web Site o Course Style Guide o Course Syllabus o Course Schedule (tentative) o

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